1. Define analog signal.

An analog signal is time-varying and generally bound to a range (e.g. +12V to -12V), but there is an
infinite number of values within that continuous range. An analog signal uses a given property of the
medium to convey the signal’s information, such as electricity moving through a wire. In an electrical
signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information.
Analog signals are often calculated responses to changes in light, sound, temperature, position,
pressure, or other physical phenomena.

2. Define digital signals.

A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values. A digital signal can only
take on one value from a finite set of possible values at a given time. With digital signals, the physical
quantity representing the information can be many things:

 Variable electric current or voltage

 Phase or polarization of an electromagnetic field
 Acoustic pressure
 The magnetization of a magnetic storage media

Digital signals are used in all digital electronics, including computing equipment and data transmission
devices. When plotted on a voltage vs. time graph, digital signals are one of two values, and are usually
between 0V and VCC (usually 1.8V, 3.3V, or 5V)

3. Differentiate analog from digital signals.

Analog and digital signals are the types of signals carrying information. The major difference between
both signals is that the analog signals have continuous electrical signals, while digital signals have non-
continuous electrical signals. The difference between analog and digital signal can be observed with the
various examples of different types of waves.
4. What is ADC and give its characteristics.

In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog
signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input
analog voltage or current to a digital number representing the magnitude of the voltage or current.
Typically, the digital output is a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but
there are other possibilities.

There are several ADC architectures. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched
components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). These
typically take the form of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) mixed-signal integrated circuit chips that
integrate both analog and digital circuits.

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse function; it converts a digital signal into an
analog signal.

5. What is DAC and give its characteristics.

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital
signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function.

There are several DAC architectures; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by
figures of merit including: resolution, maximum sampling frequency and others. Digital-to-analog
conversion can degrade a signal, so a DAC should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of
the application.

DACs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into analog audio signals. They
are also used in televisions and mobile phones to convert digital video data into analog video signals.
These two applications use DACs at opposite ends of the frequency/resolution trade-off. The audio DAC
is a low-frequency, high-resolution type while the video DAC is a high-frequency low- to medium-
resolution type.

Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized
DACs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). These typically take the form of metal–oxide–
semiconductor (MOS) mixed-signal integrated circuit chips that integrate both analog and digital circuits.

Discrete DACs (circuits constructed from multiple discrete electronic components instead of a packaged
IC) would typically be extremely high-speed low-resolution power-hungry types, as used in military radar
systems. Very high-speed test equipment, especially sampling oscilloscopes, may also use discrete DACs.