Franz D.

SANTOS Department of Civil Engineering, National University - Manila

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BENDING
• From the previous topics, we have dealt
with materials that deform due to axial
loading and torsion.

• The third fundamental loading is

bending.

• In order to derive the bending moment

and that stress that it causes, it is
necessary that assumptions must be
made.

Source for image: Google

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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 FLEXURAL STRESS
The following are the basic assumptions in deriving the formula needed to
compute for the stress due to bending:

1. The material is homogeneous.

2. Plane sections of the beam remain plane (do not warp) and perpendicular to the
deformed axis of the beam.
3. Changes in the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are negligible.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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FLEXURAL STRESS
Considering a very small deformation due to bending:

𝒙 = 𝝆𝒅𝜽 𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 = (𝝆 + 𝒚)𝒅𝜽

Recall the formula for normal strain:

∆𝑳 𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙)
𝜺= =
𝑳𝒐 (𝒙)

𝒅𝜽 𝝆 + 𝒚 𝒅𝜽 − 𝝆𝒅𝜽 𝒚
𝜺= =
𝝆𝒅𝜽 𝝆

x From Hooke’s Law:

x 𝝈 𝒇𝒃 𝒇𝒃 𝒚 𝑬
dx 𝜺= = = 𝒇𝒃 = 𝒚
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬 𝝆 𝝆
Source of Image: Mathalino

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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 FLEXURAL STRESS
Consider a fiber of differential area (dA) at distance y from
the Neutral Axis (N.A.):
𝒅𝑭
𝒇𝒃 = 𝒅𝑭 = 𝒇𝒃 ∗ 𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝑨

𝒅𝑴 = 𝒅𝑭 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒇𝒃 ∗ 𝒅𝑨 ∗ 𝒚

𝑴 = න 𝒅𝑴
𝑬
𝒇𝒃 = 𝒚 𝑬 𝑬 𝑬
𝝆 𝑴=න 𝒚 ∗ 𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝑨 = න 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 𝑴= 𝑰
𝝆 𝝆 𝝆
න 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 = 𝐈 (𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚)
𝑬 𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒄 𝑴 𝑴
𝑬𝑰 𝒇𝒃 = 𝒚 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝝆= 𝑬𝑰 𝒇𝒃 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑴 𝑰 𝑰 𝑰/𝒄 𝑺
𝑴

Source of Image: Mathalino 𝑺 − 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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 FLEXURAL STRESS
NORMAL STRESSES DUE TO BENDING
Bending if the moment is POSITIVE
❑ If the neutral axis is not an axis of symmetry of the
cross section, the maximum tensile and
compressive bending stresses may occur at
different sections.

For the figure:

𝑴𝒄𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
𝒇𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑰

𝑴𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒑
𝒇𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑰

𝒄 – outermost fiber distance measured from the N.A.

Source of Image: Mathalino

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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FLEXURAL STRESS
STEPS IN SOLVING THE BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

1. Identify the bending moment to be considered (for design, use maximum bending
moment). Use your knowledge in Shear and Moment Equations or Diagrams to identify the
critical bending moment to be used.
2. Determine the fiber where you want to compute for the flexural stress.
3. Compute for the moment of inertia of the section. If the section is unsymmetrical, determine
first the centroid and then proceed in computing the moment of inertia.
4. If stresses are given for tension and compression, identify tension and compression zones
accordingly before using the flexure formula.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
8 kN/m
A 250mm x 500mm rectangular beam has a simple span of
10 m. If the beam is loaded with a uniformly distributed
B 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
load of 8 kN/m, compute the maximum bending stress in A 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
the beam in MPa.
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝒇𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍
𝐛𝒅𝟑
𝐈𝐍.𝐀. =
𝒄 𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
N.A.
+ 65 -mx (𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦)(𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎)𝟑
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐈𝐍.𝐀. =
𝒄 𝟏𝟐
5xm C −
𝐈𝐍.𝐀. = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔𝐦𝐦𝟒
𝒇𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏
−𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍
𝑴𝒄 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 For Rectangular Sections:
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝒅
𝑰 𝑴𝒄 𝑴 𝟐
C 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑰 𝒃𝒅𝟑
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 (𝑻) 𝟏𝟐
𝟎 𝟎

𝟔𝐌 𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎)
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ±𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟔𝐌
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟐 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝒃𝒅𝟐

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
A Wide Flange Section (I Shape) was used as a beam 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦
carrying the loads as shown. Determine the maximum
flexural stress on the beam and assess the adequacy of 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦
the beam if the allowable bending stress is 20 MPa.
430 mm
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝒇𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏

𝑹𝐀 = 𝟔𝟑 𝐤𝐍 𝑹𝐂 = 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍
𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦

𝟔𝟑 𝐤𝐍
N.A.
400 430 mm 1.85
5-x
𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍
119 + +
E
𝟎
𝒇𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒎 x
3.15 −
−
Moment of Inertia −𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐍 −𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐍
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = 𝑰𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 − 𝑰𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = −𝟐 𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

Bending Stress
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 (𝑻) 𝟎 𝟎
𝑴𝒄 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝑰 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 ∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬! −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑴𝐀 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐛 − 𝐟𝐭
A concrete T-Beam was used to carry the loads as shown. Determine (a) the
centroidal moment of inertia of the section, (b) the section modulus and (c) the 𝟏°
maximum flexural stress in psi.
By Varignon’s Theorem: 𝑨 𝒚
𝟔 𝐢𝐧 𝐓 ഥ = ෍ 𝑨 𝒊 𝒚𝒊
𝑹𝐀 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝐥𝐛
𝟎. 𝟖 𝐢𝐧
𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 𝒊𝒏
ഥ = 𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟖. 𝟒 + (𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟖)(𝟒)
𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖 + 𝟖 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒚
𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
N.A. ഥ = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟗 𝐢𝐧
𝒚
𝟏. 𝟖𝟗
8.4 in
8 in (a) Transfer Moment of Inertia:
𝟓. 𝟖𝟗y𝒊𝒏
4 in
𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = ෍ 𝑰ഥ𝒙 + 𝑨𝒅𝟐
Reference
𝟎. 𝟖 𝐢𝐧
𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟖 𝟑
𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = + 𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏 𝟐 + + 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝟐
(b) Section Modulus: 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝑰 𝟖𝟕. 𝟒𝟗 𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝑰𝑵.𝑨. = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟒𝟗 𝒊𝒏𝟒

𝑺= = 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝐢𝐧𝟑
𝒄 𝟓. 𝟖𝟗 𝒊𝒏

(c) Maximum Flexural Stress:

𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐 (𝟓. 𝟖𝟗 𝒊𝒏) 𝑴 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐
𝑴𝒄 𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝒇𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝑰 𝟖𝟕. 𝟒𝟗 𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝑺 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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 Stay safe, sanitized and at home!

Credits to CJ (Panzoid) for the Opening Slide Template

Franz D. SANTOS Department of Civil Engineering, National University - Manila

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.