EEE Department Electrical Measurements Lab Manual

EEE Department Electrical measurements lab manual
ELECTRICAL MEASURMENTS LAB MANUAL
Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 1

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB INDEX
1. Calibration of single phase energy meter.

2. Calibration of single phase power factor meter.
3. Power measurement by 3-Ammeter method.
4. Power measurement by 3-Voltmeter method.
5. Schering Bridge.
6. Strain-gauge transducer.
7. Measurement of Unknown Capacitance by using Desauty’s Bridge.
8. Kelvin’s Double Bridge.
9. Measurement of Unknown Resistance by using Wheatstone’s bridge.
10. Anderson’s Bridge.
11. Capacitive Pick-Up.
12. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (L.V.D.T).
13. Measurement of three phase reactive power with single phase watt meter.
14. Crompton type DC potentiometer.
15. Measurement of three phase power using single phase wattmeter and two
C.Ts.

EXPERIMENT-1
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
AIM: To determine the error and percentage error at 5%, 25% and 100% of full
load current for the given single phase energy meter.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Meter constant = 1200 rev/KWH
Rated Current = 10A
Rated Voltage = 240V
Rated frequency = 50Hz
APPARATUS:
1. Voltmeter – (0-300V) MI
2. Ammeter – (0-20A) MI
3. 1-Ф variac – (230V / 0-270V)
4. Rheostats – 350Ω / 1.2A, 29Ω / 4.1A, 10Ω / 1.2A
5. Stop watch
6. Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Energy meter mainly consists of 4 parts of the operating mechanism. They
are
1. Driving system
2. Moving system
3. Breaking system
4. Registering mechanism
The driving mechanism of the meter consists of two electromagnets. The core of
these electromagnets is made up of steel laminations. The coil of one of the
electromagnets is excited by the load current. This coil is called the current coil.
The coil of second electromagnet is connected across the supply voltage and
therefore carries a current proportional to the supply voltage. This coil is called the
pressure coil. Consequently the two electromagnets are known as series and shunt
magnets respectively. Copper shading bands are provided on the central limb.
The function of these bands is to bring the flux produced by the shunt
magnet exactly in quadrature with the applied voltage.
Moving system:
This consists of an aluminum disk mounted on a light alloy shaft. This disc
is positioned in the air gap between series and shunt magnets. The ‘Al’ disc moves
in the field of this magnet and thus provides a breaking torque.
Braking System:
A permanent magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminum disc forms
the braking system. The aluminum disc moves in the field of the magnet and thus
provides a braking torque. The position of the permanent magnet is adjustable and
therefore braking can be adjusted by shifting the permanent magnet to different
radial positions.
Registering Mechanism:
The function of a registering or counting mechanism is to record
continuously a number which is proportion to the revolutions made by the moving
system.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect the load rheostat 10 Ω/12A in series with load.
3. Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position.
4. Keep the load in maximum position.
5. Adjust the variac output equal to the rated voltage of energy meter.
6. Adjust the load till rated current of energy meter passes through it. Note
down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Note down the time taken for 2 revolutions of disc in the energy meter.
8. Switch off the supply.
9. Repeat the above steps for different currents.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Voltage Current Time taken for No. of Actual Energy Error %Error
revolutions (S) revolutions Energy registered WR - Wa
Wa (W) by energy (W)
meter WR
(W)
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Actual energy consumed during ‘n’ revolutions

Wa = V*I*t / 3600 watt-hour
where V= Voltage (V)
I= Current (A)
t = Time (S)
Energy registered by energy meter
WR = n / meter constant
Error = WR - Wa
% Error = [(WR - Wa) / Wa] * 100
RESULT:
The error and percentage errors are determined for single phase energy
meter at 5%, 25% and 125% of full load current.

EXPERIMENT-2
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR METER
AIM: To calibrate single phase power factor meter with inductive and capacitive
loads.
APPARATUS:
1. Ammeter (0-10A) MI
2. Voltmeter (0-300V) MI
3. Wattmeter (300V, 10A,UPF)
4. 1-Ф variac 230V / 0-270V
5. 1- Ф power factor meter (300V, 10A)
6. Variable inductive / capacitive loads
7. Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Power factor meters like wattmeter have a current circuit and a
pressure circuit. The current circuit carries the current (or definite fraction of this
current) in the circuit whose power factor is to be measured. The pressure circuit is
connected across the circuit whose power factor is to be measured and is usually
split up into two parallel paths- one inductive and the other non-inductive. The
deflection of the instrument depends upon the phase difference between the main
currents in the two paths of the pressure circuit i.e. upon the phase angle or power
factor of the circuit. The deflection is indicated by a pointer.
The moving system of power factor meters is perfectly balanced at
equilibrium by two opposing forces and therefore there is no need for a controlling
force. There are two types of power factor meters.
a) Electro-dynamometer type and
b) Moving Iron type
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the variac in the minimum output voltage position.
3. The inductance / capacitance is kept in maximum position.
4. Vary the variac till the rated voltage 230V is obtained in voltmeter.
5. The inductive load is also varied to get power factor between 0.5 lag and
near unity.
6. At every power factor setting, note down the voltmeter, ammeter and watt
meter readings in addition to power factor reading.
7. The above procedure for capacitance load is repeated so that power factor
varies between 0.5 lead and near unity.
8. Calculate the error by using appropriate formula.
FORMULAE:
Power factor cosФt = Active Power (KW) / Apparent Power (KW)
= Wattmeter reading / (VI)

