Grade 11 St.

Augustine Humanities and Social Sciences

Quarter 1 TOPICS
Week 1 1. EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
- Defining Social Sciences as the study of society
Week 2 2. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences
- Anthropology
- Economics
- Geography
- History
3. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences
Week 3 - Linguistics
- Political Science
- Psychology
- Sociology and Demography
Week 4 4. DOMINANT APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES
- Structural-Functionalism
- Marxism
- Symbolic Interactionism
Week 5 5. DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS
-Psychoanalysis
- Rational Choice
- Institutionalism
Quarter 2 TOPICS
Week 1 1. DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS
- Feminist Theory
- Hermeneutical Phenomenology
- Human-Environment Systems
Week 2 2. INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
- Filipino Social Thinkers
- Institute of Philippine Culture’s study on Philippine values
Week 3 3. INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
- Sikolohiyang Pilipino
- Pantayong Pananaw
Week 4 4. SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD
- Professions from Social Sciences
Week 5 5. SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD
- Applications and intersections of the approaches in addressing social
problem
OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON
• The student must be able to
demonstrate learning to the key
concepts and approaches in the Social
Sciences
• Interpret personal and social
experiences using relevant
approaches in the Social Sciences
• Evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of each of the approach
PERSPECTIVES AND IDEAS
• The word perspective can be defined in various ways. In
art perspective refers to the appearance to the eye of
objects in respect to their relative distance and positions.
And relatively on a general application of the word,
perspective can apply to the same meaning as
a particular way of looking or interpreting something.
• In social science there are various perspectives that offers
a theoretical framework on how we must look and study
our environment. This particular sociological perspectives
provides us various ways on how to interpret sociological
phenomenon. With it’s large amount of knowledge and
facts it serves as a lens to be able to observe and find
meaning on our social lives.
• These perspectives or approaches of studies are
conducted through different levels of analysis
Levels of Analysis
Sociological study may be conducted at both macro (large-scale
social processes) and micro (small group, face-to-face interactions)
levels.

Micro level - sociologists examine the

smallest levels of interaction; even in some
cases, just “the self” alone. Micro level
analyses might include one-on-one
interactions between couples or friends.
Example: Study on the relationships of
adults and their parents or the study of the
preferences of a specific individual or family
Macro level
- Sociologists examine social structures and
institutions. Research at the macro level
examines large-scale patterns.
- Sociologists who conduct macrolevel
research study interactions at the broadest
level, such as interactions between nations
or comparisons across nations.
Example: Study on the impact of climate
change to global economy
Study of the effects of the war
on drugs campaign by President Duterte to
the nation’s tourism
 Functionalism, also called
structural-functional theory,
sees society as a structure with
interrelated parts designed to
meet the biological and social
needs of the individuals in that
society. Functionalism grew out
of the writings of English
philosopher and biologist,
Hebert Spencer (1820–1903).
 Herbert spencer saw similarities between
society and the human body; he argued that just as
the various organs of the body work together to
keep the body functioning, the various parts of
society work together to keep society functioning.
Outline a man with a briefcase inside of a
gear, surrounded by other gears. The parts of
society that Spencer referred to were the social
institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors
focused on meeting social needs, such as
government, education, family, healthcare,
religion, and the economy.
Émile Durkheim, another early
sociologist, applied Spencer’s
theory to explain how societies
change and survive over time
Durkheim believed that society is a complex
system of interrelated and interdependent parts
that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim
1893), and that society is held together by shared
values, languages, and symbols.
He believed that to study society, a
sociologist must look beyond individuals to social
facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs,
customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to
govern social life.
Alfred Radcliff-Brown (1881–1955) defined the function of any
recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and
therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and
continuity. In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain
stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists.
Another noted structural functionalist is Robert Merton
(1910–2003), pointed out that social processes often have many
functions.
According to Merton there are two types of functions:
1. Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that
are sought or anticipated,
• Example: A manifest function of college education, for example,
includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a
good job that utilizes that education.
2. Latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social
process.
• Example: Latent functions of your college years include meeting
new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even
finding a spouse or partner.
Robert Merton also identified
that social processes can result
in a negative way and that have
undesirable consequences for
the operation of society and he
calls it dysfunctions.

