CALCULUS DIFFERENTIAL

LIMITS

Intuitive definition to the limit:

Roughly speaking, the limit the limit process involves examining the behavior of a function f(x)
as x approaches a number c that may or may not be in the domain of f. Limiting behavior
occurs in a variety of practical situations. For instance, absolute zero, the temperature T c at
which all molecular activity ceases, can be approached but never actually attained in practice.
Similarly, economists who speak of profit under ideal condition or engineers profiling the ideal
specifications of a new engine are really dealing with limiting behavior.

More generally, the limit of f(x) as x approaches the number c can be defined informally as
follows.

Limit: If f(x) gets closer and closer to a number L as x gets closer and closer to C from both
sides, the L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches C. The behavior is expressed by writing.

Lim f(x) =L
x→c

Formal definition of it limits:

A more precise formal of it limits it is achieved using two symbols for these small differences.
The symbols that are generally used are ε (épsilon) and δ (delta). This way, we say that it
exists c and such b that F this defined one (c, a) and (a, b); given ε >0 exists δ >0, such that for
all X, 0 <| x-a|< δ →|f(x)-L|< ε
Example:

Be the function f defined by the equation Lim = x2-9 =6, to find a δ for ε=0.0045
X→3
x-3
Solution

0<|x-a|< δ →| f(x)-L|< ε
0<|x-3|< δ →| x2-9 _ 6 |< 0.0045 x≠3
X-3
0<|x-3|< δ →| (x-3)(x+3) _ 6 |< 0.0045
X-3
0<|x-3|< δ →| x+3-6 |< 0.0045
0<|x-3|< δ →| x-3 |< 0.0045

As 0<|x-3|< δ →| x-3|< 0.0045= δ; that is to say, δ= ε then it is demonstrated that

Lim=x2-9=6, ε=0.0045= δ.
X→3
x-3
Geometrically, the limit statement lim f(x) =L means that the height of the graph y=f(x)
approaches L as x approaches c, as show in figure. This interpretation is illustrated along with
the tabular approach to computing limits in Example
y

f(x)

f(x)
x
0 x c x

If lim f(x)=L; the height of the graph of f approaches L as x approaches c.

X→a

LIMIT LATERAL

Definition:

Be f a function defined in all the numbers of some open interval (a, c). Then, the limits of f(x),
when x approaches to a for the right it is L, and it is written

Lim f(x) = L
X→a+

If for everything ε >0, independently of what so small it is, it exists a δ>0 such one that

|f(x)-L|<ε whenever 0<x-a<δ (1)

Let us notice that in the one enunciated (1) there are not bars of absolute value in x – a,
because x – a>0, because x > a.
Of the definition we can conclude that
Lim f(x) =√ x❑ −4 =0
X→4+

If, when considering the one it limits of a function, the independent variable x is restricted to
smaller values that a number to, we say that x approaches to a for the left; the one limits to
calls it Limits himself for the left.

Be f a function defined in all the numbers of some open interval (d, a). Then, the limits of f(x),
when x approaches to a for the left it is L, and it is written

Lim f(x) = L
X→a-

If for everything ε >0, independently of what so small it is, it exists a δ>0 such one that

|f(x)-L|<ε whenever 0<a - x<δ

THEOREM:
The Lim f(x) it exists and it is similar to L if and alone if Lim f(x) and Lim f(x) they exist and they
X→a X→a- X→a+

Are similar to L

Example:
Be f defined for

F(x) = |x| if x≠0

2 if x=0

a) To trace the graph f.

b) to find if it exists Lim f(x) if it exists
X→0

Solution
y
a)

x
1

b) Lim f(x) = Lim (-x)=0 and Lim f(x) = Lim x=0

X→0- X→0- X→0+ X→0+

Therefore, for the theorem, Lim f(x) it exists and it is similar to 0. Let us notice that f (0) =2,
that
X→0

This doesn’t affect to Lim f(x) exists

X→0

//Applied CALCULUS

//NINTH EDITION

//Laurence D.Hoffmaznn Gerald L. Bradley

DEFINITION OF IT LIMITS X→00

As to behaves f(x) for arbitrarily big positive x.