Error = PF meter reading – true PF = cosФm -cosФt
%Error = [(cosФm -cosФt) / cosФt] * 100
TABULAR COLUMNS:
INDUCTIVE LOAD
S.No Supply Ammeter Wattmeter True PF Measured Error %

Voltage reading reading cosФt= PF cosФm cosФm- Error
(V) (A) (W) W/(VI) cosФt
CAPACITIVE LOAD
S.No Supply Ammeter Wattmeter True PF Measured Error %

Voltage reading reading cosФt= PF cosФm cosФm- Error
(V) (A) (W) W/(VI) cosФt
RESULT: Single phase power factor meter is calibrated with various inductive
and capacitive loads and graph was drawn.

EXPERIMENT-3
MEASURMENT OF PARAMETERS OF CHOKE COIL BY THREE
AMMETER METHOD
AIM: To Measure the parameters of a choke coil using 3-ammeter method.
APPARATUS:
1. Ammeter (0-10A) MI -1
2. Ammeters (0-5A) MI -2
3. Voltmeter (0-300V) MI -1
4. Resistive load
5. Inductive load
6. Single phase variac (230V / 0-270V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The parameters of the choke coil can be measured using 3-voltmeters, 3-

ammeters. Generally in the case of A.C circuits as power factor is involved, power
factor meter must be used for the measurement of p.f. But p.f of such circuits can
also be measured by using 3-ammeters. In this experiment load comprising of
resistance and inductance i.e. choke coil is used. Parameters of the choke coil can
be measured by using three ammeters as follows. In this experiment the 3-
ammeters are placed in series with resistor, inductor and supply. The phasor sum of
ammeter readings (I2,I3) gives the total current I1,of the circuit. Power factor of
the circuit is determined. Using the p.f the resistance and inductance of the choke
coil are measured as follows.
PROCEDURE:

2. Variac is kept at minimum output voltage position.
3. Supply is given to the circuit and by varying the variac, adjust the voltage
across the voltmeter as 230V.
4. Keep the resistance in maximum at starting.

5. For different values of inductive load note down the 3-ammeter readings
and voltmeter readings.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Supply Current Current Total Power Power Total Resist Induct Power
Voltage through through Current Factor consumed Power ance R ance L consu
(V) resistor (A) inductor I (A) (cosФ) by choke P= (Ω) (H) med by
(A) coil, PL= PR+ PL Resista
VI3cosФ (W) nce
(W) (W)
V= Supply Voltage
I1= Current in the circuit
I2= Current through the resistive load
I3 = Current through the inductive load
r= resistance of the choke coil I1
By parallelogram law I3
I12= I22+ I32 +2 I2 I3 cosФ
cosФ= (I12- I22- I32) / (2 I2 I3)
Power consumed by inductive load is
PL= V I3 cosФL
Power consumed by resistive load is
PR= I2R (watt) 
I2
Total power consumed by load, P= PR+PL (watt)
r = PL / I32 (ohm)
ZL= V / I3 (ohm)
XL=√ (Z2 – r2) (ohms)
L = XL / 2πf H
RESULT:
The parameters of a choke coil are measured by 3- Ammeter method.

EXPERIMENT-4
MEASURMENT OF PARAMETERS OF CHOKE COIL BY THREE
VOLTMETER METHOD
AIM: To Measure the parameters of a choke coil using 3-voltmeter method.

.
APPARATUS:
1. 1-Ф variac (230V/0-270V)

2. Rheostat (350Ω/1.2A)
3. Voltmeters (0-300V) MI – 3
4. Ammeter (0-10A)MI -1
5. Inductive load
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Generally in the case of A.C circuits as power factor is involved in the

expression for power, power factor meter must be used for the measurement of p.f.
But p.f of such circuits can also be measured by using 3- voltmeter method. In this
experiment load comprising of resistance and inductance i.e. choke coil is used.
Parameters of the choke coil can be measured by using three voltmeters as follows.
One voltmeter is connected across resistance and other is connected across
inductance. The phasor sum of these two voltmeter readings fives the total voltage
applied to the circuit. From the above calculations power factor of the circuit is
determined. Using the p.f the resistance and inductance of the choke coil are
measured as follows.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position.

3. Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Note down the readings of all meters for different values of inductive loads.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Supply Voltage Voltage Current I Power Power Power Total Resist Induct Resist-
Voltage across across (A) Factor consumed consumed Power ance -ance ance of
(V) resistor inductor cosФL by by the P= RL (Ω) L (H) the
(V) (V) resistance choke coil, PR+ PL choke
PR= V2I PL= (W) coil, r
(W) V3IcosФL (Ω)
(W)
V1= Supply Voltage

V2= Voltage across resistive load
V3= Voltage across inductive load V1
I = Current in the circuit V3
By parallelogram law
V12= V22+ V32 +2 V2 V3 cosФω
Cos Фω= (V12- V22- V32)/(2 V2 V3)
Power consumed by choke coil is
PL= V2 I cosФL
Power consumed by resistive load is 
V2
PR= V2 I (watt)
Total power, P= PR+PL(watt)
Impedance in the circuit, Z= V3 / I (ohms)
Resistance = V2 /I (ohms)
P L/ I 2 = r
Reactance, XL = √ (Z2 – r2) (ohms)
Inductance in the circuit L= XL / (2πf) H
RESULT:
The parameters of a choke coil are measured by 3- voltmeter method.

