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Heat Transfer: Department of Metallurgical Engineering Heat Transfer Phenomena Prof. DR.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
Heat Transfer: Department of Metallurgical Engineering Heat Transfer Phenomena Prof. DR.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
Heat transfer
1. Introduction
Heat transfer which is defined as the transmission of energy
from one region to another as a result of temperature gradient
takes place by the following three modes:
1.Conduction.
2.Convection.
3.Radiation.
ΔT
q x =−KA [W ]
Δx
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
q dx 1 m
k= . k :W × ×
2 k (or °C )
=W /mK .
Now I dT (unit of m or W /m° C
)
Thus, the thermal conductivity of a material is defined as
follows :
"The amount of energy conducted though a body of unit
area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in
temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit
temperature difference ".
It follows from equation that materials with high thermal
conductivities are good conductors of heat, where as materials
with low thermal conductive are good thermal insulator.
Conduction of heat occurs most readily in pure metals, less so in
alloys, and much less readily in non-metals. The very low
thermal conductivities of certain thermal insulators e.g., cork is
due to their porosity, the air trapped within the material acting as
an insulator.
Thermal conductivity (a property of material) depends
essentially upon the following factors:
(i) Material structure.
(ii) Moisture content.
(iii) Density of the material.
(iv) Pressure and temperature (operating conditions).
(Table1.1gives the thermal conductivities of various
materials at 0ºC.)
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
Note:- water has its maximum thermal conductivity (k= 0.68 W/m K) at about 150ºC.
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
0 . 044 A (175−75 )
40 . 5=
or 0 . 0825
40 .5×0 . 0825
A= =0 . 759
or 0 . 044(175−75)
Example3A plane wall has thickness L and its two surfaces
are maintained at temperatures T1, and T2. If the thermal
conductivity of the material varies with the temperature and is
given by k =k 0 (1+ α T ) , derive an expression for steady state
heat transfer rate.
Solution :-
¿¿
1-3 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
−4 2
A=π d L=π×0 . 0015×0 .15=7 .068×10 m
Wire surface temperature, Ts = 120°C Water temperature, Tf
= 100°C
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 4500 W/m2 °C
Electric power to be supplied:
Electric power which must be supplied = total convection loss
(q):
−4
∴ q=hA (T s−T f )=4500×7 . 068×10 (120−100)=63 .6 W
1-4 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
In contrast to the mechanisms of conduction and convection,
where energy transfer through a material medium is involved,
heat may also be transferred through regions where a perfect
vacuum exists. The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic
radiation. We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic
radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature
difference; this is called thermal radiation. Thermodynamic
considerations show that an ideal thermal radiator, or blackbody,
will emit energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of the
absolute temperature of the body and directly proportional to its
surface area. Thus
[qemitted = σ A T4]
(σ) Stefan-Boltzmann constant with the value of [5.669*10-
8
W/m2·K4].
q netexchange
A ¿ σ(T14 – T24) , q = FεFGσA(T14 –
T24)
where Fε is the emissivity function and FG is the geometric
“view factor” function.
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
7
Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
qconv.=hA(Ts
-Tf)
PROBLEMS
1-A glass panel (k = 0.78 W/mK) 1.5 m ¿ 2.5 m is 16 mm thick. If its inside
and outside surface temperatures are 30°C and 5°C respectively, calculate the heat
loss by conduction through the panel.
2-A truncated cone 25 cm high is made of aluminum (k = 204 W/mK). The cross-
sectional area at the top and bottom are 50 cm2 and 200 cm2 respectively. The lower
surface is maintained at 500°C and the upper surface is at 95°C. The lateral surface is
insulated. Assuming one-dimensional flow of heat, calculate the rate of heat transfer.
3-A conical section has its circular cross-section with diameter D = 0.25x. The
small end is at x = 50 mm and the large end is at x = 250 mm. The end temperatures
are respectively 400K and 600K. The lateral surface is well insulated. Derive an
expression for the temperature distribution assuming one-dimensional conditions and
calculate the rate of heat flow through the cone.