Earth and

Life Science 11
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Earth’s Internal Heat and Magmatism
First Edition, 2020

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 Earth and
Life Science 11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 6
Earth’s Internal Heat and
Magmatism
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 6 on Earth’s

Internal Heat and Magmatism

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 6 on Earth’s

Internal Heat and Magmatism

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATION
This module is designed and written with you in mind. This will help you
explain the Earth’s internal heat and Magmatism. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
your diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the other learning materials you are now using.

The module is about Earth’s internal heat and magmatism.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify Earth’s internal sources of heat and relate magmatism on it.
2. create a detailed infographic about the sources of Earth’s internal heat and
magmatism, and;
3. appreciate how Earth’s internal heat and magmatism help maintaining
Earth’s temperature in order to support life continuously.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following is a main source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. The heat from the accretion of Earth during its formation.
b. The light energy that are used of plants in photosynthesis
c. The heat that the greenhouse gases created in the atmosphere.
d. The infrared radiation that comes from the bodies of living things.

2. Which of these is a location where magma is likely to form?

a. At a divergent boundary
b. Just off the shore of an island
c. In the middle of a tectonic plate
d. Wherever there are hills and mountains

3. What is geothermal gradient?

 a. The transfer of energy from one place to another
b. The movement of magma to the surface of the Earth.
c. The motion of hot material upward and displaces cool material.
d. The increase in temperature with increasing depth beneath the Earth’s
surface.
4. Which of the following is the eruption of molten rock called magma onto Earth’s
surface through a vent?
a. Volcanism c. Subduction Zone
b. Continental Drift d. Geothermal Gradient
5. Which of the following rocks is created through magmatism?
a. Igneous Rocks c. Sedimentary Rocks
b. Metamorphic Rocks d. Rock Forming Minerals

RECAP
In your Module 5, you have learned the products of Weathering. Let’s have a
simple activity to refresh your mind.

Look at the puzzle and look for the concepts related to weathering and use all
the words to make a statement. Encircle the terms you find. Pass it online.

A E R O S I O N B C D E F R O S T
F A B Z C A R B O N A T I O N N Y
B L O C K D A K W S O L U T I O N
L O P O X I D A T I O N B W I N D
R I L L E X F O L I A T O N F O D
H Y D R A T I O N B S H E E T M B
P O U N D S D E P O S I T I O N B
P H Y S I C A L M H S A I L M Y O
H A B M A S S W A S T I N G O O L
G K B I O T I C R O S T B N W J O
G U L L Y B A S C H E M I C A L P

Statement

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

It is nice to know that you can still remember concepts related to weathering.
While weathering changes rocks and other inorganic matters, Earth’s internal heat
supports the life mechanism and magmatism also takes part in formation of earth’s
lithosphere.
 LESSON

Heat is seen as an energy from the molecules of bodies, such as Earth that
may be transferred by conduction, convection and radiation. Such heat drives the
many internal processes of the planet.

Earth's interior is the site of great amounts of heat. Most of this heat is
produced by the decay of radioactive elements. Overall, the flow of Earth's internal
heat is outward toward Earth's surface. Many geologic processes and features, such
as tectonic plate motion, volcanic activity, and geysers, are related to the Earth's
internal heat. Large convection currents in the Earth's mantle cause heat to circulate
within the Earth's interior. These convection currents are linked to tectonic plate
motion and geologic activity at plate boundaries.

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing

depth in the Earth’s interior. Away from tectonic plate boundaries, it is about 25 °C
per km of depth (1 °F per 70 feet of depth) near the surface in most of the world. This
gradient is due to outward heat flow from a hot interior. The magnitude of the
geothermal gradient depends on the rate of heat production at depth, the dynamics
of the system, and the conductivity of rocks. The highest gradients, 40–80 K/km, are
measured at oceanic spreading centers ( mid-ocean ridges) or at island arcs where
magma is close to the surface. The lowest gradients occur at subduction zones
where cold lithosphere descends into the mantle. The gradient in old
stable continental crust is 20–30 K/km. Upwelling parts of the mantle ascend nearly
adiabatically (i.e., they lose little to no heat to the surroundings) and the gradient is
very low, about 0.3 K km−1.The Earth’s internal heat comes from a combination of
residual heat from planetary accretion, heat produced through radioactive decay,
and possibly heat from other sources.

1. Heat from the accretion of Earth during its formation.

The first course was generated when the planet first formed, in the violent
birth of our solar system. Early on, planetoids had accreted from dust and were
hurtling around the Sun, crashing into each other to form planets. These collisions
can build up a surprising amount of heat—over 10,000 Kelvin. The formation of the
Moon, especially, added to Earth’s heat-bank immensely. It’s thought that a Mars-
sized planetoid smashed into proto-Earth, creating a huge amount of heat that may
have melted parts of the outer Earth. A big fragment deflected off again to form our
natural satellite—but from this collision, we didn’t just retain the Moon; we kept a
lot of heat too. Considering a good 4.5 billion have passed since Earth’s formation,
it’s impressive how much heat has retained.
2. Heat form the decay of radioactive elements
Scientists found out that half of the extraordinary heat of the Earth that
erupts on its surface volcanically and drives the titanic motions of the continents is
due to radioactivity. This new discovery shows that the planet still retains an
extraordinary amount of heat it had from its primordial days.