EXPERIMENT-5
SCHERING BRIDGE
AIM: To determine the capacitance of a capacitor and its dissipation factor.
APPARATUS: Schering Bridge

Head Phones
Probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure, using AC supply of 1KHZ and
head phones.
2. Connect one unknown capacitor.
3. Set the capacitor dial C2 and resistance dial R at zero positions.
4. Adjust R1 to some value.
5. Vary R2 to minimize the sound in the head phone.
6. Note the values of R1, R2 & C1.
7. Calculate the value of unknown capacitor using the formula.
C = C1R2/R1
EXAMPLE: C1 =0.01µF
R1=2100 OHMS
R2=2100OHMS
C = C1R2/R1
=0.01µF
To find the dissipation factor of a capacitor:
1. Without disturbing the setting of the bridge inductance some resistance ‘R’
say 500Ω.

2. Now adjust the capacitor C2 to minimize the sound in the head phone.
3. Calculate the dissipation factor using the formula
Dissipation factor D = ωCR
Where ω = 2Πf
f = frequency of the oscillator
R = series resistance of a capacitor representing the loss in
the capacitor
C = Capacitance of the capacitor
4. Repeat the experiment with different values of resistance ‘R’.
EXAMPLE:
Dissipation factor D = ω*C*R
=2Π*E+3*0.01*E-6*R
=2Π*E+3*0.01*E-6*600
=0.077
RESULT:
Thus unknown capacitance and its dissipation factor are found using
Schering Bridge.

EXPERIMENT-6
STRAIN-GAUGE TRANSDUCER
AIM:
To measure strain due to applied loads, using resistance strain-gauge
transducer.
APPARATUS:
1. Strain gauge module
2. Weights
3. Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Resistance strain-gauge transducers are used to sense the elongation/strain

under applied loads. It depends upon the fact that the resistance (R = ρ.L/A)
changes under elongation. But the change in resistance is small. For this reason,
strain-gauges are connected in the arms of a bridge. The detector used in the bridge
will show null deflection under no load. But under loads, the resistance changes
which result in deflection in the detector. Deflection in the meter is a measure of
change in resistance.
In this equipment, on a mild steel flat, two single element bakelite base
strain-gauges with nominal value of resistance 120Ω are mounted with the help of

adhesive cement. One of the gauges is on the top surface of mild steel and the
other is on the bottom surface.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the instrument is switched off.

2. Connect the transducer to panel by cable provided.
3. Potentiometer marked Ex. Adjustment may be any where.
4. Switch on the main supply of the instrument.
5. Adjust the excitation voltage using Multimeter and Ex. Adj. trimpot to 5
volts. Measure this voltage between Red and Black terminals on panel.
6. Select 2 arm/4 arm configuration using switch provided.
7. Now with the help of Coarse and Fine potentiometer adjust meter reading to
zero.
8. Now apply gentle pressure by hand on the cantilever beam. The meter will
show some reading. If you apply force in upward direction, the meter will
show negative reading.
9. Now the setup is ready for experiment.
10. Put weight of 500gm. in weight pan. Note down the reading. Add weights in
the weight pan in steps of 500gm. and note down corresponding readings.
OBSERVATION:
S.N Weight Eout Eout Average Stress Strain Eout Error

o. (load) Ascending Descen Eout *E-5 (Calcu.)
ding
CALCULATIONS:
1. Length of the cantilever from center of Gauge to the loading hook center =
L =19cms.
2. Thickness of the cantilever = t =0.4cms
3. Width of the cantilever = b =3cms.
4. Modulus of Elasticity for Mild steel = 2*106 Kg / Cm2
5. Gauge factor = 2
Now
Stress = M/Z, where M= Length of cantilever (L) * Applied load (Kg)
Z= 1/6 bt2
Strain = Stress / Modulus of Elasticity
= Stress / 2*106
ΔR / R = Gauge factor * Strain

EOutput = EExc.* (ΔR / R) Volts
Note that, this calculations is for 4 Arm Bridge and when we are using 2 arm
bridge configurations, whatever theoretical answer, is to be divided by 2.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure cantilever assembly is properly fixed on the table.

2. Disconnect the transducer from the panel after completing experiment.
3. Do not tamper strain gauge on cantilever.
RESULT:
Thus the measurement of strain due to applied loads, is found using
resistance strain-gauge transducer.
EXPERIMENT-7

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN CAPACITANCE BY USING

DESAUTY’S BRIDGE
AIM: To measure the unknown capacitance by using Desauty’s bridge.
APPARATUS:
1. Head phones
2. Desauty’s bridge circuit
3. Patch cards
CICUIT DIAGRAM:
PHASOR DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The bridge is the simplest method of comparing two capacitances. The

balance can be obtained by varying either R 3 or R4 in this bridge. The advantage of
this bridge is its simplicity. But this advantage is nullified by the fact that it is
impossible to obtain balance if both the capacitors are not free from dielectric
losses. Thus with this method on loss less capacitor like air capacitors can be
compared. In order to make measurements on imperfect capacitors i.e. capacitors
having dielectric losses, modified Desauty’s bridge is used. By using this modified
bridge if the dissipation factor of one of the capacitors is known, the value for the
other can be determined.
PROCEDURE:

