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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FLEX Course Material

Introduce the concept of
shear deformation of
materials subjected to
forces.
Discuss the behavior of
materials under uniaxial
and multiaxial loadings.
Introduce Poisson’s Ratio.
MECHANICS OF
Solve problems involving
shear deformation and DEFORMABLE
BODIES
Poisson’s Ratio.

SHEAR STRAIN AND MULTIAXIAL

LOADINGS: POISSON’S RATIO

ENGR. FRANZ D. SANTOS

FACULTY, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DEFORMATION: Shearing Strain
• Shear stress causes the shear
deformation as shown.

• The lengths of the sides of the

element do not change, but the
element undergoes a distortion from
a rectangle to a parallelogram.

• The shear strain, 𝛾, which measures

the amount of distortion is
expressed in radians.

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR SHEAR
Even for shear, the stress-strain diagram of
engineering materials in the elastic region
exhibit a linear relationship.

𝝉 = 𝑮𝜸
Where G is the Modulus of Rigidity or Shear
Modulus of Elasticity named after Thomas
Young . The unit of the modulus of rigidity is
the same with shear stress because shear
strain has a unit of radians.
This is the slope of the shear stress-strain curve
in the elastic region.

𝑬
𝑮=
𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒗)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Two 1.75-in. thick rubber pads are bonded to
three steel plates to form the shear mount
shown in the figure. Find the displacement of
the middle plate when the 1200-lb load is
applied. Consider the deformation of rubber
only. Use E = 500 psi and v = 0.48 for rubber.

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 GENERALIZED HOOKE’S
LAW: POISSON’S RATIO
UNIAXIAL LOADING
• Experiments show that when a bar is stretched by
an axial force, there is a contraction in the
transverse dimensions.
• “The ratio of the transverse strain to the axial
strain is constant for stresses within the
proportional limit.”
• This constant is known as the POISSON’S RATIO, 𝝂.
• Named after Simeon D. Poisson who experimented
on the matter.

𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝐𝒚 𝝐𝒛
𝝂=− =− =−
𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝐𝒙 𝝐𝒙

𝝈𝒙
𝝐𝒙 =
𝑬
𝝂𝝈𝒙
𝝐𝒚 = 𝝐𝒛 = −
𝑬
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POISSON’S RATIO
MULTIAXIAL LOADING
• Consider materials subjected to loads acting in the
directions of the three coordinate axes thus
producing stresses 𝝈𝒙 , 𝝈𝒚 and 𝝈𝒛 . This is known as
multiaxial loading.
• Due to the stresses, the unit length of the element
produces equivalent strains 𝝐𝒙 , 𝝐𝒚 and 𝝐𝒛

• Expressing the strains in terms of the stress

components, superposition will be used.

• This principle states that the effect of a given

combined loading on a structure can be obtained by
determining the effects of the various loads
separately and combining the results

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POISSON’S RATIO
MULTIAXIAL LOADING
Considering each direction

𝝈𝒙 𝝂𝝈𝒙 𝝂𝝈𝒙
𝝐𝒙 = 𝝐𝒚 = − 𝝐𝒛 = −
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬

𝝂𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒚 𝝂𝝈𝒚
𝝐𝒙 = − 𝝐𝒚 = 𝝐𝒛 = −
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬

𝝂𝝈𝒛 𝝂𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒛
𝝐𝒙 = − 𝝐𝒚 = − 𝝐𝒛 =
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬

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POISSON’S RATIO
Finally, by SUPERPOSITION

𝟏
𝝐𝒙 = [𝝈𝒙 − 𝝂 𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 ]
𝑬
𝟏
𝝐𝒚 = [𝝈𝒚 − 𝝂 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒛 ]
𝑬
𝟏
𝝐𝒛 = [𝝈𝒛 − 𝝂 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 ]
𝑬

𝑬
𝑮=
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒗)
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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
The aluminum block has a rectangular cross
section and is subjected to an axial
compressive force of 8 kip. If the 1.5-in. side
changed its length to 1.500132 in., determine
Poisson’s ratio and the new length of the 2-in.
side. Use E = 10000 ksi.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2
A fabric used in air-inflated structures is
subjected to a biaxial loading that results in
normal stresses 𝜎𝑥 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝜎𝑧 =
24 𝑘𝑠𝑖. Knowing that the properties of the
fabric can be approximated as 𝐸 =
12.6𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and v = 0.34, determine the
change in length of
(a) side AB
(b) side BC
(c) diagonal AC.

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 DILATATION AND BULK
MODULUS
Consider again the element stressed in the principal
directions.
The volume, considering the deformations, is
expressed as:

𝒗 = (𝟏 + 𝝐𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝝐𝒚 )(𝟏 + 𝝐𝒛 )

Since the deformations are small, their products may

be omitted thus producing an expression:

𝒗 = 𝟏 + 𝝐𝒙 + 𝝐𝒚 + 𝝐𝒛

The change in volume, e, of the element is:

𝒆 = 𝒗 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝝐𝒙 + 𝝐𝒚 + 𝝐𝒛 − 𝟏

𝒆 = 𝝐𝒙 + 𝝐𝒚 + 𝝐𝒛

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 DILATATION AND BULK
MODULUS
Since the element originally had a unit volume, e
represents the change in volume per unit volume and
is called the dilatation of the material.

𝚫𝑽 𝟏−𝟐𝝂
𝒆= = 𝝐𝒙 + 𝝐𝒚 + 𝝐𝒛 𝒆= ( 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 +𝝈𝒛 )
𝑽𝒐 𝑬

When the body is subjected to a uniform hydrostatic

force, p, the stress elements are equal to – p.

𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝝂)
𝒆=− 𝒑
𝑬

Introducing a constant, k: 𝑬
𝒌=
𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝝂)
Therefore: Where:
𝒑
𝒆=− 𝒌 − 𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒓
𝒌 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The acrylic plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15
mm in diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is
applied to it, using E = 2.70 GPa and v = 0.40,
determine the:
a. Change in length in mm.
b. Change in diameter in mm.
c. Dilatation
d. Change in Volume

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