tructure andFunctionsofAnimalTissuesandCell Modification

OOTD (Objectives of the DAY)

• Classify different cell types

(plant/animal tissue) and specify
the function of each.
• Describe some cell modifications
that lead to adaptation to carry
out specialized functions.
Question #1

1.What are the levels

of biological
organization?
“FormFitsfunction”
Question #2

1. What happens when cells group together

to perform a common function?

• It results in tissue formation.

• Since the cell is fundamental unit of any
tissue, it determines the type, nature, and
function of the tissues, which ultimately
affects the organs and organ system.
• If any tissue is injured, both the cells
and the cell structure in organ are
also damaged.

• Tissues that are similar and perform a

common purpose make up an organ.
What are the different kinds of
Animal Tissue?

A.Epithelial Tissue
B.Connective Tissue
C.Muscle Tissue
D.Nerve Tissue
Epithelial Tissue

• It is commonly seen outside of the body

coverings or as linings of organ and
cavities.
• It consist of tightly packed cells
that form a continuous layer.
• It provides protection and covers
surface and line body cavities
Epithelial Tissue

• It also acts as barrier from pathogens

mechanical injuries and fluid loss.

Kinds of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Epithelial Cells
Stratified
Glandular Epithelium
 Simple Epithelial

1. Squamous – it is a flat like cells (plate

like scale) for exchange of material through
diffusion.
 Simple Epithelial

2. Cuboidal – It appears square in side view

and function is for secretion
 Simple Epithelial

3. Columnar – rectangular side view and

brick – shape cells. (secretion and active
absorption)
 Stratified Squamous

• It is a multi-layered and
regenerates quickly; for
protection.
 Glandular Epithelium

• It is a kind of epithelium
that secretes a product.

• A gland that can be a

single epithelial cell or
can contain many cells.
 Glandular Epithelium

A gland is one or more cells that produce and

secrete a specific product. The product is
always a water-based fluid (aqueous) and
usually contains proteins (the product is
referred to as a secretion).
 Glandular Epithelium

Secretion is considered an active process.

Glandular cells obtain substances needed
from blood and transform them(chemically)
into a product that’s discharged from the cell.
Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue is the most abundant

and widely distributed tissue in complex
animals.

3 Major Categories
1. Fibrous Connective Tissue
2. Supportive Connective Tissue
3. Fluid Connective Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue

• A certain fibroblasts and is

separated by a jelly like matrix
containing white collagen fibers
and yellow elastic fiber.
Supportive Connective Tissue

• They provide structure, shapes, and protection.

1. CARTILAGE – Collagenous fiber embedded in

chondroitin sulfate.

Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen

and chondroitin sulphate that makes them softer
and more flexible.
(Function: cushion between bones)
Supportive Connective Tissue

2. Bones (osteocytes)
It is mineralized connective tissue made
by bone forming cells called
OSTEOBLASTS which deposited collagen.

Collagen + Calcium + Magnesium and

Phosphate ion = makes bone hard
Fluid Connective Tissue

• It is the blood and the lymphatic fluid.

1. Blood - made up of plasma;

contains water, salts and dissolved
protein;

Red Blood Cells that carry oxygen,

White Blood Cells for defense and
platelets for blood clotting.
Muscle Tissue

• These tissue are composed of long cells

called muscular fiber.

• This tissue accounts for movement of body

parts.
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

• It is attach to the bone by tendons and

creates movement when it contracts.
• Skeletal Muscle is a voluntary muscle
because it moves according to will.
Smooth Muscle

• It is found in the walls of intestine,

stomach, and other internal organs, in
blood vessels and in the iris of the eyes.
 Cardiac Muscle

• It is found in the heart.

• It has both features of skeletal muscle and
smooth muscle.
• They are responsible in pumping blood to
different body parts.
 Nervous Tissue

• It is made up of neurons which are specialized signalling the

cells and supporting cells called neuroglia.
• Neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals
throughout the animal body.
• Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals.
• Dendrites is part of neuron that receives impulses from
other neurons while the Axon is part where the impulse is
transmitted to other neurons.
CELLMODIFICATION

• Each type of cell has a specific role to play.

• Some cells have more demanding roles than
those of others.
• These cells have parts that are peculiar to
their type.
• Here are some cell modifications that enable
certain cells to carry out the tasks expected of
them.
Flagella

• The flagellum is a whiplike

structure that extends from the
cell body.

• It pushes the cell to a particular

direction in a propelling motion.

• It is connected to the cytoplasm

and contained in the cell’s plasma
membrane.
Flagella

• The cross section of a

flagellum reveals an
axoneme that has two
single microtubules in the
center and is surrounded
by nine fused pairs of
double microtubules.
 Flagella

• The bottom of the axoneme

is a basal body which
attaches it to the cell body.

• The dyein arms convert

chemical energy in the form
of ATP to mechanical as it
propels the movement of the
flagellum .
 Cilia

• The cilia are hairlike

protrusions that cover most
parts of the cell.

• They move the cell in a

vibratory vesicle
 Cilia

• The cilia may be motile or

nonmotile cilia (primary cilia)
They may be as follows:

1. mechanoreceptor, which
guides the flow of fluid through
the tubules in the body.
 Cilia

2.chemoreceptor, which serves

to detect the smell of
substances; or

3.Photoreceptor in the
vertebrates’ retinas, which are
sensitive to light.
 Cilia

Motile cilia are mostly found

covering the cell’s surface.

Its beating movement allows the

transfer of the ovum from ovary
to the fallopian tube.
Cilia

Brushing off and removal of

unwanted debris along
lining of the respiratory
tract of humans.
 Microvilli

• The microvilli are tiny finger like

structures that protrude from the cell
membrane.
• Each microvillus is covered by a single
layer of epithelial cells and is supplied
with blood by the capillaries.
• Its lymph vessels allow the absorption of
fat.
Microvilli
 Pseudopodia

• It is a temporary arm-like projection of a

eukaryotic cell membrane.

• Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia

primarily consist of actin filaments and
may also contain microtubules and
intermediate filaments.
Pseudopodia

• Pseudopods are used for motility and

ingestion. They are often found in
amoebas
END…