2. Supply is given across ‘a’ and ‘c’.
3. Set capacitance of C1 to a particular value.
4. Vary the resistances such that no sound is heard in detector.
5. Repeat the same for different settings of C1.
Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
E1 = E2
E3 = E4
[1/ (-jωC1)] * R4 = [1/ (-jωC2)] * R3
C2 = (R3 / R4)
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO. C1 (µF) R3 (Ω) R4 (Ω) Unknown capacitance Average

C2 = (R3 / R4)* C1 (µF) Capacitance
(µF)
RESULT:
The unknown capacitance has been measured by using Desauty’s bridge.
EXPERIMENT-8
KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE
AIM: To determine the unknown resistance of a resistor (low resistance) using

Kelvin Double Bridge.
APPARATUS:
1. Kelvin’s Double Bridge
2. Sensitive Galvanometer
3. Battery (or) DC source
4. Four terminal resistors, Two terminal resistor, cable
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: The Kelvin’s double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of
ratio arms- hence the name double bridge-and the use of four terminal resistors for
the low resistance arms. The first set of ratio arms is M, Q. the second set of ratio
arms m,q is used to connect the galvanometer to a point ‘d’ at the appropriate
potential between the known resistance X and the standard resistance S.
The ratio q/m is made equal to M/Q.Unde4r balance conditions there
is no current through the galvanometer , which means that the voltage drop
between n and D is equal to the voltage drop between n,t.
PROCEDURE:
1. Give supply to the terminals marked by ‘Battery’ from the D.C source (or)
battery.
2. Connect the galvanometer to the terminal marked “Galvanometer”.
3. Connect the unknown resistor to the standard arm.
4. Press the galvanometer key marked ‘INITIAL’ and notes the deflection. If
the deflection is high adjust the variable arm. If the deflection is small,
release ‘INITIAL’ key and press FINAL key adjust slide wise dial until the
deflection is zero.
5. The unknown resistance can be calculated using the formula,

X = (milliohm decade value + slide wire milliohm value) * Range

Multiplier
RESULT: Thus the resistance of an unknown resistor by using Kelvin’s Double

Bridge was found.
EXPERIMENT-9

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN RESISTANCE BY USING

WHEATSTONE’S BRIDGE
AIM: To determine the resistance by using the Wheatstone’s bridge.
APPARATUS:
1. Resistors (200 Ω / 1.5A) – 1
(350 Ω / 1.2A) – 1
(29 Ω / 4.1A) – 2
2. Voltmeter (0-300V) MC – 1
3. Ammeter (0-10A) MC – 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Wheatstone bridge is used for measuring medium resistance (1 Ω - 0.1M
Ω). It has four sensitive arms, consisting of resistances together with a source of
EMF and a null detector usually a galvanometer or other sensitive current meter. It
contains two fixed arms called ratio arms. One is known resistance and other is
standard resistance which can be varied.
The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference
between points ‘B’ and ‘D’. The bridge is said to be balanced when there is no
current through the galvanometer or when the potential difference across the
galvanometer is zero.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the resistance in maximum position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the resistance ‘S’ till zero current flows in the ammeter.
5. Measure the effective resistance ‘S’ with multimeter.
When bridge is balanced,

I1 P = I2 R --------------→ (1)
I1 = I3 = E / (P+Q) -----→ (2)
I2 = I4 = E / (R+S) -----→ (3)
From (1), (2) & (3)
I1P = EP / (P+Q)
I2R= ER / (R+S)
EP / (P+Q) = ER / (R+S)
R= PS / Q
RESULT:
The unknown resistance has been determined by using the Wheatstone’s
bridge.
Resistance Theoretical Values (Ω) Practical Values (Ω)

P
Q
R
S

EXPERIMENT-10
ANDERSON’S BRIDGE
AIM: To determine the self inductance of a coil by Anderson bridge
APPRATUS: Anderson Bridge

Head Phones
Galvanometer
Probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: E
This bridge infact is a modification of the Maxwell’s Inductance-

Capacitance Bridge. In this method the self inductance is measured in terms of a
standard capacitor. This method is applicable for a precise measurement of self
inductance over a wide range of values. Fig shows the connection of the bridge for
balanced condition.
L = Self inductance to be measured
r = Resistance connected in series with the self inductor.
R,P = Known non-inductive resistances
C = fixed standard capacitor.
At balanced condition L = CR (Q+2r)
PROCEDURE: D.C balance
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure, with DC supply,

Galvanometer and one unknown inductance.
2. Adjust ‘r’ dial to 0Ω.
3. Now, adjust ‘R’ to same value and press the galvanometer.

4. Use resistance dial S only for fine balance in the galvanometer and note the
value of R.
AC balance with head phones:
1. Replace the DC supply with AC supply of 1KHZ.

2. Replace galvanometer with head phones.
3. Set the standard capacitor ‘C’ at position 0.1μFand adjusts the resistance
dial ‘r’ to minimize the sound in the head phone.
4. Note the value of r, R and C.
5. Now calculate the value of unknown inductance using the formula
L = CR (Q+2r)
6. Repeat the experiment with another value of unknown inductance and
Capacitor C.
EXAMPLE: R=46 OHMS
S=0.2 OHMS
P=Q=1000 OHMS
C=0.1µF
R=4400 OHMS
L=C*R(Q+2r)
=0.1E-6*46*9800
=45mH
RESULT:
Thus the self inductance of a coil was determined by using Anderson’s
Bridge.

