THE DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS

Definition:The d.erivative of the function f is the function f ' defined by

f ( x + h) - f ( h )
f ' ( x ) = lim for all x for which this limit exists.
h®0 h
The function f is differentiable at x = a if lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) exists.
x ®a

The process of finding the derivative f is called differentiation of f .

'

Solution:
Example 48: Apply the definition of the derivative directly to differentiate the
x
function f ( x ) = .
x+3
Solution:
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h
x+h x
-
= lim x + h + 3 x + 3
h ®0 h
= lim
( x + h )( x + 3) - x ( x + h + 3)
h ®0 h ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)
x 2 + 3x + hx + 3h - x 2 - hx - 3x
= lim
h ®0 h ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)
3h
= lim
h ® 0 h ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)

3
= lim
h ® 0 ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)

3 3
= =
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)2
This process is known as differentiation from first principles.
Differentiation of Quadratic Functions
Example 49: Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ,where a,b and c are constants. Show from first principles
that
f ' ( x ) = 2ax + b
Solution:
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h

1
 é a ( x + h )2 + b ( x + h ) + c ù - é ax 2 + bx + c ù
= lim ë û ë û
h®0 h

= lim
( ax 2
+ 2ahx + ah 2 + bx + bh + c - ax 2 - bx - c )
h®0 h
2ahx + ah 2 + bh
= lim
h®0 h
= lim ( 2ax + ah + b )
h®0

= 2ax + b
Example 50: Show from first principles that If f ( x ) = 3 x 2 - 7 x + 7, then f ' ( x ) = 6 x - 7
Differential Notation
Dy f ( x + h ) - f ( x )
Dx = h ; Dy = f ( x + Dx ) - f ( x ) ; =
Dx h
dy Dy
Þ = lim
dx Dx ® 0 Dx
dy dy
If y = f ( x ) , we often write = f ' ( x ) e.g. If y = ax 2 + bx + c ,then = f ' ( x ) = 2ax + b
dx dx
Examples: Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principles.
Example 51: f ( x ) = x 2
Solution:
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h
( x + h) - x2
2

= lim
h ®0 h
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 - x 2
= lim
h ®0 h
2hx + h 2
= lim
h ®0 h
= lim 2 x + h = 2 x
h ®0

1
Example 52: f ( x ) =
x
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
Solution: f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h

2
 1 1
-
= lim x + h x
h ®0 h
x-x-h
= lim
h ®0 h ( x + h) x

-1 -1
= lim = 2
h ®0 ( x + h ) x x
Example 53: f ( x ) = x
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
Solution: f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h
x+h - x
= lim
h ®0 h

= lim
( x+h - x )( x+h + x )
h ®0
h ( x+h + x )
x+h-x
= lim
h ®0
(
x+h + x
h )
1 1
= lim =
h ®0 x+h + x 2 x
Exercise: Differentiate the following functions from first principles.
1) y = x 3 2) f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x - 2 3) f ( t ) = kt
Basic Differentiation Rules
The derivative of a constant
dc
If f ( x ) = c (a constant) for all x, then f ' ( x ) = 0 for all x. That is = f ' ( x) = 0
dx
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
Proof: h®0 h
c-c 0
= lim = lim = 0
h ®0 h h®0 h

The Power Rule

If n is a positive integer and f ( x ) = x n , then f ' ( x ) = nx n -1
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ' ( x ) lim
Proof:
h®0 h
( x + h ) - xn
n

= lim
h®0 h
n ( n - 1) n - 2 2
But ( x + h ) = xn + nx n -1h +
n
x h + L + hn
2!

