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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FLEX Course Material

Introduce the concept of
the Mechanics of
Materials
Define the basics of Stress
and relate it to the
strength of materials.

MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE
BODIES

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS
OF MATERIALS

ENGR. FRANZ D. SANTOS

FACULTY, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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 FOCAL POINTS

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES(CEMDEF40)

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1ST TERM, A.Y. 2020 - 2021
Monday/Thursday
10:20 AM – 1:00 PM
CIVP08
INSIDE Room VR01CoE
4 CREDIT UNITS
(5 hours 20 mins per week)
 Table of Contents

COURSE OUTLINE

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• Mechanics of Materials
• Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

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• It deals w/ the relations between externally applied
loads and their internal effects on bodies.

• Branch of Mechanics that deals with the internal

effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is
subjected to external loading.

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• The principal objective of mechanics of materials is
to determine the stresses, strains, and
displacements in structures and their components
due to the loads acting on them.

• If we can find these quantities for all values of the

loads up to the loads that cause failure, we will have
a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of
these structures.

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ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

• In Rigid Body Mechanics we assume that the bar is

both rigid (the deformation of the bar is neglected)
and strong enough to support the load W.

• In Mechanics of Materials, the statics solution is

extended to include an analysis of the forces acting
inside the bar to be certain that the bar will neither
break nor deform excessively.

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ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS
Consider a Bar acted upon by various forces

Resultant Force

At SECTION 1

Resultant Couple

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ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

THE COMPONENTS ARE REGARDED AS

FOLLOWS:
❑ The component of the resultant force that
is perpendicular to the cross section,
tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is
called the normal force.

“NORMAL” – Perpendicular
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

❑The component of the resultant force lying

in the plane of the cross section, tending to
shear (slide) one segment of the bar relative
to the other segment, is called the shear
force.

“SHEAR” – To cut/slide (Parallel)

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

❑ The component of the resultant couple

that tends to twist (rotate) the bar is called
the twisting moment or torque.

“TORQUE” – To Twist
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

• The component of the resultant couple that

tends to bend the bar is called the bending
moment.

“BENDING MOMENT”
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES:
STRESS

For COPLANAR LOADINGS,

• Only the NORMAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE and

BENDING MOMENT are present.

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NORMAL STRESS
Consider an axially loaded bar shown in the figure.

This bar is said to be prismatic because all cross

sections are the same throughout the length.

The bar will deform uniformly of the material of the

bar is both homogeneous and isotropic.

HOMOGENEOUS – has the same physical and

mechanical properties throughout its volume.
ISOTROPIC – has the same property in all directions

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NORMAL STRESS
From Statics, when the loading is uniform, its resultant
passes through the centroid of the loaded area.

In the case of the uniform loading, the internal

forces acting on all cross sections are also uniformly
distributed.

Therefore, the NORMAL STRESS is expressed as:

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑷 𝑷
𝝈= =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑨 𝑨

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NORMAL STRESS
SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE
“The difference between the effects of two different
but statically equivalent loads becomes very small at
sufficiently large distances from the load.”

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 AXIAL LOADING:
NORMAL STRESS
Direct or Normal Stress:

Intensity of resisting force perpendicular to or

normal to the section is called the normal
stress. It can be tensile or compressive.

Tensile stress: stresses that cause pulling on

the surface of the section, (particles of the
materials tend to pull apart causing extension in
the direction of force)

Compressive stress: stresses that cause pushing

on the surface of the section, (particles of the
materials tend to push together causing shortening
in the direction of force)

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 AXIAL LOADING:
NORMAL STRESS

Compressive load Tensile load

-P +P
Compressive Tensile
stress Stress

Compressive load Tensile load

NOTE: Sign convention for axial forces is to define

tensile forces as positive and compressive forces as
negative. This sign convention is carried over to
normal stress.

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 UNITS FOR STRESS
SI unit for stress
N/m2 also designated as a pascal (Pa)
Pa = N/m2

KiloPascal, 1kPa = 1000 N/m2

MegaPascal, 1 MPa = 1×106 N/m2
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
GigaPascal, 1GPa = 1×109 N/m2
1 GPa = 1×103 N/mm2

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 UNITS FOR STRESS

English System (US Customary units)

Pound per square inch

psi = lb/in2

Kilopound per square inch, ksi

1 ksi = 1,000 psi or 1×103 psi

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
A composite bar is made up of Bronze,
Aluminum and Steel sections.

a. Determine the stress in section if P = 10 kN.

b. If the allowable stresses are as follows:

𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Determine the maximum value of P.

Aluminum
A= 180 mm2 Steel
Bronze
A= 160 mm2
A= 120 mm2
4kN 13kN 2kN 7kN

300mm 400mm 500mm

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2
Determine the mass of the heaviest uniform
cylinder that can be supported in the position
shown without exceeding a stress of 50 MPa in
cable BC. Neglect friction and the weight of bar
AB: The cross-sectional area of BC is 100
sq.mm.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 3
The homogeneous 6000-lb bar ABC is
supported by a pin at C and a cable that
runs from A to B around the frictionless
pulley at D. Find the stress in the cable if
its diameter is 0.6 in.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 4
The cross-sectional area of each
member of the truss is 1.8 sq.in.
Calculate the stresses in members CE,
DE, and DF. Indicate tension or
compression.

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