EXPERIMENT-11
CAPACITIVE PICK-UP
AIM: To calibrate capacitive pick-up.
APPARATUS: Capacitive Transducer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the capacitive pick-up to the input socket on front panel.

2. Keep the input angular displacement to zero position.
3. Check for zero reading on meter. Otherwise by operating potentiometer
marked MIN, obtain zero reading for zero angular position of the shaft.
4. Now turn the shaft of the capacitive pick-up full clockwise position in a
gentle manner corresponding to 170º by operating knob MAX, if required
again check zero reading.
5. Note down the readings corresponding to input angular displacement, and
indicated angular displacement on the meter. Enter the readings in the table.
6. Plot the input and output readings on X-axis and Y-axis on graph. The
following points should be noted.
(a) There is a lot of non-linearity of the indicated Vs actual reading. The
reason is the non-linearity of 0 and C of the ganged condenser.
(b) This method of angular displacement is free from mechanical
friction (neglecting the friction in the ball bearings of the shaft). This
is a advantage over potentiometer method.
(c) The effect of the cable capacitance can be observed by playing with
the wires leading to the capacitive transducer. When wires are taken
away from each other‘t’ meter reading increases indicating that

effective ‘C’ has decreased.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. If you touch the metallic plate on which the capacitor is mounted the
oscillations will stop and meter reading will negative.
2. Keep the pick-up free from dust particles etc.
3. If in any way the stator and rotor plates are shorted together, the oscillations
will not start. Under this condition check for a short between stator & rotor
plate by means of multimeter. Remove the short and then circuit will be
ready for use.
OBSERVATIONS OF WAVEFORMS:
1. Connect terminal TP-1 to live terminal of C.R.O and ground of the

instrument to ground of C.R.O. Then at terminal TP1 you can observe a
square waveform variable in frequency as the shaft rotates.
2. At terminal TP-2, output of the amplifier is observed. Again square wave
form is observed.
3. At terminal TP-3, constant pulse width, constant height pulses variable in
frequency are observed. This output is fed to meter finally.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Input Angular Meter % Error

Displacements Reading(deg)
(deg)
RESULT: Capacitive Transducer is calibrated and waveforms at different

terminals were observed.

EXPERIMENT-12
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
AIM:
1. To determine the characteristics of LVDT.
2. To calibrate LVDT.
APPARATUS:
1. Excitation power source.

2. LVDT kit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the transducer to the input socket on front panel.

2. The magnetic core may be displaced using thumb wheel, so that the pointer
on the brass rod coincides to zero, using potentiometer marked MIN on
panel.
3. Now if the core is displaced by a known amount and the meter readings can
be entered in the table.
4. Plot the graph of input displacement (X-axis) Vs output indication (Y-axis).

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Input Meter Reading %Error

Displacement X-
axis (mm)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initial zero linearity of the output variations Vs input variations.

2. Move the core gently.
RESULT: LVDT was calibrated and the waveforms at different terminals are
observed.

EXPERIMENT-13
MEASUREMENT OF 3-Φ REACTIVE POWER WITH 1-Φ WATTMETER
AIM: To measure three phase reactive power with single phase wattmeter.
APPARATUS:
1. Three phase supply
2. Three phase variac
3. Three phase Inductive load (415V, 10A)
4. Single phase wattmeter (300V, 10A,LPF)
5. Voltmeter (0-300V)
6. Ammeter (0-10A)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

2. See that the variac is in the minimum output voltage position.
3. Switch on the supply with the help of TPST.
4. Vary the variac such that the voltmeter shows some reading (say 120V).
5. Note down the reading of wattmeter.
Wattmeter reading W = Vbc Ia cos (90-Φ)

= VL IL sinΦ
Reactive Power = √3 W= √3 VL IL sinΦ

PHASOR DIAGRAM:
Vab
Vb
90-Φ
Ia
Va
Φ
Vc
VERIFICATION:
1. Switch of the supply.

2. Disconnect the wattmeter pressure coil from Y,B phases and connect to phase R
and neutral of the load.
3. Now switch on the supply.
4. Vary the variac such that the voltage is again 120v.
5. Note down the wattmeter (W2), voltmeter (V), ammeter (A) readings.
6. The wattmeter now gives the per phase value of the power consumed by the
load.
7. Reactive power can be verified using the formula,
Q = √[3(VI)2-P2
RESULT:
Multiplying the wattmeter reading with √3 gives you the reactive power
consumed by the load.
EXPERIMENT-14
CROMPTON TYPE DC POTENTIOMETER
AIM: To calibrate PMMC ammeter & PMMC Voltmeter using Crompton type DC
Potentiometer.
APPARATUS: DC Potentiometer
PMMC Ammeter
PMMC Voltmeter
Volt Ratio Box
Standard cell
Battery
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STANDARDISING THE POTENTIOMETER
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Galvanometer, standard Cell and Battery to their appropriate

terminals on the Standard Cell and Battery.
2. Set the potential dials to the exact voltage of the standard cell.
3. Press the STANDARDISE key and obtain a balance on the galvanometer by
rotating the battery rheostats (Coarse and Fine).
4. Galvanometer should no deflection with STANDARDISE key pressed.
Then the potentiometer has been standardized for use.