When x is positive arbitrarily big

F(x) →L
Lim f(x) =L
X→00

X→00, f(x) →L

Example:

 f(x)= x3
x→00, x3→+00
DEFINITION FORMAL OF LIMIT X→00

Be f a function defined in everything number of some open interval I that contains to a, except,
possibly, in the number to a same. When x spreads to a, f(x) it grows without it limits that
which is written.

Lim f(x) =+00

X→a

If for any number N>o exists a δ>0 such that f(x)>N whenever 0<|x-a|<δ

0 2 x

PROPERTIES OF LIMITS:

Limits obey certain algebraic rules that can be used in computations. These rules, which should
seem plausible on the basis of our informal definition of limit, are proved formally in more
theoretical courses. They are important because they simplify the calculation of limits of
algebraic functions.

Algebraic Properties of Limits:

 If lim f(x) and lim g(x) exist, then
x→c x→c
Lim [f(x) +g(x)] = lim f(x) +lim g(x)
x→c x→c
Lim [k f(x)] = k lim f(x) for any constant k
x→c x→c

Properties:
Lim senx =1
X→0 x

Lim 1-cos x =0
X→0 x

ℓ=lim (1+1/x) x
x→00

ℓ=lim (1+h)1/h
x→0

Theorem of the Sandwich:

To utilize in the following way
h(x) L

h(x) = f(x) ≤ g(x)

Lim h(x) = lim g(x) = L → lim f(x) = L
x→a x→a x→a

Example:

 1-cos2 x ≤x2 for(-π/2, π/2)

To find lim f(x) =0
x→0

Solution:

Cos x=1 and x2→ (0)2 =0

1-12≤f(x) ≤0
1-1≤f(x) ≤0
0

0≤f(x)≤0

//Calculus And Analytic Geometry

//Thomas

ASYMPTOTE:

 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Oblique

Asymptote Horizontal:
The straight line y=b it is a horizontal asymptote f(x) if it happens some of the following
possibilities
Lim f(x) =b , lim f(x) =b y
x→+00 x→-00

y=b
b
X

Asymptote Vertical:
The straight line x=a it is a vertical asymptote f(x) if it happens some of the following
possibilities y
Lim f(x) =+00 lim f(x) =+00
X→a+ x→a-
Lim f(x)=-00 lim f(x)=-00
+
X→a x→a- a x
X=a
Asymptote Oblique:
The straight line y=mx+b it is a vertical asymptote f(x) if.
Lim f(x)-(mx+b) =0
x→+00
Lim f8x)-(mx+b) =0
X→-00

Condition:
F(x) =h(x) the grade h(x) it should be bigger in one that the grade g(x)
g(x)

Example:

To find asymptote
Y= x2+3
X2-4
2
X -4=0→(x-2) (x+2) =0
→ x-2=0 ó x+2=0
X=2 ó x=-2
Dom F=R-{2,-2}
Asymptote Vertical: y
X=2
X=-2
Lim __X2+3 ___=-00 y=1
x→2- (x+2)(x-2)
Lim __X2+3 ___=+00
X→2+ (x+2) (x-2) -3/2 x
Lim __X2+3 ___=+00
x→-2- (x+2) (x-2)
Lim __X2+3 ___=-00 x=-2 x=2
X→-2+ (x+2) (x-2)

y= x2+3 = -3
X2-4 4
Asymptote Horizontal
Lim = x2+3 =1 = 1
X→±00 X2-4 1

//Calculus And Analytic Geometry

//Louis, Leithold

CONTINUITY

Definition:

Formally, a continuous function is one whose graph can be drawn without the “pen” leaving
the paper. Not all functions have this property, but those that do play a special role in calculus.
A function is not continuous where its graph has a “hole or gap”, but what do we really mean
by “holes and gaps” in a graph? To describe such features mathematically, we require the
concept of a one-sided limit of a function; that is, a limit in which the approach is either from
the right or from the left, rather that from both sides as required for the “two-sided” limit
introduce en section.
Example

