MODULE 1-6
its final point when the message has been
language -is purely human and non-instinctive method
of cimmunication ideas.
complex language- is one of the defining factors that
makes us human.
language aquisition - process of builkding the ability to
understand a language
first language also known as mother toungue
The term communication comes from the Latin
word “communicare” – which means to share
something in common, to unite, to join, or to have
things in common.
Speech Communication - is a process of
transmitting information, thought or feeling from one
person to another through spoken words.
Nonverbal Communication - is receiving and
transmitting information, thought or feeling without
the use of words.
Communication comes in many forms:
-verbal (sounds, language, and tone of voice)
-aural (listening and hearing) -non-verbal (facial
expressions, body language, and posture)
-written (journals, emails, blogs, and text
messages) -visual (signs, symbols, and pictures)
communication process - refers to the exchange
of information (a message) between two or more
people.
The communication process begins with the
sender, who is also called the communicator or
source.
Receiver - The person to whom a message is
directed is called the receiver or the interpreter.
Message - The message or content is the
information that the sender wants to relay to the
receiver.
Medium - Also called the channel, the medium is
the means by which a message is transmitted.
Feedback - The communication process reaches
successfully transmitted, received, and understood
Encoding - It is the process of turning thoughts into
communication. The encoder uses a ‘medium’ to
send the message — a phone call, email, text
message, face-toface meeting, or other
communication tool.
Decoding - It is the process of turning
communication into thoughts. For example, you
may realize you’re hungry and encode the following
message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry
LINEAR MODEL - Also called the transmission
model, a linear model is based on the assumption
that communication is transmitted in a
straightforward manner- from a sender to a
receiver.
ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL - This
communication model represents communication
as an orator to a large audience.
LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL - This
communication model was developed by
communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell in 1948.
This model was summed up and can be
understood by answering the five questions: Who,
Says what, In which channel, To whom, With what
effect.
SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL - Claude
Shannon and Warren Weaver broadly defined
communication as “all of the procedures by which
one mind may affect another.” Their communication
model consisted of an information source: the
source’s message, a transmitter, and a signal; and
a receiver: the receiver’s message, and a
destination.
INTERACTIVE MODEL - This model is in contrast
with the linear one, which considers communication
flowing only in one direction, from a sender to a
receiver (Gronbeck, 1999). In this model,
communication is a two-way process, which
involves an exchange or an interaction between the
sender and the receiver.
Effective communication - is a connection
between people that allows for the exchange of
thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and leads to mutual
understanding
Communication is transactional - It is a two-way
process which involves an exchange of thoughts
and ideas. Every message consists of content and
feeling
Communication is inevitable - It is impossible to
not communicate. All actions—both intentional and
unintentional—communicate certain messages.
Communication is goal-oriented - When you
communicate, you have goals in mind. You do not
just say something or write a message on a piece
of paper for no reason at all.
Intrapersonal Communication- It is the
knowledge of and communication with oneself
(introspection-mental/symbolic processing of
information without the benefit of getting the opinion
of others).
Focus – ways in which we process stimuli, our
ability to make sense out of our experiences, to
remember, to retrieve information from memory,
and to create messages.
Interpersonal Communication- It is the interaction
(speaking and listening/switching of roles) between
two people or relatively small group. It determines
our relationships with others and who we are.
2 kinds of Interpersonal Communication:
Dyadic – communication between two individuals
Small group – interaction of three or more
persons which permits the dialogical participation of
each person.
Extended Communication- It involves the use of
electronic media. The description of extended
communication may be expanded as to include
television, audio, or phone conferencing; video-
conferencing.
Organizational Communication- A system of
communication should be put in place. A set of
rules or standards for communication protocol
should be made clear so that interaction patterns
are established.
Formal Structure- It allows the communication to
take place via designated channels of message
flow between positions in the organization
downward communication - is the type that flows
from upper to lower position.
Examples: president to manager or supervisor a
manager to an ordinary staff
upward communication – is the type that flows
from lower to upper position
Examples: subordinates to superior students to
teacher
horizontal communication- is lateral in approach
as it takes place among people belonging to the
same level but coming from different departments.
crosswise communication- is diagonal in nature
as employees from different units or departments
working at various levels communicate to each
other.