CALIBRATION OF PMMC VOLTMETER
1. Connect the RPS, voltmeter to the primary of the Volt Ratio Box, with
proper polarity.
2. Connect the secondary terminals (marked 1.5V) to the ‘TEST’ terminals of
the potentiometer. Other connections need not be disturbed.
3. Adjust the RPS to a position such that voltmeter reads say 4V.
4. Press the TEST key and obtain the balance on the galvanometer by
changing the setting of the potential dials.
5. Note the readings of the potential dials.
Ex. Input terminals used for volt ratio box E & 150V
Potentiometer reading = 0.042V
Input voltage = (150/1.5)0.042 = 4.2v
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO Measured Actual value=measured Error %error

value value/actual value
CALIBRATION OF PMMC AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Make other connections as usual.
3. Vary the RPS such that ammeter shows some readings say (7.5A).
4. Standardize the potentiometer and measure the unknown potential across
the shunt potential terminals as usual.
5. The value of current flowing is then found by dividing the measured
potential in volts by the resistance of shunt in ohms.
Ex. By using potentiometer shunt of 0.1Ω

Potentiometer reading = 0.7545V

Current flowing = 0.7545/0.1 = 7.545A
%Error = 6.66
RESULT: PMMC Ammeter and PMMC Voltmeter were calibrated using DC

Potentiometer.
EXPERIMENT-15

MEASUREMTNT OF 3-Ø POWER WITH 1- Ø WATTMETER & 2 C.Ts
AIM: To measure 3-Ø power with 1-Ø wattmeter & 2 CT’s.
APPARATUS:
2 CT’s - (0-100)/5A
Ammeter - (0-10) A
Ammeter - (0-2) A
3 Rheostats -10Ω/9A
Wattmeter - (150V, 10A, UPF)
Voltmeter - (0-200) V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

2. By varying the variac, apply voltage (say 100V).
Power consumed by the load = C.T ratio * wattmeter reading (watts)

PHASOR DIAGRAM:
VE
Vb
Ia
Ia-Ib
Ib
Va
-Vb
Vc Vab
RIFICATION:
Power consumed by the 3-Ø load = √3 * VL * IL = 288 watts

Reading on the wattmeter, W =150 watts
Power as per the wattmeter reading = W * C.T.R
=150*2= 300 watts
RESULT: Thus the measurement of 3-phase power with single phase wattmeter
and 2 C.Ts.

GLOSSARY
CALIBRATION OF EMERGY METER
1. CALIBRATON: Comparing with the reference meter, so that we can try to

reduce the losses.
2. CREEPING: It is a error, in some meters a slow but continuous rotation is
obtained even when there is no current flowing through the current coil &
only pressure coil is energized. This is called creeping.
3. CAUSES FOR CREEPING:
a. Over compensation
b. Over Voltage
c. Vibrations
4. PHANTOM LOADING: When the current rating of a meter under test is

high, a test with actual loading arrangements would involve a considerable
waste of power. In order to avoid this, phantom loading (or) fictitious
loading is done. Phantom loading consists of supplying the pressure circuit
from a circuit required normal voltage & current from a separate low
voltage supply. Phantom loading is to test meters having a large current
ratings for which loads may not be available in laboratory. This also reduced
power losses during testing.
5. METER CONSTANT: The number of revolutions made per KWH.
6. EMF GENERATED IN THE DISC:
e=K*Ф*n
Ф=flux of the permanent magnet
K=constant
n=speed of the rotation
7. In induction type energy meter, compensation for static friction is provided
by shading bands which are actuated by to provide a constant torque
irrespective of load.
8. In induction type wattmeter, the meter can be reversed by reversing the
potential coil terminals or current coil terminals.
9. If an induction type energy meter runs fast, it can be slowed by adjusting the
position of braking magnet and making it more away from the centre of the
disc.

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR METER
1. Power factor cosФ=P/(VI)

2. Power factor meters also having current coil and potential coil like
wattmeter.
3. The current circuit carries the current in the circuit in the power factor is to
be measured.
4. Pressure circuit is connected across the circuit whose power factor is to be
measured and is split into two parallel paths. One is inductive and other is
non-inductive.
5. The direction of the instrument depends upon the phase difference between
main current and currents in the two paths of potential coils. i.e. phase
angle.
6. There are two types of power factor meters
a. Electrodynamometer type PF meter
b. MI type PF meter
ELECTRODYNAMOMETER TYPE PF METER:
There are two identical pressure coils (A, B), A is a pure resistance coil and
B is high inductive coil.
This is high accurate.
MI Type PF meter:
There are two categories depending on whether the operation of instrument
upon a rotating magnetic field or number of alternating fields.
ADVANTAGES:
a. Working forces are large as compared to electrodynamometers
b. Scale can extended over 360°
c. Simple & robust in construction and is cheap
DISADVANTAGES:
a. Errors are introduced in these meters owing to losses in iron parts. The
losses are depends upon the load, frequency.
b. Less accurate than electrodynamometer type meter.
c. Calibration of these instruments is appreciably affected by variations in
supply frequency and voltage waveform.