To find m and n so that the function

-1/2x2-mx-3/2 x≤-1
F(x) = -n/2x-3/2 -1<x≤1
1/2x2-3x-m/2 x>1

Be continuous

Solution

In x =-1
F(x)=-1/x2-mx-3/2
F(x)=-1/2+m-3/2=m-2
Lim f (-1)=f (-1)=m-2
x→-1-

lim –n/2x-3/2=n/2-3/2
X→-1+
m-2=n/2-3/2 *2

2m-4=n-3 (1)

In x=1
F (1) = -n/2-3/2
Lim 1/2x2-3x-m/2
x→1+
=-5/2-m/2
-n/2-3/2=-5/2-m/2 *2
-n-3=-5-m
m-n+2=0 (2)

(1) And (2)

2m-n-1=0
m-n+2=0 (*-1)

2m-n-1=0
-m+n-2=0
m -3=0
m=3 (3)

(3) In (2)
m-n+2=0
3-n+2=0
5=n

Properties
All polynomial function is continuous
If f and g are continuous in x=a then
- F±g is continuous in x=a
- Fg is continuous in x=a
- F/g is continuous if g(a)≠0

Type of Descontinuidad
*Removable
*Essential

Removable Definition
F has a removable descontinuidad in x=a if lim f(x) =lim f(x)≠f(a)
x→a + x→a-
Essential Definition
F has an essential descontinuidad if some of you limit them lateral it doesn't exist.

TEOERAMA OF THE INTERMEDIATE VALUE

If f is continuous in [a, b], given k E [f (a), f (b)] it exists a at least and C E [a, b] such that f(c) =K

Example:
F(x)=x5+x2-x+1
F (1) =2
F (-2) =-29

It exists C E [-2,1] such that

F(c)=0
F(-1/2)

THE DERIVATIVE

The expression f(x+h)-f(x)

h
Is called a difference quotient for the function f(x), and we have just seen that rates of change
and slope can both be computed by finding the limit of an appropriate difference quotient as h
tends to 0. To unify the study of these and other applications that involve taking the limit of a
difference quotient, we introduce this terminology and notation.

The Derivative of a Function

 The derivative of the function f(x) with respect to x is the function f’(x) given by
F’(x) =lim f(x+h)-f(x)
h→0 h
[read f’(x) as “f prime of x”]. The process of computing the derivative is called differentiation,
and we say that f(x) is differentiable at x=c if f’(c) exists; that is, if the limit that defines f’(x)
exists when x=c.

NOTE: We use “h” to increment the independent variable in difference quotients to simplify
algebraic computations. However, when it is important to emphasize that, say, the variable x is
being incremented, we will denote the increment by ∆x(read as “delta x”). Similarly, ∆t and ∆s
denote small (incremental) changes in the variables t and s, respectively.

Derivative of a function.
We now formulate the method for finding the slope of a curve representing the more general
functional equation y=f(x). Let P(x 1, y1) is a fixed point on the curve. The subscript 1 is used to
emphasize that x1 and y1 are to be held constant throughout the following discussion. If
Q(x1+∆x,y1+∆y) is another point on the curve, then

Y1+∆y=f(x1+∆x),
F(x 1+∆x) Q
And from this we subtract
Y1=f(x1) ∆y
To obtain (Fig.) f(x 1) P ∆x
∆y=f(x1+∆x) - f(x1).
x
Then the slope of the secant line 0 x1 x1+∆x
PQ is
msec = ∆y = f(x1+∆x) - f(x1)
∆x ∆x
mtan = lim msec = lim ∆y = lim f(x1+∆x)-f(x)
Q→P ∆x→o ∆x ∆x→o ∆x
The symbol “lim” With “∆x→0” written beneath it is read “the limit, as ∆x approaches zero,
of…”

Rule of Derivation

1) F(x) = xn n≥1
F’(x)=nxn-1

Example

F(x) = 2x3+x2+x
F’(x) = 6x2+2x+1

Derived Lateral

F’_(c) = lim f(x)-f(c)

x →c- x-c
F’+ (c) = lim f(x)-f(c)
x →c+ x-c
 CALCULUS DIFFERENTIAL

JORGE ELOY CASTELLANOS

MARCELA ANDREA ARDILA

Ing. De Sistemas

CALCULUS DIFFERENTIAL

UNIVERSIDAD DE MEDELLÍN
MEDELLÍN, ANT
Septiembre 17 de 2008