To better understand the sources of the Earth's heat, scientists studied

antineutrinos, elementary particles that, like their neutrino counterparts, only rarely
interact with normal matter. Using the Kamioka Liquid-scintillator Antineutrino
Detector (KamLAND) located under a mountain in Japan, they analyzed geoneutrinos
— ones emitted by decaying radioactive materials within the Earth — over the course
of more than seven years.

The specific amount of energy an antineutrino packs on the rare occasions

one does collide with normal matter can tell scientists about what material emitted
it in the first place — for instance, radioactive material from within the Earth, as
opposed to in nuclear reactors. If one also knows how rarely such an antineutrino
interacts with normal matter, one can then estimate how many antineutrinos are
being emitted and how much energy they are carrying in total. The researchers found
the decay of radioactive isotopes contributed 20 trillion watts to the amount of heat
Earth radiates into space, about six times as much power as the United States
consumes. U.S. power consumption in 2005 averaged about 3.34 trillion watts

3. Frictional Heating, caused by the sinking of core materials during its

formation.

As the Earth formed, the denser material sunk towards the core. As it sunk,
the friction may have generated heating of as much as 2000 Kelvin, which is smaller
than the other sources of heat but still extremely significant.

The three main sources of Earth’s internal heat that are factors necessary to
make the temperature sufficient to melt quantities of upper mantle rocks that leads
to the formation and movement of magma under the Earth's crust is a process known
as magmatism. Magma and lava contain three components: melt, solids, and
volatiles. The melt is made of ions from minerals that have liquefied. The solids are
made of crystallized minerals floating in the liquid melt. These may be minerals that
have already cooled. Volatiles are gaseous components—such as water vapor,
carbon dioxide, sulfur, and chlorine—dissolved in the magma.

Are you familiar with Mt. Taal, Mt. Mayon and Mt. Pinatubo? Yes of course
they are so familiar specifically Mt. Taal that recently affected a huge portion of
Luzon through its ash fall. Those mentioned volcanoes are known to be active
volcanoes that are under the surveillance of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology. Volcanic eruptions are common throughout the world. Volcanism
is the eruption of molten rock called magma onto Earth’s surface through a vent
while plutonism refers to the igneous processes that occur below Earth’s surface
including the cooling of magma to form intrusive igneous rock and rock masses. The
many different kinds of intrusions are classified by their size, shape, and relationship
to the surrounding rocks. After millions of years of uplift and erosion of overlying
rocks, even small intrusions, may be exposed at the surface to become part of the
landscape. Uplifted plutons that crop out at the surface tend to stand higher than
the surrounding landscape because intrusive igneous rocks that constitute the
plutons, such as granite, have resistance to weathering and erosion exceeding of
many other kinds of rocks.

When exposed at Earth’s surface, an irregularly shaped intrusion is a stock if it

covers an area less than 100 square kilometers (40 sq. mi); if larger, it is known as a
batholith. Batholiths are complex masses of solidified magma, usually granite.
Batholiths represent large plutons that, during their development kilometers beneath
Earth’s surface, melted, metamorphosed, or pushed aside other rocks. Magma
creates other kinds of igneous intrusions by forcing its way into fractures and
between rock layers without melting the surrounding rock. A laccolith is a
mushroom-shaped intrusion that develops where molten magma pushes its way
between preexisting horizontal layers of other rock, causing the overlying strata to
bulge upward as the intrusion grows. Although laccoliths are smaller, like
batholiths they form mountains or hills after erosion has worn away the overlying
less resistant rocks. Landforms smaller than stocks, batholiths, and laccoliths also
result when erosion of overlying rocks exposes igneous intrusions at Earth’s surface.
Magma sometimes intrudes between rock layers without bulging them upward,
solidifying into a horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rocks called a sill. Molten
rock under pressure may also intrude into a nonhorizontal fracture that cuts across
the surrounding rocks. The solidified magma in this case has a wall-like shape and
is known as a dike. When exposed by erosion of surrounding, less resistant rocks,
dikes appear as vertical walls of rock rising above the surrounding topography.

To explore more Earth’s internal heat and magmatism, do the different activities
below.

ACTIVITIES
Hot Interior
Activity 1
I. Objectives
a. Identify the layers of the Earth and its temperature.
b. Discuss geothermal gradient
Photo Source: Srimadhav/USGS Earth cutaway schematic commons.wikimedia.org
Table 1: Layers of the Earth

Label the layers of the Earth on the space provided and identify the
temperature of each layer.

