Group 12 - Revised I3

COLUMBAN COLLEGE – BARRETTO
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

PAASCU ACCREDITED LEVEL 1
SCHOOL YEAR: 2018-2019
Comparison between low quality and high quality signage’s effectivity in

imposing the Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act in Barretto
Researchers:
Castillo, Jed Allen
Ecarwan, Maria Isabelle
Soriano, Elise Jazriel
Grade 12-Fortitude
Ms. Nimfa Dela Cruz

Research Adviser
Chapter 1
The problem and its background
I. Introduction
One of the biggest problems of the 21st century is garbage. The industrial revolution
paved way to mass production resulting in the emergence of single use plastics,
styrofoams, bottles, and papers. That being said, managing the said wastes
mentioned above is also one of the biggest problems of the Philippines.
The Philippines waste generation continues to rise with the increase in population,
improvement of living standards, rapid economic growth, and industrialization
especially in the urban areas. The World Bank (2012), estimates that solid waste
being produced by Philippine cities will go up by 165 percent to 77,776 tons per day
from 29,315 tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3-percent hike in urban
population by 2025 and a projected doubling of municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation per capita at 0.9 kilogram per day by 2025 from the current 0.5 kilogram.
Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act of 2000, enacted on January 26, 2001, aims to address the growing problem on
solid wastes in the country. It provides the legal framework for the countrys
systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that
shall ensure protection of public health and the environment. It also provides for the
necessary institutional mechanisms with the creation of the National Solid Waste
Management Commission (NSWMC) which shall oversee the implementation of
solid waste management plans and prescribe policies as well as incentives to achieve
objectives of the Act.
Although the country has numerous laws regarding solid waste management besides
RA 9003, the facts mentioned above clearly indicates the country still struggle with
the implementation of these laws.
Signage is generally defined as any kind of graphic display intended to convey
information to an audience. One common way to disseminate information to the
public, a law, specifically, is through the use of signage. It serves as a reminder of

the law to the public. It is used to impose laws in places where authorities cannot
always be present. The researchers want to determine if the quality of signage affects
the chances of people actually following it.
II. Statement of the Problem
This study aims to answer the following questions:
How does the quality of the signs affect the residents of Barretto in following the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act?
Language
Design
Size
What are the differences and similarities between high quality and low quality signs
in terms of their effects in implementing the Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act?
What is the feedback of the Olongapo City Garbage Collectors, based on their
regular collection in the area?
What is the implication of the study?
III. Significance of the study

This study will be relevant to the following:
The government- this will serve as a means for them to improve their way of
disseminating laws among the country
The Eco system- this will decrease the waste disposal among the citizens of the
country and will help achieves a clean and non-polluted environment.
The citizens- this will serve as a guide for them in following the republic act 9003
also known as the economic waste disposal act.
Future researchers- this will serve as a data for them to improve and fulfill what this
research lacks.
The garbage collectors- this will serve as a big help for them in making their jobs a
lot easier, since they are the ones who are mostly affected and exposed in the
research that is conducted.
IV. Scope and Delimitations

The study will be conducted to find out the comparison, between good quality and
bad quality signage for Solid Waste Management only. The research will study
whether a high quality signage increases the chance of the residents of barretto
following it, through observation on the locations and interviews with the Olongapo
City Garbage Collectors who are in-charge in Barretto
Chapter 2
Review of related literature, relevant studies and theories
The literature, theories, and studies cited in this chapter will tackle the different
concept, understanding, and ideas, generalization or conclusions and different
development related to study of the comparison between high quality and low-
quality signs in imposing the Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act in the residents of Barangay Barretto. Those that were also
included in this chapter will help in familiarizing information that is relevant and
similar to the present study.
I. Related Literature
Signage plays an important role in our society as a means of transmitting a
message in an attempt to persuade us what to do and what not to do, thus acting
as stationary, persuasive communication. Unlike mass media—an entity
endlessly transmitting persuasive communications—signage does not rely on
expensive high technology or a large number of people producing message
contents. Furthermore, its recipients typically do not need specialized equipment
either. So effectively every person who is equipped with sensory organs to
perceive any signage is a potential recipient of the message whose behavior may
be influenced. The relatively inexpensive maintenance cost of signage makes it a
highly popular method for behavior change. Although we are surrounded by
signs in our everyday life, the underlying psychological process of behavior
change through signage is not well understood. In the present paper, we will
briefly review the evidence for the general effectiveness of signage and
important sign characteristics first, propose a two-stage theoretical model that
describes the psychological process from the encoding of a sign to behavior, and
then report the results of two studies in support of the model. (Julia
Meis,Yoshihisa Kashima, 2017)
Producers of signs capitalize on local systems of meaning-making that go
beyond the linguistic inscription as well through a signs's physical location and
its social functions. Signs convey values and beliefs through the materials and
technologies of inscription as through a sign's physical location and its social