3
 n ( n - 1) n - 2 2
x n + nx n -1h + x h + K + hn - x n
\ f ' ( x ) = lim 2!
h®0 h
n ( n - 1) n - 2
= lim nx n -1 + x h + K + h n -1 = nx n -1
h®0 21
dy
Example 54: Find (a) f ' ( x ) if f ( x ) = 6 x5 (b) Find if y = t17
dt
Solution:
dy
(a) f ( x ) = 6 x 5 Þ f ' ( x ) = 30 x 4 (b) y = t17 Þ = 17t 16
dt
The derivative of a linear combination
If f and g are differentiable functions and a and b are fixed real numbers, then
d
éë af ( x ) + bg ( x ) ùû = af ' ( x ) + bg ' ( x )
dx
Proof: Let k ( x ) = af ( x ) + bg ( x )
k ( x + h) - k ( x)
\ k ' ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h
é af ( x + h ) + bg ( x + h ) ùû - éë af ( x ) + bg ( x ) ùû
= lim ë
h ®0 h
é f ( x + h) - f ( x) ù é g ( x + h) - g ( x) ù
= a lim ê ú + b lim ê ú
h ®0
ë h û h®0
ë h û
= af ' ( x ) + bg ' ( x )
dy
Example 55: Let y = 36 + 24 x + 8 x5 - 6 x10 . Find .
dx
dy
Solution: y = 36 + 24 x + 8 x 5 - 6 x10 Þ = k ' ( x ) = 24 + 40 x 4 - 60 x 5
dx
The derivative of a Polynomial
Let y = f ( x ) = an x n + an -1 x n -1 + L + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a2
dy
f ' ( x) = = nan x n -1 + ( n - 1) an -1 x n - 2 + K + 3a3 x 2 + 2a2 x 2 + a1
dx
dy
if y = f ( x ) = 7 x 3 - 6 x 2 + 4 x + 2 then = f ' ( x ) = 21x 2 - 12 x + 4
dx
5. The Product Rule and Quotient Rule
(a)The Product Rule
If f and g are differentiable at x ,then fg is differentiated at x ,then
d
éë f ( x ) g ( x ) ùû = f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x )
dx
Proof: Let k ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )

4
 k ( x + h) - k ( x)
\ k ' ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h
f ( x + h) g ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x)
= lim
h®0 h
Add and subtract at f ( x ) g ( x + h )

f ( x + h) g ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x + h ) + f ( x) g ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x)
= lim
h®0 h
f ( x + h ) g ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x + h ) f ( x) g ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x)
k ' ( x ) = lim + lim
h®0 h h® 0 h
f ( x + h) - f ( x) ö g ( x + h) - g ( x) ö
æ
= ç lim
è h ®0 h
÷
ø h®0
( )
æ
lim g ( h + x ) + f ( x ) ç lim
è h®0 h
÷
ø
= f ' ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g' ( x)
The product rule says that the derivative of the product of two functions is formed by multiplying
the derivative of each by the other and then adding the results.
(
Example 56: Find the derivative of f ( x ) = 1 - 6 x3 4 x 2 - 6 x + 2 )( )
Solution
f ' ( x ) = ( -18 x 2 )( 4 x 2 - 6 x + 2 ) + (1 - 6 x 3 ) ( 8 x - 12 )
= -72 x 4 + 108 x 3 - 36 x 2 + 8 x - 12 - 48 x 4 + 36 x
= 120 x 4 + 144 x 3 - 36 x 2 + 8 x - 12

Now, suppose k ( x ) = f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )K f n ( x )
k ' ( x ) = f1' ( x ) f 2 ( x )K f n ( x )
+ f1 ( x ) f 2' ( x )K f n ( x )
M
+ f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )K f ' ( x )
( )(
Example 57: Let k ( x ) = ( x - 2 ) x 2 + 6 x 4 + 1 Find k ' ( x) .
.
)
Solution:
\ k ' ( x ) = (1) ( x 2 + 6 )( x 4 + 1) + ( x - 2 )( 2 x ) ( x 4 + 1) + ( x - 2 ) ( x 2 + 6 ) ( 4 x )
= x 6 + x 2 + 6 x 4 + 6 + 2 x ( x 5 + x - 2 x 4 - 2 ) + 4 x ( x3 + 6 x - 2 x 2 - 12 )
= x 6 + x 2 + 6 x 4 + 6 + 2 x 6 + 2 x 2 - 4 x 5 - 4 x + 4 x 4 + 6 x 2 - 8 x3 - 48 x
= 3x 6 - 4 x 5 + 10 x 4 - 8 x 3 + 9 x 2 - 52 x + 6
(b)The Reciprocal Rule
d æ 1 ö f ' ( x)
If f is differentiable at x and f ( x ) ¹ 0 , then ç ÷=-
dx çè f ( x ) ÷ø éë f ( x ) ùû
2

5
 1 k ( x + h) - k ( x )
Proof: Let k ( x ) = Þ k ' ( x ) = lim
f ( x) h® 0 h
1 1
-
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
h®0 h
f ( x) - f ( x + h)
= lim
h®0 hf ( x + h ) f ( x )