1._____________________________ 4.______________________________
2. ____________________________ 5. _ ____________________________
3a. ___________________________ 6.______________________________
3b. ___________________________ 7.______________________________

II. Questions:
1. How is temperature affected when the depth increases?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 Why does temperature increase with depth?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Radioactive Decay
Activity 2

I. Objectives

a. Identify the decay of radioactive elements that become the main source of
Earth’s internal heat.

Direction: Below is the periodic table of elements, encircle or color the original
elements of radioactive elements that became a major source of Earth’s internal heat.

Photo source: commons.wikimedia.org

Figure 2: Table of Elements
II. Questions
1. What are radioactive elements?
_________________________________________________________________________________
 2. Give the radioactive elements that become the source of internal heat on Earth
and how their decays become the source of Earth’s internal heat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Mantle and Magma
Activity 3
I. Objectives

a. Identify how magma is formed in the mantle.

b. Describe the presentation of magma and the materials used in the
simple experiment.

II. Materials
One Large Jar Water
One small Jar Food Coloring
Tongs or Holder
III. Procedure
Setup 1
a. Fill the large jar with cool water
b. Put about 10 drops of food coloring in the small jar.
c. Fill the small jar with hot water and descend it in the large water. Be
careful with the hot water.
Setup 2
a. Fill the large jar with warm water
b. Fill the small jar with ice water and food coloring
c. Descend small jar into large jar

IV. Observation
Draw your observation in every setup.
Setup A Setup B

V. Guide Question
1. How is magmatism connected to the simple experiment?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Are the two setups the same or different? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
VI. Conclusion
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
 WRAP–UP
Earth’s Internal Heat and Magmatism

Summarize all the topics, create a detailed infographic to describe Earth’s

internal heat and magmatism. Use or construct your own design in the making.

Earth’s Internal Heat Magmatism

VALUING

Earth’s internal heat is very important in order to maintain its balance and a
framework in supporting the different subsystems that is necessary in supporting
life but too much heat is also dangerous like the effects of global warming that is a
world issue nowadays due to the different threats to the natural ecosystem and other
organisms. Magmatism also plays an important part of the existence of life on Earth.
Volcanoes are one of the major tourist attractions in our country but in way on other
side, it can be destruction if certain eruptions happen. Create a mitigation plan for
you and your family in case this natural disaster happens
 POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a main source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. The heat from the decay of radioactive elements

b. The heat from the accretion of Earth during its formation
c. The light energy that are used of plants in photosynthesis
d. The frictional heating, caused by the sinking of core materials to the
center of the planet

2. What are the different radioactive elements that become the source of heat in
Earth’s interior?
a. Argon, Bromine and Chlorine
b. Carbon, Helium and Hydrogen
c. Iodine, Magnesium and Silicon
d. Potassium, Thorium and Uranium

3. What is the source of heat that started from the formation of planets in the solar
system?

a. Radioactive heat from the elements

b. Heat from the other star outside the milky way
c. Heat from the frictional heating due to sinking of core materials
d. Primordial heat from when Earth ‘s accreted and developed core

4. Which is the hottest layer of the Earth?

a. Crust c. Outer Core
b. Mantle d. Inner Core

5. Which of the following statements about convection is true?

a. random circulation occurs
b. cool material flows upward and displaces hot material
c. hot material flows upward and displaces cool material
d. heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a
flow
 KEY TO CORRECTION

your class group chat.

5. c Science teacher through 5. a
4. d You may consult your 4. b
3. d the views of the students. 3. d
2. d may vary depending on 2. a
1. c 1. a
For Activity 1-3, answers
Post test Pretest
What's More

References
Book
Olivar II, Jose Tolentino and Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos.Exploring Through
Science Series: Earth and Life Sciences Series Phoenix Publishing House Inc.,
2016
Peterson, James F., Robert E. Gabler, Dorothy Sack et al Earth and Life Sciences
Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016
Photos
Periodic_table.svg: Cepheus White periodic table March 6, 2012
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White_periodic_table.svg
Srimadhav/USGS Earth cutaway schematic en.png - August 2, 2019
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Earth-cutaway-
schematic-numbered.svg
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTwTL2TX_1ZOeFd0HE4sOVNUR
HXeogKamhVGA&usqp=CAU
Webpages

Arndt N. Geothermal Gradient. In: Gargaud M. et al. (eds) Encyclopedia of

Astrobiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2011
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-
11274-4_643

Choi, Charles Q “Radioactive Decay Fuels Earth's Inner Fires” July 11, 2011
https://www.livescience.com/15084-radioactive-decay-increases-earths-
heat.html

Where does the Earth’s internal heat come from? October 29, 2014
https://sciencesoup.tumblr.com/post/101207345347/where-does-the-
earths-internal-heat-come