MEASUREMENT OF 3-Ф REACTIVE POWER WITH 1-Ф WATTMETER
1. Reactive power Q = VI sinФ

2. Reactive power serves as a check on power factor measurements. Since
ratio of reactive power to active power is tanФ= Q/P
3. Varmeter is volt ampere reactive meter. (Electrodynamometer type).
4. Varmeters don’t read correctly if harmonics are present or if the frequency is
different from that used when calibrating the instrument.
5. In measurement of 3-Ф reactive power with 1-Ф wattmeter, the current coil
of the wattmeter is connected in one line and pressure coil the other two
lines. Current through the current coil is I2 and voltage across the pressure
coil is V13.
6. Reading of the wattmeter is V13 I2 cos(90+Ф) = √3 * VI cos (90+ Ф)=

- √3VI sin Ф.
7. Total reactive volt amperes of the circuit Q= 3VI sin Ф
8. Phase angle = Ф=tan-1(Q/P).

CROMPTON TYPE D.C POTENTIOMETER
1. The Crompton type potentiometer is also called laboratory type

potentiometer.
2. Basically a potentiometer is a null type instrument and it is an
instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by corresponding it
with a known voltage. (Supplied by a standard cell or reference source).
3. Since a potentiometer measures voltages, it can also be used to
determine current simply by measuring the voltage drop produced by the
unknown current passing through a known standard resistance.
4. STANDARDISATION: This is a process of adjusting the working
current so as to match the voltage drop across a portion of sliding wire
against a standard reference source is known as standardization.
5. Standardization of potentiometers is done in order that, they become
accurate and direct reading.
6. Potentiometer is extensively used for a calibration of voltmeters,
ammeters and wattmeters. Also used for measurement of current, power and
resistance. Since it is a D.C device, the instruments to be calibrated must be
D.C MI or electrodynamometer type.
7. The potentiometer method of measurement of resistance is suitable
for measurement of low resistances.
CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER:
1. The fore most requirements in this calibration process is that a
suitable stable D.C voltage supply is available since any changes in the
supply voltage will cause a corresponding change in the voltmeter
calibration.
2. For accuracy measurements, it is necessary to measure voltages near
the maximum range of the potentiometers, as far as possible.
3. Two rheostats are used one for coarse adjustments and another for
fine adjustments.
CALIBRATION OF AMMETER:
1. A standard resistance of suitable value and sufficient current carrying
capacity is placed in series with the ammeter under calibration.
2. The voltage across the standard resistor is measured with the help of
potentiometers and the current through the standard resistance can be
computed.
I = V/R
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

1. Mostly widely used inductive transducer to translate the linear motion into
electrical signals in LVDT.
2. This transformer consists of one primary and two secondary (having equal
no. of turns) winding.
3. The two secondary windings are identically placed on either side of the
primary winding.
4. The primary winding is supplied from A.C source and the output voltage of
secondary-1 is ES1 and the output voltage of secondary winding-2 is ES2.
5. The output voltage of the transducer =E0 = ES1~ES2, at null position ES1=ES2.
ADVANTAGES:
1. High range for measurement of displacement (1.25mm to 250mm)
2. Friction less (between coil and core), having infinite mechanical life.
3. Electrical isolation
4. For outputs no need of amplification and high sensitivity.
5. Rugged construction, low hysterisis, low power consumption.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Sensitive to stray magnetic fields.
2. Performance affected by vibrations.
3. Dynamic response is limited mechanically by the mass of the core &
electrically by frequency of applied voltage.
4. Temperature affects the performance.
CAPACITIVE PICK-UP

1. Pick-up is also called transducer. Transducer is a device which converts the

non electrical quantity into electrical quantity.
2. Principle in the capacitive pick-up is the change of capacitance which may
cause by
a. Change in overlapping area (A).
b. Change in distance between plates (d).
c. Change in dielectric constant.
C = ЄA/d = (Єr*Є0*A)/d
Є = Єr*Є0 = permittivity of medium
Єr= relative permittivity of medium
Є0= permittivity of free space = 8.85 * 10-12
3. These changes caused by physical variables like displacement, force &
pressure, dielectrical constant (in liquids and gases).
4. Capacitive transducer used for measurement of linear displacement.
5. Output impedance of a capacitor transducer is high, so a careful design of
the output circuitary.
XC = 1/(2ΠfC)
ADVANTAGES:
1. Require extremely small forces to operate.
2. Extremely sensitive.
3. Having good frequency response.
4. Having high input impedance & therefore loading effects are minimum
resolution of order 2.5*10-3 mm.
5. Applications where stray magnetic fields render the inductive transducers
useless.
6. Force requirement is very small & hence small power to operate them.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Metallic parts must be insulated from each other in order to reduce the
effects of stray capacitances, the frames must be earthed.
2. Non-linear behaviour, therefore guard rings must be used to eliminate this
effect. The guard rings are also must in order to eliminate the effect of stray
electric fields, especially when the transducers have a low value of
capacitance of the order power factor.
3. The output impedance of capacitive transducers tends to be high on account
to their small capacitance value.
4. The capacitance of a C.T. may changed on account of presence of
extraneous matter like dust particles & moisture.
5. It is a temperature sensitive.
6. Instrumentation circuitary used with these transducers is very complex.
STRAIN GAUGE TRANSDUCER