æ 1 öæ f ( x + h) - f ( x) ö
= - çç lim ÷ ç lim ÷
h®0 f ( x + h ) f ( x ) ÷ h®0 h
è øè ø
f ' ( x)
=-
éë f ( x ) ùû
2

1
Example 58: Find k ' ( x ) if k ( x ) = 2
x +1
d 2
- x +1 ( ) -2 x
Solution: k ' ( x ) = dx =
( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
(c)Power rule for a negative integer n
d n
If n is a negative integer, then
dx
( x ) = nx n -1
Proof: Let m = -n , so that m is a positive integer. Then
d m
d n d -m d æ 1 ö
x
mx m -1 ( )
x = ( ) x ( )
= ç m ÷ = dx 2 = - 2m = ( -m ) x- m -1 = nx n -1
dx dx dx è x ø xm x ( )
5 x4 - 6 x + 7
Example 59: Find f ' ( x ) if f ( x ) =
2x2
Solution:
5x 4 - 6 x + 7
f ( x) =
2x2
5 2 3 7
= x - + 2
2 x 2x
5 2 7
: = x - 3 x -1 + x -2
2 2

\ f ' ( x) =
5
2
( )7
(
( 2 x ) - 3 - x -2 + -2 x -3
2
)
3 7
= 5x + -
x 2 x3

6
The Quotient Rule
f
If f and g are differentiable at x and g ( x ) ¹ 0 then is differentiable x and
g
d é f ( x) ù f ( x) g ( x) - f ( x) g ( x)
' '

ê ú =
dx ë g ( x ) û éë g ( x ) ùû
2

f ( x)
Proof: Let k ( x ) =
g ( x)
k ( x + h) - k ( x)
k ' ( x ) = lim
h® 0 h
f ( x + h) f ( x)
-
g ( x + h) g ( x)
= lim
h ®0 h
f ( x + h) g ( x) - g ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
h ®0 hg ( x + h ) g ( x )

Add and subtract f ( x ) g ( x )

g ( x) f ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x ) g ( x) - f ( x) g ( x + h)
lim
h® 0 h ( g ( x ) g ( x + h ))

g ( x) f ( x + h) - f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) - f ( x) g ( x + h)
= lim + lim
h®0 h ( g ( x ) g ( x + h )) h ® 0 h ( g ( x ) g ( x + h))

é f ( x + h ) - f ( x ) ùû é g ( x ) - g ( x + h ) ùû
= lim g ( x ) ë + lim f ( x ) ë
h®0 hg ( x ) g ( x + h ) h®0 h ( g ( x ) g ( x + h))

f ( x + h) - f ( x) é g ( x + h ) - g ( x ) ùû
g ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim ë
=
h ®0 h -
h®0 h
lim g ( x ) g ( x + h ) lim g ( x ) g ( x + h )
h ®0 h ®0

g ( x) f ' ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)
= -
( g ( x )]2 ( g ( x )]2
g ( x) f ' ( x) - f ( x) g ' ( x)
=
( g ( x )]2

7
Slope of a tangent
f (a + h) - f (a)
Let M be a slope of a tangent line at point P. Then M = lim
h ®0 h
Example 60: .If f ( x ) = x , find the slope of tangent line at at the point P ( a, a 2 )
2
.
Solution: f ( a + h ) = ( a + h )
2

f (a + h) - f (a)
M = lim
h ®0 h
(a + h)
2
- a2
a 2 + 2ah + h 2 - a 2
= lim = lim = lim 2a + h = 2a
h®0 h h®0 h h®0

Example 61: Find the slope and the equation of the tangent line to a graph of f ( x ) = x 3 at the
point P ( 3, 27 ) .
Solution:
f (a + h) - f (a)
M = lim
h ®0 h
(a + h)
3
- a3 a 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah2 + h3 - a 3
= lim = lim
h®0 h h® 0 h
= lim 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2
h®0

= 3a 2
But a=3
y - y0 y - 27
Let a = 3 ´ 32 = 27 ; M = ; 27 = ; y - 27 = 27 x - 81; y = 27 x - 54
x - x0 x-3
In general, consider y = f ( x ) ,the slope of the tangent line at any arbitrary point P ( x, y ) on the
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
curve is given by m = f ' ( x ) = lim ,where f ' ( x ) is a derived function of f ( x ) .
h® 0 h
f ( x ) is read as “f prime of x”
'