functions (Susan Dray, 2010).
Signs, prompts, and symbols are a common means to change behavior in our
society. Understanding the psychological mechanisms by which signage
influences behavior is a critical first step to achieve the desired outcome. A body
of research has shown that signs are effective in changing behavior in a variety
of domains (e.g., road traffic [2–5], health behaviors [6–10], and environmental
protection (Meis, Kashima, 2017).
The research will concern environmental protection because the signage’s aim is
to implement the RA 9003 or the ecological solid waste management act.
II. Theories
Signage is commonly employed to enhance way-finding efficiency, especially in
buildings with complex floor plan configurations. This study examines the
influence of floor plan complexity and several types of signage on way-finding
within a series of buildings on a university campus. The study used a 5 x 3
factorial experimental design. The first factor, complexity of floor plan
configuration, is defined through five alternatives. The second factor, signage,
has three conditions: no signage, textual signage, or graphic signage. The results
show that as floor plan complexity increases, way-finding performance
decreases. Graphic signage produced the greatest rate of travel in all settings, but
textual signage was the most effective in reducing way-finding errors, such as
wrong turns and backtracking. Overall, the addition of signage resulted in a 13%
increase in rate of travel, a 50% decrease in wrong turns, and a 62% decrease in
backtracking across the five settings. However, plan configuration was found to
exert a significant influence regardless of signage, because the way-finding
performance of participants with access to signage in the most complex settings
remained equivalent to, or significantly poorer than, those in the simplest

