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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FLEX Course Material

Introduce the concept of
torsion.
Discuss the association of
shear stress to torque and
the deformation of
materials under torsional
loading.
Evaluate the power
MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE
generating capacity of
shafts subjected to
torque.
Solve problems involving
torsion of solid and BODIES
hollow circular shafts.

TORSION: INTRODUCTION, SHEAR

STRESS AND ANGLE OF TWIST

ENGR. FRANZ D. SANTOS

FACULTY, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 DEFORMATIONS IN A
CIRCULAR SHAFT
• TORQUE is a
moment that tends
to twist a member
about its
longitudinal axis.

• Its effect is a
primary concern in
the design of drive
shafts used in
vehicles and
machineries.

• Consider the solid

shaft fixed to one
of its ends:

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DEFORMATIONS IN A CIRCULAR
SHAFT
• Considering now a differential element subjected
to the same amount of torque (T)

𝒅𝜽
𝜸= 𝝆
𝒅𝒙

Where:

𝒅𝜽 - angle of twist per unit

𝒅𝒙 length
𝝆 – fiber distance

𝒅𝜽
𝝉 = 𝑮𝜸 = 𝑮 ∗𝝆
𝒅𝒙

Therefore, the shear stress varies linearly with

the radial distance 𝝆 from the axis of the shaft.

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DEFORMATIONS IN A CIRCULAR
SHAFT
On another perspective,
consider the shaft subjected
again to a torque (T). Passing
a section C which is
perpendicular to the axis

𝒅 𝑻 = 𝝆 𝒅 𝑭 = 𝝆(𝝉𝒅𝑨)

Combining the terms from the

previous slide:

𝒅𝜽
𝑻= 𝑮 ∗ න 𝝆𝟐 𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝒙

Finally:
𝑻𝑳
𝜽= Angle of twist caused by torque
“T” on bar of length “L”
𝑱𝑮
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STRESS IN CIRCULAR SHAFTS
• Since:
𝒅𝜽 𝑻 𝑻 𝒅𝜽
𝑮 = 𝟐
= and 𝝉 = 𝑮𝜸 = 𝑮 ∗𝝆
𝒅𝒙 ‫𝑱 𝑨𝒅 𝝆 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙

Therefore:
𝑻𝝆
𝝉=
𝑱

For Solid Circular shafts: For Hollow Circular shafts:

𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒅 𝑱= (𝒅𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝒅𝟒𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 )
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐

The maximum shear stress

developed in a shaft subjected
to a twisting moment occurs at
the outermost fiber, wherein

𝑻𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻𝒓
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝑱 𝑱

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STRESS IN CIRCULAR SHAFTS
• In many practical applications, shafts are used to
transmit power.

• The poweris transmitted by the torque (T) which is

rotating at an angular speed 𝝎 which is given by:

𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎
• If the shaft is rotating with a frequency of f
revolutions per unit of time,

𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝑻
Where:

P – power, Watts (N-m/s or Joules/sec), f – frequency, (rev/sec or Hertz)

T – applied torque (N-m)

POWER CONVERSION
FACTORS
1 Horsepower = 746 Watts
1 HP = 550 lb-ft/sec
1 HP = 42.4 BTU/min

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
What is the minimum diameter of a solid
steel shaft that will not twist more than 2°
in a 5-m length when subjected to a torque
of 10 kN-m? What is the maximum
shearing stress developed. For steel, use G
= 83 GPa.

PROBLEM 2
A solid steel shaft 3 m long is stressed to
30 MPa when twisted by 2°. Compute
the required diameter for this condition
and the power transmitted (in HP) by
the shaft if it rotates at 10 rad/sec.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 3
The solid compound shaft, made of three
different materials, carries the two torques
shown. Determine the maximum shear stress
in each material and the angle of rotation of
the free end of the shaft. Moduli of rigidity
as follows:

𝐺𝑎𝑙 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐺𝑏𝑟 = 35 𝐺𝑃𝑎

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 4
Four pulleys are attached to the 50-
mm-diameter aluminum shaft. If
torques are applied to the pulleys as
shown in the figure, determine the
angle of rotation of pulley D relative to
pulley A. Use G = 28 GPa for aluminum.

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