Example 62: Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 ,find f ( x ) .Use this result to find the slope of the tangent line
y = x2 + 1 at point x = 2, x = 0 and at x = -2 .
Solution:
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h
( x + h ) + 1 - x2 - 1
2

= lim
h®0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1 - x 2 - 1
= lim = lim 2 x + h = 2 x
h®0 h h ®0

Therefore f ( x ) = 2 x

8
When x = 2 , f ' ( 2 ) = 4 ; When x = 0 , f ' ( 0 ) = 0 ; when x = -2 , f ' ( -2 ) = -4
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
Definition: The function f ' ( x ) defined by the format f ' ( x ) = lim is called the
h®0 h
derivative of f ( x ) with respect to x.
The derivative can also be defined in various other equivalent ways e.g
f ( x ) - f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + Dx ) - f ( x0 )
f ' ( x0 ) = lim = lim
x ® x0 x - x0 Dx ® 0 Dx
Note:
1 .A function is said to be differentiable at a point x = x0 if it has a derivative at this point, i.e
f ( x0 ) exists. If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = x0 it must be continous there.
d f ( x ) dy
2. If y = f ( x ) , f ' ( x ) = = =derivative of y with respect to x.
dx dx
y-dependent variable
x-independent variable
3. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation.
4. If you ever required to differentiate a given function from first principles, you should always
start the proof by quoting the formula below
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
h®0 h
Examples
1.Find the derivative of f ( x ) = 3x2 - 5x + 4 from first principles

f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h
3( x + h ) - 5 ( x + h ) + 4 - 3x2 + 5x - 4
2

= lim
h®0 h
3 éë x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ùû - 5 x - 5h + 4 - 3x 2 + 5 x - 4
= lim
h®0 h
3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 - 5 x - 5h + 4 - 3 x 2 + 5 x - 4
= lim
h®0 h
= lim6 x + 3h - 5
h®0
= 6x - 5
x
Differentiate f ( x ) = from 1st principles
x -9
Solution:
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h

9
 x+h x
-
= lim x + h - 9 x - 9
h®0 h
= lim
( x + h )( x - 9 ) - x ( x + h - 9 )
h®0 h ( x - 9 )( x + h - 9 )

x 2 - 9 x + xh - 9h - x 2 - xh + x9
= lim
h®0 h ( x - 9 )( x + h - 9 )

x-9- x -9
= lim =
h ® 0 ( x - 9 )( x + h - 9 )
( x - 9)
2

x dy -9
Confirm: If y = , =
x-9 dx ( x - 9 )2
Differentiate (a) x + 2 (b) f ( x ) = x - 2 from 1st principles
Solution:
y = x + 2 = f ( x)

f ( x + h) - f ( x)
f ( x ' ) = lim
h ®0 h

( x + h) + 2 - x+2
lim
h® 0 h

= lim
( x + h ) + 2 - ( x + 2)
h ®0
h[ ( x + h ) + 2 + x + 2]

h
= lim
h ®0
h[ ( x + h) + 2 + x + 2]

1
= lim
h ®0
( x + h) + 2 + x+2

1
x+2 + x+2
1
=
2 x+2
(b) f ( x ) = x - 2
Further examples
Differentiate the following with respect to x
y = x5
Solution:

10
d x5 ( ) = 5x 4
Þ
dy
= 5 x4
dx dx
y = x3
Solution:
d d x3 ( )
dx
( )
5x = 5
3

d
= 5 ´ 3 x 2 = 15 x 2

3. y = -7 x10

Solution:
dy
= -70 x9
dx

3. y = f ( x ) = 24 x 2
Solution:
dy
= 48 x .
dx
4.
y = f ( x ) = 8 x3 - 4 x 2 + x - 5

Solution
dy d
f ' ( x) = =
dx dx
(
8 x3 - 4 x 2 + x - 5)
d d d d
= ( 8 x 3 ) - ( 4 x 2 ) + ( x ) - (5)
dx dx dx dx
= 24 x 2 - 8 x + 1 - 0
= 24 x 2 - 8 x + 1
5.

