Dept. of EEE, KUET EE 4235 Digital Image Processing

Dept.
of EEE, KUET
EE 4235
Digital Image Processing:
Introduction
Mohiuddin Ahmad
Dept. of EEE, KUET
Course Website: http://kuet.ac.bd/eee/ahmad/

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Introduction
“One picture is worth more than ten

thousand words”
A picture is worth a thousand words

Seeing something is better for learning than having it described
Anonymous
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Introduction
a picture is worth a thousand words
also, a picture paints a thousand words
Meaning | Synonyms
• a picture conveys information more effectively than words
• a picture can tell a story just as well as many words
• using graphics can convey ideas more effectively than a large
number of words
• graphic illustration conveys stronger messages than words
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Introduction
Example Sentences
1. A good presentation should contain more of graphics and less of text, since a
picture is worth a thousand words.
2. In order to effectively convey the health hazards of smoking, a cigarette pack now
contains a picture of diseased lungs, instead of just the statutory warning
message. A picture is worth a thousand words.
3. The newspaper report carried more pictures of the event than text,
since a picture is worth a thousand words.
4. Its easier to learn how a machine works from pictures rather than descriptions,
since a picture is worth a thousand words.
5. It would be better if you drew out a map with the direction to the place rather
than just telling me. A picture is worth a thousand words.
6. Jane's reaction in the picture is so weird about her boss - someone truly said that a
picture paints a thousand words.
7. Such a beautiful portrait of a little girl - represents how a picture paints a
thousand words.
Source: theidioms.com
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Introduction
Lectures:
– Sunday 9:15 - 10:30
Web Site: www.kuet.ac.bd/eee/ahmad/

– Slides will be available in the web under
student corner menu
– Now, Slides will be available in the Google
classroom
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Contents
This lecture will cover:
– Image representation
– What is an image?
– What is digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital image
processing
– Key stages in digital image processing
– Applications of digital image processing
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References
1. Digital Image Processing by Rafael C Gonzalez and Richard E Woods -
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Division of Simon and Schuster One Lake Street Upper
Saddle River, NJ United States
2. Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision by Milan Sonka and Vaclav
Hlavac and Roger Boyle
3. Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing by Anil K Jain
4. Digital Image Processing: PIKS Scientific Inside by William K Pratt
5. Digital Image Processing by Sanjay M Shah Munesh Chandra Trivedi
6. Digital Image Processing by Jayaraman S
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Introduction
What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital Image
— a two-dimensional function, f(x, y) where x and y are spatial
coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)
Digital Image Processing

— process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-,
mid-, and high-level processes
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble or collective of recognition of individual
objects
Pixel
— the elements of a digital image (Picture Element)
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Image Representation
FIGURE 2.18
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
(a) Image plotted

as a surface.
(b) Image displayed
as a visual intensity
array. (c) Image
shown as a 2-D
numerical
array. (The
numbers 0, 0.5, and
1 represent black,
gray, and white,
respectively.)
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What is an image?
We can think of an image as a function, f, from R2 to R:

– f ( x, y ) gives the intensity at position (x, y)
– Realistically, we expect the image only to be defined over a
rectangle, with a finite range:
• f: [a, b]x[c, d] → [0,1]
A color image is just three functions pasted together. We

can write this as a “vector-valued” function:
 r ( x, y ) 
f ( x , y ) =  g ( x, y ) 
 

 b ( x, y ) 

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of Representing Digital Images
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The representation of an M×N numerical

array as
 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N − 1) 

 f (1, 0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N − 1) 
f ( x, y ) =  
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M − 1, 0) f ( M − 1,1) ... f ( M − 1, N − 1) 
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array as
 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N −1 

 a a1,1 ... a1, N −1  
A=  1,0
 ... ... ... ... 

 
a
 M −1,0 aM −1,1 ... aM −1, N −1 
Clearly, aij = f(i, j) so Eqs. denote identical arrays.
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array in MATLAB
 f (1,1) f (1,2) ... f (1, N ) 

 f (2,1) f (2,2) ... 
f (2, N ) 
f ( x, y ) = 
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f (M ,1) f (M ,2) ... f (M , N ) 
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Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k
The number b of bits required to store a M × N

digitized image
b=M×N×k
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Images as functions
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What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
dimensional image as a finite set of digital
values, called picture elements or pixels
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colours, heights, opacities etc
Remember digitization implies that a digital
image is an approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)
For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
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Image processing
An image processing operation typically defines a
new image g in terms of an existing image f.
We can transform either the range of f.
Or the domain of f:
What kinds of operations can each perform?

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What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
Some argument about where image
processing ends and fields such as image
analysis and computer vision start
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What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes, Output: Understanding
features,
Examples: Noise Examples: Scene
characteristics
removal, image understanding,
sharpening Examples: Object autonomous navigation
recognition,
segmentation
In this course we will

stop here
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History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
digital imaging was in the news-

paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image
– Images were transferred by submarine cable

between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
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History of DIP (cont…)
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the
Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
of tones in Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
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1960s: Improvements in computing
technology and the onset of the space race

led to a surge of work in digital image
processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
A picture of the moon taken
in other space missions by the Ranger 7 probe
including the Apollo landings minutes before landing
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1970s: Digital image processing begins to
be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
Tomography (CAT) scans image
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1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc
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Examples: The Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
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Examples: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are
used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images
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Examples: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,
and find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue
density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
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Examples: GIS (cont…)
Night-Time Lights of
the World data set

– Global inventory of
human settlement
– Not hard to imagine
the kind of analysis
that might be done
using this data
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Examples: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are
expensive, slow and

unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
Can we trust them?
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Examples: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used
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Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing
techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of
CCTV images
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Examples: HCI
Try to make human computer
interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be
extremely difficult
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
44 Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image

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Dept.

Course Website: http://kuet.ac.bd/eee/ahmad/

“One picture is worth more than ten

A picture is worth a thousand words

Web Site: www.kuet.ac.bd/eee/ahmad/

Digital Image Processing

(a) Image plotted

We can think of an image as a function, f, from R2 to R:

A color image is just three functions pasted together. We

The representation of an M×N numerical

 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N − 1) 

The representation of an M×N numerical

 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N −1 

 ... ... ... ... 

The representation of an M×N numerical

 f (1,1) f (1,2) ... f (1, N ) 

Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k

The number b of bits required to store a M × N

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

What kinds of operations can each perform?

In this course we will

digital imaging was in the news-

– Images were transferred by submarine cable

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

technology and the onset of the space race

be used in medical applications

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

and find boundaries between types of tissue

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

– Digital image processing techniques are used

the World data set

expensive, slow and

techniques are used

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