Informal Structure- It comes from unofficial
channels of message flow.
Communication is complex - You may perceive
communication as simply sending a text message,
talking over the phone, or using hand gestures.
Communication can be learned Despite the
complexity of communication, it is a skill which can
be learned.
Communication is relational - In any
communication setting, aside from sharing
meaning, the process how meaning is created also
echoes two vital aspects of relationships of the
communicators: immediacy and control
Immediacy - is the degree of liking or
attractiveness in a relationship and control, on the
other hand, is the degree which one participant
shows dominance or power.
Communication - is guided by culture Culture
maybe defined as system of knowledge shared by
relatively large group of people.
HONESTY - In communicating your thoughts, ideas
and feelings, you have to be truthful.
OPENNESS TO OTHER VIEWS - Openness and
respect are the key pillars of ethical
communication. In communication, openness and
respect means being able to listen and open to
diverse ideas and opinions
JUST AND FAIR - To be just and fair is to be
impartial and objective.
Culture - as a term is widely used in academic as
well as in daily speech and discourse, referring to
different concepts and understandings.
Communication context- It pertains to the
personal, physical, social, psychological, and
cultural circumstances, among others in which
communication occurs.
as well as the repair moves that follow the
displayed understanding
Module 04: Communication Through Verbal
and Non-Verbal Messages
Language Register- the level and style of
spoken and written discourse depending on the
context you are in
Varieties of English or World Englishes (WE)
stands for the localized varieties of English as
they are used or spoken in certain areas.

Personal Context- It involves the background of “Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes”
both the sender and the receiver of the message.
By: Braj Kachru
Social context- It refers to the kind of relationship
that exists between the sender and the receiver
Psychological context- It includes the emotional 1. Inner Circle with ENL (English as a
feelings of the participants in the communication native language)
process.
• USA
Cultural context- It includes sets of beliefs, value
• UK
systems, guiding principles, and assumptions
based on one’s race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual • Australia
orientation, gender identity, and religion within
which communication happens. 2. Outer Circle with ESL (English as a
second language)
High context - implies that a lot of unspoken
information is implicitly transferred during • Bangladesh
communication
• Singapore
Low context - implies that a lot of information is
exchanged explicitly through the message itself and • Malaysia
rarely is anything implicit or hidden.
• Philippine
Cultural texts - are those objects, actions, and
behaviors that reveal cultural meaning.
Ambiguity- lack of explicitness on the part of the 3. Expanding Circle with EFL (English as a
speaker in the form of problematic reference and foreign language)
ambiguous semantics in which an utterance is open
• China
to different interpretations.
• Taiwan
Performance-related misunderstanding- slips of
the tongue and mishearing which may be due to • Egypt
utterances spoken quickly and unclearly
Language-related misunderstanding-
ungrammaticality of language d. Gaps in world 5 Language Register or Styles
knowledge- gaps in context rather than language
Local context- turns and the turns within the
sequences produced by the participants 1. Static Register- rarely or never changes
themselves, and the orientation of the participants (prayer, national anthem)
2. Formal Register- used in formal setting
(sermons, speeches)
3. Consultative Register- standard form of
communication. A professional discourse
(strangers meet, doctor and patient)
4. Casual Register- informal language
used by peers and friends, a group language
5. Intimate Register- this communication is
private; reserved for close fam or intimate
people
. and the fact that all internal or external
Module 5: Globalization and Technology
Globalization- means the speedup of
movements and exchanges (of human beings,
goods, and services, capital, technologies or
cultural practices) all over the planet
Module 6: Communication for Various
Purposes
Explanation Essay is a written piece of work
that addresses ‘why ‘questions. It explains a
particular topic to its readers
Online journals are called blogs (weblog)
Module 7
Importance of Good Communication at the
Workplace
- Communication in the workplace is very
important for companies to work efficiently and
be
productive.
The importance of strong communication runs
deep within the workplace. Five important
reasons
include:
• Innovation
- have the opportunity to express their ideas
openly
- more likely to present their ideas without fear
of ridicule or retaliation.
• Growth in Communication
- can be seen internally and externally
- Each growth project is based on solid
communication
stakeholders are on the same page
• Effective Communication
- can better manage their teams.