f ( x ) = y = ( x + 3)
4

Solution
1x 4 + 4(3) x3 + 6(3)2 x 2 + 4(3)3 x + 1(3) 4
= x 4 + 12 x 3 + 54 x 2 + 108 x + 81
dy
= 4 x 3 + 36 x 2 + 108 x + 108
dx
2
6. y= 3
x
Solution:
dy -6
= 2. - 3( x -3-1 ) = -6 x -3-1 = -6 x -4 = 4
dx x

11
 1
7. y =
x
Solution:
1 1 3
dy
- 1 - -1 1 - 1 1 1 1
y=x ; =- x 2 =- x 2 =- ´ 3 =-
2
dx 2 2 2 2 x3
x2
1
8. y = x 2
1 1
dy 1 2 -1 1 - 2 1
Solution: = x = x =
dx 2 2 2 x
-2 1
9. (a ) y = 2 (b ) 3
x 3x
The Chain Rule
If y = f ( u ) where u = g ( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable functions, then the composite function
dy dy du
defined by y = f éë g ( x ) ùû which has a derivative given by = ´
dx du dx
Examples
1. Differentiate ( 3x + 2)
4

Solution:
du dy dy dy du
Let y = ( 3 x + 2 ) and u = 3 x + 2 ;then y = u 4 ;
4
= 3; = 4u 3 ;But by chain rule = ´
dx du dx du dx
dy
= 4u 3 ´ 3 = 12u 3 ;But u = 3 x + 2 ; \ = 12 ( 3x + 2 )
3

dx
2. Differentiate ( x 2 + 3 x )
7

Solution:
Let y = ( x 2 + 3 x ) ; Let u = x 2 + 3x ; \ y = u 7 ;
7

du dy dy dy du
= 2 x + 3, = 7u 6 \ = ´ = 7u 6 ( 2 x + 3 )
dx du dx du dx

(
= 7 ( 2 x + 3) x 2 + 3x )
6

dy
(
= 7 ( 2 x + 3) x 2 + 3 x )
6
\
dx
1
3.Diffrentiate
1+ x
Solution:

( )
1
-1
Let y = 1 + x and u = 1 + x or 1+ x 2

12
 1 1
dy -1 du 1 2 -1 1 - 2 1
\y =u ; = -1u -1-1 = -u -2 ; = x = x =
du dx 2 2 2 x
dy dy du 1 1 1 1
= ´ =- 2 ´ =- 2 =-
dx du dx u 2 x
( )
2
2u x 2 1+ x x

4.Diffrentiate 1 + x2
Solution:
1

(
Let y = 1 + x 2 ) 2
and u = 1 + x 2 ;
1
dy 1 12 -1 1 - 12 1
\y =u ; = u = u =
2
du 2 2 2 u
du dy du 1 x
= 2 x; ´ = ´ 2x =
dx du dx 2 u 1 + x2

( )
1 -1
5. y = = 1+ x
1+ x
Solution:
1 1
du 1 2
u = 1+ x = 1+ x2; = x
dx 2
dy -1
y = u -1 ; = -1u -2 = 2
du u
1 1
dy dy du 1 1 - 1 1 -
\ = × =- 2 ´ x 2 =- ´ x 2
dx du dx u 2
( )
2
1+ x 2
dy 1
=-
dx
( )
2
2 1+ x x
Exercise
Differentiate
2 2
æ 1 ö
1. ( 3 x + 5 ) ( ) 3. ( 6 x - 4 x )
3 - -2 1
2. 3x - 5 x 5. ç x -
2 2 3 3
4. ÷
(x )
3
2
- 7x è xø
Mixed Examples
(
Differentiate the expression y = x 2 - 3 ( x + 1) and simplify the result.
2
)
(
Solution: Let u = x 2 - 3 and let v = ( x + 1) ;) 2 du
dx
= 2 x;
dv
dx
= 2 ( x + 1)1 = 2 ( x + 1)

13
dy dv du
dx
=u +v
dx dx
( )
= x 2 - 3 ( 2 )( x + 1) + ( x + 1) 2 x
2

(
= 2 ( x + 1) x 2 - 3 + 2 x ( x + 1)
2
)
(
= 2 ( x + 1) éë x 2 - 3 + x ( x + 1) ùû )
= 2 ( x + 1) éë x 2 - 3 + x 2 + x ùû
2 ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( x - 1) = 2 ( x + 1) éë 2 x 2 + x - 3ùû

