Professional Documents
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Political Science Ch.1 & 2
Political Science Ch.1 & 2
SUBJECT
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PORTION
01 CHAPTER NO.1 DEFINATION AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
STATE
A) MEANING OF STATE
A) MEANING
SECTION II –
05 CHAPTER NO. 5 ORGANISATION OF GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER NO. 02
STATE
STATE:
Aristotle –
State is a union of families and village having for its end a perfect & self – sufficient life by which we means a
happy and life.
Burgur –
State is a particular portion of mankind view as an organized unit.
Open Heim –
The state exit when a people settle in a country under its own sovereignty.
Woodrow Wilson –
The state is people organized for law within definite territory.
CHARECTERISTIC OF STATE:
· Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.
1. POPULATION –
Since the state is primary a human institution. It must have a population.
There must be a number of families. Before a state come into existence. One or two or three hundred people
cannot make a state. Eg – Cnina has more than one hundred twenty five crore of people and India has 105
crore of population. Some state like Andora has a population of 5000 only.
Monaco has a population of Twenty Five Thousand and St. Marry has a population of Twenty Five
Thousand. So irrespective of the size of their population. They are called state. The Greek Philosopher
believed that the population neither be small nor to be big.
Though, a certain number of people essential requirement of the state i.e population. It is there quality
upon which the strength of the state depends. People are of different types. They are citizens, aliens and
minors. They may be divided into rich & poor, educated and uneducated, rulers and ruled male and female
etc.
Therefore, equilibrium is to be maintained between the territory resource and the population of a state.
2. TERRITORY –
Territory is another important physical feature of state. People must live
Permanently on a definite portion of land permanently to make a state. A private ship on the high – sea even if
it has all other attributes does not constitute a state. The territory includes lake and rivers. It includes not only
land but also the sea up to prescribe limits. The area may be big or small. Now a day, whether a state is small
or big in territory it become powerful provided, it has scientific and technological advancement. Eg
– countries like Britain, France, and Japan etc have become very powerful. Though, they are very small.
Political thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Montesque had expressed their favor of small states. Now, the
idea of small states has become out dated and the changed conditions. The trend is towards large states.
3. GOVERNMENT –
Government is another important element of state. The state cannot exist in the absence of government.
Government is the political organization of the state set up to direct, regulate and control means active to
enable them to live together harmoniously and constructively and to solve their common problems and
effectively. In the actual practice it is the government which is really important and it is with their people
come into direct contact and has their dealing.
4. SOVEREIGNTY –
Are further divided in to two parts:
1) External
2) Internal
Internal Sovereignty:
Those who do not obey the law frame by the government are punished.
External Sovereignty:
External Sovereignty means that the state is free to make its foreign policy without its external
pressure. Externally the country should be completely free from foreign control and diclation and decision.
Professor Berger says, all comprehensiveness, exclusiveness and permanence are the peculiars
characteristic of the state with sovereignty and more essential principles
5. ASSOCIATION –
. To constitute and association, there must be first group of people.
. There people must be organized
I. They must have a common purpose to pursue. For example – Family, Chruch, Trade Union, Chamber of
Commerce, Music Club etc.
A. Base of Association –
1) Political Base
2) Social
3) Economic
4) Religious
B. Definition of Association –
McIber – An organization deliberately from for the collective, pursuit of some interest or set of interest which
the members of his share. It terms as an association.
Borgardus – Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purposes.
C. Characteristic of Association –
. Human group:
An association is created by Human beings for the definite objects.
. Common interest and Aim:
An association is not a mere conglomeration of human beings but of individual who have some aim or end in
common.
I. Co-operative spirit:
In an association, people work together with co-operative spirit to achieve some common purpose
. Organization:
Association is a group of person who are organized in order to complete some specific work. For example -
trade union & political parties.
. Establishment:
Association is constituted of that group of individual who are organized in order to complete specific work.
. Law:
The organization of association resists upon a particular set of law and members of those associations have to
follow the rules & regulations on which the associations are formed.
2. DYNAMIC STATE:
Political science should not only deal with the structure aspect of state but also with its dynamic. A state
which works on is in action as to be dynamic, it can never remain static. Many changes some of them
sweeping took place since the state long over. The principle of government has been changing from time to
time. The state today is different from it was about 2000 years ago. In ancient time, there were tribal kingdom
in city and states but today there is nation state. In the remote passed, the individuals have no right as such
accuses the state like the individual in modern democratic state.