In education, examples of
dysfunction include getting bad
grades, truancy, dropping out,
not graduating, and not finding
suitable employment.
MARXISM
 Marxism is a social, political,
and economic philosophy named
after Karl Marx.
It examines the effect of
capitalism on labor, productivity,
and economic development and
argues for a worker revolution to
overturn capitalism in favor of
communism.
Marxism posits that the struggle
between social classes, specifically
between the bourgeoisie, or
capitalists, and the proletariat, or
workers, defines economic
relations in a capitalist economy
and will inevitably lead to
revolutionary communism.
• According to Marx, every society is divided among
a number of social classes.
In a capitalist system, Marx believed that the
society was made up of two classes;
A. the bourgeoisie or business owners who control
the means of production.
B. the proletariat, or workers whose labor
transforms raw commodities into valuable
economic goods.
The bourgeoisie's control of the means of
production gives them power over the proletariat,
which allows them to limit the workers ability to
produce and obtain what they need to survive.
• Marx felt that capitalism creates an unfair
imbalance between capitalists and the laborers
whose work they exploit for their own gain. In
turn, this exploitation leads the workers to view
their employment as nothing more than a means
of survival. Since the worker has little personal
stake in the process of production, Marx believed
he would become alienated from it and resentful
toward the business owner and his own humanity.
• According to Marx, this economic polarity creates
social problems that would eventually be
remedied through a social and economic
revolution.
3 SOCIAL CLASSES
Upper Class
• Distinguished by the possession of largely
inherited wealth. The ownership of large
amounts of property and the income
• They are able to develop a distinctive style of life
based on extensive cultural pursuits
and leisure activities
• influence on economic policy and political
decisions
• superior education and economic opportunities
that help to perpetuate family wealth.
3 SOCIAL CLASSES
Middle Class
• Include the middle and upper levels of clerical
workers ( technical and professional occupations,
supervisors and managers)
• At the top—wealthy professionals or managers
in large corporations—the middle class merges
into the upper class, while at the bottom—
routine and poorly paid jobs in sales,
distribution, and transport—it merges into the
working class.
3 SOCIAL CLASSES
Lower/Working Class
• The principal contrast with the upper class in
industrial societies was provided by the working
class, which traditionally consisted of manual
workers in the extractive and manufacturing
industries.
• Includes in the working class those persons who
hold low-paying, low-skilled, nonunionized jobs
• Lack of property and dependence on wages,
low living standards, restricted access to higher
education, and exclusion, to a large extent, from
the spheres of important decision making.
SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
• Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory
that focuses on the relationships among individuals
within a society especially communication.
• Communication—the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols—is believed to be
the way in which people make sense of their social
worlds.
• Theorists Herman and Reynolds (1994) note that
this perspective sees people as being active in
shaping the social world rather than simply being
acted upon.
• George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) is considered
a founder of symbolic interactionism though he
never published his work on it (LaRossa and
Reitzes 1993). Mead’s student, Herbert Blumer,
coined the term “symbolic interactionism”.
• Blumer outlined the 3 basic premises of Symbolic
Interactionism;
• Humans interact with things based on meanings
ascribed to those things
• The ascribed meaning of things comes from our
interactions with others and society
• The meanings of things are interpreted by a
person when dealing with things in specific
circumstances
• The focus on the importance of symbols in building
a society led sociologists like Erving Goffman
(1922–1982) to develop a technique
called dramaturgical analysis. Goffman used
theatre as an analogy for social interaction and
recognized that people’s interactions showed
patterns of cultural “scripts.” Because it can be
unclear what part a person may play in a given
situation, he or she has to improvise his or her role
as the situation unfolds (Goffman 1958).

• Studies that use the symbolic interactionist

perspective are more likely to use qualitative
research methods, such as in-depth interviews or
participant observation, because they seek to
understand the symbolic worlds in which research
subjects live.
Constructivism is an extension of symbolic interaction
theory which proposes that reality is what humans
cognitively construct it to be.
We develop social constructs based on
interactions with others, and those constructs that last
over time are those that have meanings which are
widely agreed-upon or generally accepted by most
within the society.
This approach is often used to understand what’s
defined as deviant within a society. There is no
absolute definition of deviance, and different societies
have constructed different meanings for deviance, as
well as associating different behaviours with deviance.
Deviance - the fact or state of departing from usual or
accepted standards,