Indicators

Indicators are substances which showdifferent

colours in acidic and alkaline solutions.

Litmusis a commonindicator. It is red in acidic

solutions and blue in alkaline solutions.

Other important indicators are shown in the table

on the next slide.

1
Indicators

Indicator Colourin pHat which Colourin

strong colour strong
Acids changes alkalis

Methyl orange red pH4 yellow

Litmus red pH7 blue

Phenolphthalein colourless pH9 pink

2
The pH Scale
The pH of a solution tells us how acidic or
alkaline a solution is.
The pH is a measurement of the hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
The pH of a solution can be measured with a pH meter.

3
The pH Scale

The lower the pH, themore acidic the solution is.

The higher the pH, the morealkaline the solution is.
pH 7 is neutral.
Distilled water, sugar solution and most salt
solutions are neutral (pH 7).

4
The Universal Indicator
The Universal Indicator consists of a mixture of dyes which
changes its colour in different pHsolutions.
Wecan use the Universal Indicator to tell us the
approximate pH of asolution.
The Universal Indicator or pH paper changes its colour
according to the pH shown in the chart below.

Box of pH paper with

colour chart 26
 Types of Oxides

Elements burn or react with oxygen to form oxides.

There are 4 types of oxides: acidic oxides, basic oxides,
amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides.
-An acidic oxide is an oxide of a non-metal. It dissolves in water to
form anacid. Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salts .
-A basic oxideis an oxide of a metal. If soluble, it will dissolve in
water to form an alkali. Basic oxides react with acids to form
salts.
-An amphoteric oxideis an oxide which can reactwith both
acids and alkalis to form salts.
-A neutral oxidedoes not react with either acids or alkalis.

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 Types of Oxides
4 TYPES OFOXIDES

Acidic Oxides Basic Oxides AmphotericOxides Neutral Oxides

CO2, SO2 Na2O, CaO, K2O, Al2O3, PbO, H2O, CO,

NO2, NO MgO,CuO ZnO N2O

React with React with both Do not react with

alkalis to form React with acids to acids & alkalis to both acids &
salts form salts form salts alkalis
2
8
 Salts

Asalt is formed when anacidis

neutralized by a base. Acid + Base
Asalt contains twoparts:
Metal part : cation(comes from the base)
Non-metal part : anion(comes from the
acid)
Salt

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Examples of Salts
Table1
Base (alkali) Acid Salt formed
Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride
Potassium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Potassium chloride
Sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate
Potassium hydroxide Sulphuric acid Potassium sulphate
Calcium hydroxide Nitric acid Calcium nitrate
Ammonia solution Nitric acid Ammonium nitrate

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Uses of Salts
Sodium chloride is used as table salt and to preserve
meat and vegetables.
Sodium chloride is electrolysed to obtain sodium and
chlorine in the industry.
Ammoniumnitrate and ammonium sulphate are used as
plant fertilisers.
Magnesium sulphate, commonlycalled Epsomsalt, is
used as a bath-salt.
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Methodsof Preparing Salts
1. Actionof acid onalkali
ACID +ALKALI → SALT + WATER
This process is called neutralization.
Tocarry out the neutralisation of the acid andalkali exactly, a
methodcalledtitration isused.
Thesalts listed in Table 1canbeprepared by the titration
method.

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To prepare sodium nitrate by neutralization (titration method)

burette

Pipette
Sodium nitrate and water
(phenolphthalein as indicator)
To prepare sodium nitrate by neutralisation (titration method)

13
 Methods of Preparing Salts
2. Action of acid on insoluble base
ACID + BASE→ SALT + WATER
This methodis usedfor baseswhichare insolublein water.
Examples of salts prepared by this method:
* copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid: CuO +
H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
* zinc chloride from zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid: ZnO+
2HCl → ZnCl2 +H2O
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Preparation of copper(II) sulphate (acid on insolublebase)
Step 1 Place about 50 cm³ of dilute sulphuric acid in
a beaker and gently warmthe acid. Copper(II) oxide
is added, a little at a time, to the acid, until no more
candissolve.
Equation: CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
Step 2 Filter off the excess copper(II) oxide
using a filter paper and funnel. Collect the
filtrate which contains copper(II) sulphate in
an evaporating dish.
 Preparation of copper(II) sulphate (acid on insolublebase)

Step 3 Evaporate the copper(II) sulphate solution until it is saturated.

Allow the hot solution to cool to form crystals.
Step 4 Filter off the copper(II) sulphate crystals formed and dry
thembypressing thembetweensheets of filter paper.
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 Methods of Preparing Salts
3. Action of acid on a carbonate
ACID + CARBONATE → SALT + WATER+CO2
Eg.1 Sulphuricacidonsodium carbonate
H2SO4+ Na2CO3→ Na2SO4+ H2O+ CO2
Eg.2 Hydrochloricacid oncalciumcarbonate
2HCl + CaCO3→ CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2

This method is similar to the previous method; instead of the

oxide,the carbonate is addedin excessto the acid.
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Methods of Preparing Salts
4. Action of acid on a metal
ACID + METAL → SALT + HYDROGEN
Eg.1 Sulphuric acid on zinc
H2SO4+ Zn → ZnSO4+ H2
Eg.2 Hydrochloric acid on magnesium
2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2
NOTE:
Only metals like magnesium, zinc and iron are suitable. Metals
like sodium, potassium and calcium are explosive with acids;
while metals like lead and copper are unreactive with acids. 18
 Makingzinc sulfate (acid onmetal)

Canyou describe how zinc sulphate is prepared with the aid of the diagrams?
 Methodsof Preparing Salts
5. Double Displacement (Precipitation method)
-This methodis usedto prepare insolublesalts.
-Twosolutions are mixedtogether to produce aprecipitateof
theinsolublesalt whichcanthenbefiltered off fromthemixture.

+ CB(aq)
AD(s)
AB(aq) CD(aq)
E.g. Lead(II) nitrate + Sodiumchloride → Lead(II) chloride + Sodiumnitrate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
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Other salts made by precipitation method

Silver chloride
AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)

Bariumsulfate
Ba(NO3)2(aq)+H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s)+ 2HNO3(aq)

Copper(II)carbonate
CuSO4(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) CuCO3(s)+ Na2SO4(aq)

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 Table of soluble andinsoluble salts
This table will be useful to you when preparing salts
Soluble salts Insoluble salts
All sodium, potassium and All carbonates except those of
ammonium salts sodium, potassium and
ammonium
All nitrates None

All sulfates except those of Calcium sulfate, lead(II) sulfate

calcium, lead and barium And barium sulfate

All chlorides except those of silver Silver chloride and lead(II) chloride
and lead
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