2.Differentiate ( x 2 + 1) ( x3 + 1)
3 2

( ) and v = ( x
3
u = x2 + 1
)
2
Let 3
+1
d dv du
( uv ) = u + v
dx dx dx
dy
dx
( ) ( )
= 2 3x 2 ( x + 1) = 6 x 2 x 3 + 1
du
( )
= 3( 2 x ) x 2 + 1
2

dx
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= x 2 + 1 6 x 2 x3 + 1 + x3 + 1 3( 2 x ) x 2 + 1
3 2 2

= 6 x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) + 6 x ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
3 2 2
2 2 3 3 2

= 6 x ( x + 1)( x + 1) é x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ù
2
3 2 2 3
ë û
= 6 x ( x + 1)( x + 1) éë 2 x + x + 1ùû
3 2 2 3

3. Differentiate ( x - 3 ) ( x + 2 )
2 -2

Solution:
y = ( x - 3) ( x + 2 )
2 -2

u = ( x - 3) ; v = ( x + 2 )
2 -2

du dv
= 2 ( x - 3) ; = -2 ( x + 2 )
-3

dx dx
d dv du
( uv ) = u + v = ( x - 3) ( -2 )( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) ( 2 )( x - 3)
2 -3 -2

dx dx dx

= -2 ( x - 3) ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x - 3)( x + 2 )
2 -3 -2

-2 ( x - 3 ) 2 ( x - 3) -2 ( x - 3) + 2 ( x - 3)( x + 2 )
2 2

= + =
( x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 2)
3 2 3

2 ( x - 3) éë - ( x - 3) + x + 2 ùû 2 ( x - 3)( 5) 10 ( x - 3)
= =
( x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 2)
3 3 3

x +1
4. Differentiate y =
x2 - 2
Solution:

14
 Let u = x + 1;
v = x2 - 2
du dv
v -u
dy d æ u ö
= ç ÷ = dx 2 dx
dx dx è v ø v

du
= 1;
dv dy
= 2x =
x 2 - 2 1 - ( x + 1)( 2 x ) ( )
dx dx dx ( )
2
x2 - 2

=
( =
)
x 2 - 2 - ( x + 1) 2 x x 2 - 2 - 2 x 2 - 2 x - x 2 - 2 x - 2
=
( ) ( x 2 - 2) 2 ( )
2 2
x2 - 2 x2 - 2
x
5. Differentiate
(1 + x ) 2

1
Solution: Let u = x; (
v = 1 + x2 ) 2

æ1ö
1 1

( ) ( )
-
1 + x2 2 - x ç ÷ (2x ) 1 + x2 2
dy è2ø
=
dx
( ( ))
2
1 + x2
1
x2
1 1 (1 + x ) 2 2
- 1

( ) ( ) ( )
-
1 + x2 2 - x2 1 + x 2 2 1 + x2 2
=
1+ x 2
1+ x 2

(1 + x ) - x 2 2

=
1
=
1
1 1 3

(1 + x )(1 + x )
2 2 2
(1 + x )(1 + x ) 2 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2

x2 - 4
6. y =
x2 + 4
Solution:
1

(x 2
-4 ) 2 1 1
y= 1 (
; u = x 2 - 4 2 ; v = x2 + 4 ) ( ) 2

(x 2
+ 4) 2

dy 8x
=
dx 1 3

( x2 - 4 )( 2 x2 + 4 ) 2

1+ x ö
7. y = æç ÷
è2+ xø

Solution:

15
 1+ x du ( 2 + x ) - (1 + x ) 1
Let u = ; = = ;
2+ x dx (2 + x) (2 + x)
2 2

1 1
dy 1 - 2 1
y =u ;2
= u =
du 2 2 u
dy dy du 1 1 1 1
\ = ´ = ´ = =
dx du dx 2 (1 + x )( 2 + x ) ( 2 + x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2 ( 2 + x )- 2 ( 2 + x )2 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( 2 + x ) 32
2 1 1 1
-1

1
=
2 ( x + 1)( 2 + x )
3

Exercise

1.
1 - x2 x2 ( x + 1)
3
x 2 x 2 - x3
6. y =
(3 x - x )
4

1 + x2 3. 1 + x2 3. x + 2 4. 1+ x 5. x2 - 1 ( x 2 + 1)

16