settings with no signage.
Despite the fact that signage systems are an important component in building
way-finding systems, there is a lack of relevant data regarding how occupants
detect, interpret and use the information conveyed by emergency signage. The
effectiveness of signage systems is therefore difficult to assess.
In reality, the interaction between the occupants and signage is extremely
complex and influenced by a number of physical, cognitive and psychological
factors. The visibility of signage is influenced by the level of ambient lighting,
the presence of smoke and irritant gases etc. and the presence of visual clutter
within the environment. Even if the sign is physically visible, the likelihood that
the occupants will perceive the sign is influenced by their attentiveness and level
of familiarity with the building structure. Assuming that the sign is physically
visible and the occupants perceive the sign, whether the occupants actually
follow the information conveyed by the sign is subject to cognitive factors such
as their interpretation of the information and psychological factors such as their
desire to believe the information (Hui Xie, Lazaros Filippidis, Edwin Galea,
Darren Blackshields, Peter Lawrence, 2009).
III. Studies,Thesis, and Dissertations
The effectiveness of interpretive signage as a means of modifying visitor
behavior to reduce negative impacts on wildlife was tested empirically at a seal
watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to
September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behavior
recorded. To test the importance of how interpretive information is presented,
signs with either ontological (instructions without explanation) or teleological
(instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path
towards the site. A control group, to which no signs were provided, was also
observed. Our results show that the majority of the tested behavior was
influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological
signs were more effective than ontological. The type of visitor group was found
to significantly influence behavior, with families having the most intrusive
behavior compared to singles, couples or other groups. The findings of this study
contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify
tourist behavior to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological
signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are
more effective than ontological signs in terms of modifying the general visitor
behavior. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address
the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group
visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are
designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing
disturbance at the site (Sarah Marschall, 2017).
Litter continues to be an issue for managers of parks and protected areas
worldwide. Yet, little research exists examining the effectiveness of signage in
reducing litter in a variety parks and protected area settings. From June 26 to
August 18,2004 regulatory and interpretative signage were examined for their
effectiveness in reducing litter in backcountry and front country campsites in
Whiteshell Provincial Park located in the Southeast corner of Manitoba, Canada.
Results suggest that there are differences between backcountry and front country
littering. (Rachel R. Cooley, 2005)
IV. Definition of terms
Signages- are signs collectively, which plays an important role in our society as a
means of transmitting a message in an attempt to persuade us what to do and
what not to do, thus acting as stationary, persuasive communication.
Quality-refers to the standard of something as measured against other things of a
similar kind or the degree of excellence of something.
Good Quality- means that something is in high standard, or the quality of being
good or even very good.
Bad Quality- pertains to the quality of something that is in bad condition or not
pleasing to the observers.
Litter- refers to trash, such as paper, cans, and bottles, that is left lying in an open
or public place.
Effectivity- is the power to be effective or the quality of being able to bring
about an effect.
R.A 9003- also known as the ecological solid waste management act of 2000,
which refers to an act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,
declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds
therefor, and for other purposes.
CITATIONS:
Meis, J., & Kashima, Y. (2017). Signage as a tool for behavioral change: Direct
and indirect routes to understanding the meaning of a sign. PloS one, 12(8),
e0182975.
Dray, S. (2010). Ideological struggles on signage in Jamaica. Semiotic
landscapes: Language, image, space, 102-122.
Marschall, S., Granquist, S. M., & Burns, G. L. (2017). Interpretation in wildlife
tourism: Assessing the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal
watching site in Iceland. Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism, 17, 11-19.
Xie, H., Filippidis, L., Galea, E. R., Blackshields, D., & Lawrence, P. J. (2009).
EXPERIMIENTAL, STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS C) F'EMERGENCY
SIGNAGE.
Cooley, R. R. (2005). The effectiveness of signage in the reduction of litter in
backcountry and frontcountry campsites.
CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of

the research. In more details, in this part the researchers outline the methods and
techniques, research design, population and sampling, the research instruments,
and the data gathering.
I. Methods and techniques
This research will use observation and interview as a means to collect data
because this research will be a qualitative comparative type. Therefore
observation will be the best way to compare the two variables, determine their
similarities and differences, answer the questions of the researchers and to come
up with a conclusion.
Comparison is a fundamental tool of analysis. It sharpens our power of
description, and plays a central role in concept-formation by bringing into focus
suggestive similarities and contrasts among cases. Comparison is routinely used
in testing hypothesis and it can contribute to the conductive discovery of new
hypothesis and to theory-building. (David Collier,1993). According to (D.
Collier, 1993), through comparison, the researchers are able to describe the
similarities and differences which serve as an aid in developing a hypothesis.
Observation is one of the foundational methods of qualitative inquiry—but only
if it is conducted in a systematic fashion that allows for the careful recording of
data and the consistent retrieval of those data for purposes of analysis. (Michael
Angrosino, 2007). Thus according to (M. Angrosino) the best method in a
qualitative type of research is through the use of observation.
According to (Cohen D, Crabtree B., 2006), observation is best used when the
topic is answerable by how or what, therefore, according to (Cohen D, Crabtree
B., 2006), through observation, the general question of the research will be
answered.
Qualitative methods, such as interviews, are believed to provide a 'deeper'
understanding of social phenomena than would be obtained from purely
quantitative methods, such as questionnaires.1 Interviews are, therefore, most

appropriate where little is already known about the study phenomenon or where
detailed insights are required from individual participants. They are also
particularly appropriate for exploring sensitive topics, where participants may
not want to talk about such issues in a group environment (Gill, P., Stewart, K.,
Treasure, E.), therefore, according to Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., using
interview as a means to collect data would be more relevant and proper to
qualitative type of research more so case studies. Since a case study talks about
more specified respondents and data.
The researchers will use naturalistic observation because the respondents will be
observed in their own environment and without them being aware.
II. Research Design