SCOPE OF SUBJECT BROADENED:
In the life of the change condition in the modern time, the scope of political science has made and
widen by scholar. Who filled the man’s social life being an integrated whole. Any change in man social
environment if bound to have reputition of man political life.
MEANING OF SOCIETY –
Society is a very large group of man and woman in which there are several relatively small groups.
Society in terms with which designated the whole network of many types of relationship. Within the large
social frame work, we find family, class, caste, club, trade union, school, church, fine arts circle, chamber of
commerce, political party and many other groups.
MEANING OF STATE –
When a society is recognized on a political basis in a given territory and when human beings comes
together for a common purpose to have common court of behavior or for respective of common set of law the
state is form. Thus, a state is politically organized society in a certain territory.
Aristotle says that state is a natural and necessary institution.
i. POPULATION –
Population is very essential element of state. It is obvious that there can
be no state without population. State is meant for human being and not vice- versa. Population is a basic
requirement.
a. Size of population –
No hard & fast rule can be made out about exact population
of the state should have J. W. Garner says “ the nearest approach to save rule is to say that population must be
sufficient to provide governing body in a number of person to be governed and of course sufficient to support
state government”
b. Nature and characteristic of people –
It can make or mar a state. While sikh is going alsi physically weak, illiterate, ignorant, mentally
backward and lenthegic people can hardly build a flourishing state. Healthy and physically strong state
diligent, intelligent & educate, discipline and dynamic people can make state truly great.
Aristotle wisely says that, only good citizen makes a goof state, whereas bad citizen makes a bad state.
India has a large population for beyond have national means. The defect of planning on large scale is
literalized by the phenomenon increase in population. Japan, German & Jews are explain of people who made
a tremendous progress in all field and owned the economics of people all over the world by their extra
ordinary intelligent & hand work in spite of having otts.
ii. TERRITORY –
Like population is fixed territory is essential to state. Obviously there
Cannot be a state without territory which is a basic requirement. Mere political unity and desire to form a state
are not enough people need actual territory to live and organize them politically into a state.
Meaning –
The word territory includes the surface of land. The sub soil, lakes, rivers and also airspace above the land
within the well defined boundaries. Generally territory means contiguous territory but there are exceptions.
Traditionally, the distance frontiers of state extended over distance of 3 miles of the sea from the coast line,
but the recent year the state have unilaterally extended their sovereign peak, far beyond the traditional
distance. The sovereignty of state is also applicable to the airspace above. The distance in the seas and in the
air over which the sovereignty of state can be extended. With the sovereignty of state, it has not fixed by
agreement among state.
The basic factor of natural resources –
Progress of state is depending much upon its natural resources. A small territory with ample of water supply,
great mineral, and weather and excess to the sea is much better than a larger but towards territory which is
land lord size has no value. If territory is sandy and swanky.
iii. GOVRNMENT –
Government which is ruling over managing bodies is the instrument or
machinery used by the state to express its will enforce it an act. All people in a state cannot be a ruling body to
enforce the will of the state. Only some of the persons are interested with the work of acting for and on behalf
of a state. The person from the machinery called the government. The term government was originally derived
from Latin term “Guberanculan” meaning the device require for staring a vessel. A state cannot function
without the government machinery. There is different form of government democratic, republic, military,
despotic, monarchical and so on. A modern government has mainly three branches, executive, legislative and
judiciary.
DUTIES –
Maintain law and order, punishing the law breaker and meeting out justice protecting the law abiding
and promoting the general welfare of people are the duties of the government.
iv. SOVEREIGNTY –
Which is worth constituent element of the state which means supreme power? It manifests itself in the internal
and external field. Internal it means the supreme power of state to regulate, control, cohere and punish all the
individual or group of individual or association within the territorial limits of the state. Externally it means
stand for complete independent. A state is external spear does not take order from any foreign state or power.
However in the international field, a state may subject itself to treaties agreement and other obligation but
these are accepted on a strike voluntary base. The U.S.A and U.S.S.R and India or Bharat are explain of full
fledge state having the entire four constituent element including sovereignty.
Comprehensive, Exclusive and Permanent:
Sovereignty can be regarded as comprehensive, exclusive & permanent supreme power of the state; it may be
regarded as the sole of the state. Whereas state use sovereignty it seize to be a state and relearned to position
of other organization and association