- t is much simpler to delegate activities,
manage conflicts, motivate and build
relationships
• Team Building
-requires communication and mutual
cooperation.
- This will increase morale and employee
satisfaction
• Giving a Voice to All-
- dependent on their having a voice and being
listened to
- enable everyone to communicate freely with
their colleagues, peers and superiors at any
level.
Technical Writing
Technical writing is a form of written
communication used mainly as
correspondence and in the
production of written outputs valuable to an
organization.
Features of Technical Writing
1. Accurate – deals with facts that are
completely true.
2. Clear - able to easily understand the main
message
3. Formal – readers judge the value or
credibility of your output based on how you
conform to the
conventions governing this kind of writing.
4. Graphical – Graphs like tables, charts,
figures, diagrams, etc.
5. Objective – avoid including inner thought,
sentiments, or feelings in order to adopt an
impartial
attitude towards what is written.
6. Practical – practical in the way that they
function according to their purpose.
7. Procedural – provide sets of instructions and
sequenced information
8. Specialized – Language used is specialized
and easily understood by a specific set of
readers
9. Diverse – exposure to multicultural clients,
and co-workers. Cross-cultural or multilingual
communication
10. Straightforward – presenting facts and
information honestly and directly.
11. Authoritative – piece of writing with the
ability to command or to enforce something on
anyone.
12. Presentable – without any grammatical or
typographical errors.
Business Letters Business letters are essential
in the workplace, especially in the external
operations of
an organization.
Standard Formats of Business Letters
*Full-Block
*Modified Block
*Semi-Block
Memos, Reports, and other Written Documents
in the Workplace A Memorandum (memo) is a
written
message which serves as a reminder for a
particular matter.
Types of Memo
1. Instruction Memo – contains directives that
organization members need to follow.
2. Request Memo – contains request for the
provision of facilities and services
3. Announcement Memo – notice of important
event in the organization
4. Transmittal Memo – notice officially
announcing the release of a report
5. Authorization – granting permission to the
undertaking of an operation in the organization
Incident Report An incident report, also called
accident report, records the occurrence of an
unusual
event in the workplace.
Minutes of the Meeting
A meeting is a gathering of people to discuss,
plan, make decisions, and resolve issues
together.
Introduction:
1. name and address of the organization
2. type of meeting
3. call to order
4. Attendance
Body
1. reading, correction, and approval of minutes
of the previous meeting
2. business arising from the previous meeting
3. new business
Conclusion
1. announcement
2. other matters
3. time of adjournment
4. name and signature of the minute's taker
5. name and signature of the presiding officer
Module 8
Academic Writing
They are so called academic texts because
their contents are formal.
What is a Research?
-It is a systematic study
- It is a process of formulating research
questions, testing hypotheses, gathering
relevant information,
and analyzing this information to come up with
a conclusion.
- involves experiments, survey, interviews, and
data analysis for quantitative research etc.
What are the steps in writing a research
paper?
1. Choosing a research topic
- it has to be properly identified and carefully
thought of.
- would also be of interest to others.
2. Narrowing down the topic
- must specify what exactly about technology
you will research on since it is a very broad
area
3. Surveying or gathering resources
- Primary Sources
-. Secondary Sources
4. Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing
-necessary when incorporating your own ideas
with ideas from the sources you have
gathered.
- to avoid plagiarism
5. Making an outline
- An outline is the general framework of your
paper.
6. Writing the first draft
- Writing the Introduction
- Background of the Study
-Research Problem/ Aims of the study
-Scope and Limitation
-Definition of Terms
-Writing the Results and Discussion
7. Referencing
Writing references APA format
Module 9
The Oral Presentation Some students and
professionals do not like the idea of speaking
in public,
whether in front of small or large groups.
• The more you practice, the more confident
you become.
Academic Presentations
A speaker in an academic event can convey
his or her ideas in several ways by using
different channels
of communication.
Oral Presentation
This is the most common way to present a
scholarly work. In this mode of presentation,
the speaker
engages in face-to-face interaction with his or
her audience.
Video Presentation
In case it is not feasible for the speaker to be
physically present in the conference, he or she
may
present his or her paper via video conferencing
or provide a slide presentation with a voice
over
narration or a video recording which can be
played during the conference.