The research will be a descriptive and case study research, a descriptive
research design of research is a scientific method which involves observing and
describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.
The researchers will be observing and describing the behavior of the residence of
Barrio Barretto toward the quality of signage in following the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000.
The researchers will also interview on a specific group of people who are highly
involved in the topic which are the garbage collectors. This means that more
specific information will be conducted and focused on.
III. Population and Sampling
The researchers will conduct the study among the residents and garbage
collectors of Barangay Barretto, Olongapo City.
IV. Research Instruments
The researchers will be using observation and interview as an instrument to
gather the data needed for the result of the research. They will observe how the
residence within the selected area of experimentation in Barangay Barretto,

Olongapo City will react on the quality of signage in accordance in following the
R.A 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and they will
interview some of the garbage collectors in the area to ask few, specific
questions that would be relevant in formulating the conclusion.
V. Data gathering
1. The researchers went to the Barangay Office to ask for the permission of the
Barangay Captain to put a signage in a specific area in Abra Street, Baranggay
Barretto.
2. The researchers put the bad quality signage in a specific area in Abra St. last
January 20, 2020.
3. On January 23, 2020 the researchers interviewed the garbage collectors upon their
arrival and on the same day the researchers removed the bad quality signage.
4. On January 27, 2020 the researchers put the good quality signage in the same
specific area in Abra St.
5. The researchers interviewed the garbage collectors once more upon their arrival
on January 30, 2020 and on the same day removed the bad quality signage
After that, they will conduct an interview among the few garbage collectors to gather
more specific and particular data. Then, the researchers will provide signage in 2
different appearances, the first sign will be high quality and the second one will be
low quality. After providing signs, the researchers will disseminate it in the two
chosen streets. Next, the researchers will then again conduct an interview the
garbage collectors that will serve as the “after” results of the study and as a means in
comparing too. Lastly, the researchers will constantly observe the effects of the two
different types of signs to the residents of Barretto in terms of following the Proper
Waste Disposal Management Act and will use this as a basis in coming up with a
conclusion.
Bibliography:
Meis, J., & Kashima, Y. (2017). Signage as a tool for behavioral change: Direct
and indirect routes to understanding the meaning of a sign. PloS one, 12(8),
e0182975.
Dray, S. (2010). Ideological struggles on signage in Jamaica. Semiotic
landscapes: Language, image, space, 102-122.
Marschall, S., Granquist, S. M., & Burns, G. L. (2017). Interpretation in wildlife
tourism: Assessing the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal
watching site in Iceland. Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism, 17, 11-19.
Xie, H., Filippidis, L., Galea, E. R., Blackshields, D., & Lawrence, P. J. (2009).
EXPERIMIENTAL, STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS C) F'EMERGENCY
SIGNAGE.
Cooley, R. R. (2005). The effectiveness of signage in the reduction of litter in
backcountry and frontcountry campsites.
Finifter, A. W. (1993) Political Science: The state of discipline II. Washington
D. C.: American Political Science Association.
Angrosino, M. V. (2007) Naturalistic Observation. New York: Routledge.
Cohen D., Crabtree B. (2006). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project.
Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E. et al. Methods of data collection in qualitative
research: interviews and focus groups. Br Dent J 204, 291–295 (2008).
http://www.qualres.org/HomeObse-3594.html.

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COLUMBAN COLLEGE – BARRETTO

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Comparison between low quality and high quality signage’s effectivity in

Ms. Nimfa Dela Cruz

public, a law, specifically, is through the use of signage. It serves as a reminder of

What is the implication of the study?

III. Significance of the study

IV. Scope and Delimitations

technologies of inscription as through a sign's physical location and its social

remained equivalent to, or significantly poorer than, those in the simplest

As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of

quantitative methods, such as questionnaires.1 Interviews are, therefore, most

II. Research Design

residence within the selected area of experimentation in Barangay Barretto,

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