1. If a metal conductor is stressed or compressed, its resistance changes. On

account of this fact that both length and diameter of conductor change. Also
there is a change in the value of resistivity of the conductor when it is
strained & its properity is called piezoresistive effect.
2. The change in the value of the resistance due to change in resistivity.
Therefore resistance strain gauges are also called piezoresistive gauges.
3. Strain gauges are used for measurement of strain and associated stress in
experimental stress analysis.
Resistance of Unstrained gauge R = ρ*L/A
4. Gauge factor Gf = (ΔR/R)/(ΔL/L) , where ΔL/L is strain (Є)
Types of strain gauges:

a. Unbounded metal strain gauges.
b. Bonded metal wire strain gauges.
c. Bonded metal foil strain gauges.
d. Vaccum deposited thin metal film strain gauges.
e. Sputter deposited thin metal strain gauges.
f. Bonded semiconductor strain gauges.
g. Diffused metal strain gauges.
5. Strain gauges are broadly used for two major types of applications:
a. Experimental stress analysis of machine & structures.
b. Construction of force, torque, pressure, flow & acceleration
transducers.
ANDERSON’S BRIDGE

1. This is a method is used to measure self inductance of a coil in terms of

standard capacitor.
2. The other bridges used for finding self inductances are
a. Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge-Measures inductances by comparison
with a variable standard self-inductance.
b. Maxwell’s Inductance Capacitance Bridge-Measures inductance by
comparing with a standard variable capacitance.
c. Hay’s Bridge
d. Anderson’s Bridge-Self inductance in terms of standard capacitor.
e. Owen’s Bridge-Measures inductance in terms of capacitance.
3. Balance condition for the Anderson’s Bridge is I1 = I2 and I3 = IC + I4.

DESAUTY’S BRIDGE
1. Desauty’s Bridge is used to measure the unknown capacitance by
comparing two capacitors (loss less capacitors like air capacitor).
2. The other bridges used for measuring the capacitance are
a. Schering Bridge-Measuring Capacitance & its dissipation factor. This
is used for measuring relative permittivity of dielectric material.
b. High Voltage Schering Bridge-the supply is obtained from
transformer at supply frequency, here we are using vibration
galvanometer as detector.
3. The balance condition for Desauty’s Bridge is I1 R1 = I2 R2
4. Relation between capacitors C1, C2 is C1 = C2 * (R2/R1)

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
1. Wheatstone Bridge is used for measuring the change in resistance by

precise measurement of low resistance.
2. By using Wheatstone Bridge we can measure the resistances in the medium
range.
3. The change in the resistance gives the direct measurement of strain (if meal
conductor is stressed or compressed, then change in resistivity of conductor
due to strains).
4. We are going to measure the medium resistance by using these methods,
a. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method.
b. Substitution Method
c. Wheatstone Bridge Method
d. Carry Forster Bridge method
5. In Wheatstone Bridge these is no deflection meters.

KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE
1. Kelvin’s Double Bridge method is used for measurements of low

resistances.
2. In the Kelvin’s Double Bridge we are using the deflecting meter.
3. There are some methods used for measuring low resistance.
a) Ammeter Voltmeter method.
b) Kelvin’s double bridge method.
c) Potentio meter method.

SCHERING BRIDGE
1. Schering Bridge is used for finding the capacitance of a capacitor and its
dissipation factor.
2. The balanced condition for Schering Bridge is Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
3. Schering Bridge is also used for measuring the leakage resistance.

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EEE Department Electrical measurements lab manual

ELECTRICAL MEASURMENTS LAB MANUAL

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 1

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB INDEX

1. Calibration of single phase energy meter.

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 2

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

Actual energy consumed during ‘n’ revolutions

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 5

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 6

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Power factor cosФt = Active Power (KW) / Apparent Power (KW)

= Wattmeter reading / (VI)

S.No Supply Ammeter Wattmeter True PF Measured Error %

S.No Supply Ammeter Wattmeter True PF Measured Error %

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 7

The parameters of the choke coil can be measured using 3-voltmeters, 3-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 8

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 9

AIM: To Measure the parameters of a choke coil using 3-voltmeter method.

1. 1-Ф variac (230V/0-270V)

Generally in the case of A.C circuits as power factor is involved in the

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 10

2. Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position.

V1= Supply Voltage

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 11

AIM: To determine the capacitance of a capacitor and its dissipation factor.

APPARATUS: Schering Bridge

To find the dissipation factor of a capacitor:

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 12

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 13

Resistance strain-gauge transducers are used to sense the elongation/strain

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 14

1. Ensure that the instrument is switched off.

S.N Weight Eout Eout Average Stress Strain Eout Error

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 15

EOutput = EExc.* (ΔR / R) Volts

1. Ensure cantilever assembly is properly fixed on the table.

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 16

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN CAPACITANCE BY USING

AIM: To measure the unknown capacitance by using Desauty’s bridge.

The bridge is the simplest method of comparing two capacitances. The

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

S.NO. C1 (µF) R3 (Ω) R4 (Ω) Unknown capacitance Average

The unknown capacitance has been measured by using Desauty’s bridge.

AIM: To determine the unknown resistance of a resistor (low resistance) using

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 19

X = (milliohm decade value + slide wire milliohm value) * Range

RESULT: Thus the resistance of an unknown resistor by using Kelvin’s Double

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 20

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN RESISTANCE BY USING

AIM: To determine the resistance by using the Wheatstone’s bridge.

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

When bridge is balanced,

Resistance Theoretical Values (Ω) Practical Values (Ω)

Anurag college of Engineering, Aushapur Page 22

AIM: To determine the self inductance of a coil by Anderson bridge

APPRATUS: Anderson Bridge

This bridge infact is a modification of the Maxwell’s Inductance-