HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system consists of bones, as well as their associated connective tissues, which include cartilage,
tendons, and ligaments.
The term skeleton is derived from a Greek word meaning dried.
FUNCTION
Support

Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell reproduction

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX OF BONE

The bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all connective tissues
The connective tissue matrix of bone is mostly composed of collagen and proteoglycans, with a mineral matrix
of calcium phosphate (combination of calcium and phosphorus) called hydroxyapatite
Collagen (kol′lă-jen; koila, glue + -gen, producing) is a tough, ropelike protein. Proteoglycans (prō′tē-ō-glī
′kanz; proteo, protein + glycan, polysaccharide) are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides
attaching to and encircling core proteins
The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making these
structures very tough, like ropes or cables.
The extracellular matrix of cartilage (kar′ti-lij) contains collagen and proteoglycans. Collagen makes cartilage
tough, whereas the water-filled proteoglycans make it smooth and resilient
Brittle bone disease, or osteogenesis imperfecta, which literally means imperfect bone formation, is a rare
disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or
poor quality collagen.

CATEGORIES OF BONE

LONG - Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are long bones.

SHORT - are the bones of the wrist and ankle. Short bones help transfer force between long bones.

FLAT flat bones are certain skull bones, the ribs, the scapulae (shoulder blades), and the sternum

IRREGULAR-  include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three
categories

STRUCTURE OF BONE

 Each long bone consists of a central shaft, called the diaphysis (growing between),

 and two ends, each called an epiphysis (growing upon). A thin layer of articular (joint) cartilage covers the
ends of the epiphyses where the bone articulates (joins) with other bones.
 A long bone that is still growing has an epiphyseal plate, or growth plate, composed of cartilage, between
each epiphysis and the diaphysis). The epiphyseal plate is where the bone grows in length.
 When bone growth stops, the cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and becomes
an epiphyseal line
Bones contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis,
spaces are filled with soft tissue called marrow. Yellow marrow consists mostly of adipose tissue. Red
marrow consists of blood-forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults