HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR MEAN(S)
11.1 Tests Concerning Means
Tests on two meansmeanTests on one
pairedTest on
1. A research team measured tidal volume in 15
experimental animals. The mean and standard deviation
were 45 and 5 cc, respectively. Do these data provide
sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is
greater than 40 cc? Use α =0.05.
2. A sample of eight patients admitted to a hospital with a
diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis had a mean IgM level of
160.55 units per milliliter. The sample standard deviation
was 50. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to
indicate that the population mean is greater than 150?
3. Ochsenkuhn et al. studied birth as a result of in vitro
fertilization (IVF) and birth from spontaneous conception.
In the sample, there were 163 singleton births resulting
from IVF with a mean birth weight of 3071 g and sample
standard deviation of 761 g. Among the 321 singleton births
resulting from spontaneous conception, the mean birth
weight was 3172 g with a standard deviation of 702 g.
Determine if these data provide sufficient evidence for us to
conclude that the mean birth weight in grams of singleton
births resulting from IVF is lower, in general, than the mean
birth weight of singleton births resulting from spontaneous
conception. Use 0.10 level of significance.
4. Circulating levels of estrone were measured in a sample
of 25 postmenopausal women following estrogen treatment.
μ=population mean
μo =hypothesized mean
σ =standard deviation of population
s=standard deviation of sample
x́ =mean of sample taken from the
μ1=mean of population 1
μ2=mean of population 2
σ 1 =standard deviation of
population 1
σ 2=standard deviation of
population 2
x́ 1=mean of sample taken from
population 1
x́ 2=mean of sample taken from
population 2
s1=standard deviation of sample 1
s2=standard deviation of sample 2
dμo =hypothesized difference of μ1
D=population mean of the
differences
d o =hypothesized mean difference
s=standard deviation of differences
x́ =mean difference of sample
The sample mean and standard deviation were 73 and 16,
respectively. At the .05 significance level can one conclude
on the basis of these data that the population mean is higher
than 70?
5. Systemic vascular resistance determinations were made
on a sample of 16 patients with chronic, congestive heart
failure while receiving a particular treatment. The sample
mean and standard deviation were 1600 and 700,
respectively. At the .05 level of significance do these data
provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population
mean is less than 2000?
6. Iannelo et al. investigated differences between
triglyceride levels in healthy obese (control) subjects and
obese subjects with chronic active B or C hepatitis.
Triglyceride levels of 208 obese controls had a mean value
of 1.81 with a standard error of the mean of .07 mmol/L.
The 19 obese hepatitis subjects had a mean of .71 with a
standard error of the mean of .05. Is this sufficient evidence
for us to conclude that, in general, a difference exists in
average triglyceride levels between obese healthy subjects
and obese subjects with hepatitis B or C? Let α =0.01.
7. Miyazaki et al. examined the recurrence-free rates of
stripping with varicectomy and stripping with sclerotherapy
for the treatment of primary varicose veins. The
varicectomy group consisted of 122 limbs for which the
procedure was done, and the sclerotherapy group consisted
Page 1 of 3
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR MEAN(S)
of 98 limbs for which that procedure was done. After 3 therapy. Higher values indicate stronger fine motor skills.
years, 115 limbs of the varicectomy group and 87 limbs of The scores appear in the following table.
the sclerotherapy group were recurrence-free. Is this Subject Pre Post Subject Pre Post
sufficient evidence for us to conclude there is no difference, 1 91 94 20 76 112
in general, in the recurrence-free rate between the two 2 61 94 21 79 91
procedures for treating varicose veins? Let α =0.05. 3 85 103 22 97 100
4 88 112 23 109 112
8. The objective of a study by van Vollenhoven et al. was to 5 94 91 24 70 70
examine the effectiveness of Etanercept alone and 6 112 112 25 58 76
Etanercept in combination with methotrexate in the 7 109 112 26 97 97
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They performed a 8 79 97 27 112 112
retrospective study using data from the STURE database, 9 109 100 28 97 112
which collects efficacy and safety data for all patients
10 115 106 29 112 106
starting biological treatments at the major hospitals in
11 46 46 30 85 112
Stockholm, Sweden. The researchers identified 40 subjects
12 45 41 31 112 112
who were prescribed Etanercept only and 57 who were
13 106 112 32 103 106
given Etanercept with methotrexate. One of the outcome
measures was the number of swollen joints. The following 14 112 112 33 100 100
table gives the mean number of swollen joints in the two 15 91 94 34 88 88
groups as well as the standard error of the mean. Is there 16 115 112 35 109 112
sufficient evidence at the α =0.05 level of significance for 17 59 94 36 85 112
us to conclude that there is a difference in mean swollen 18 85 109 37 88 97
joint counts in the relevant populations? 19 112 112      
Source: Data provided courtesy of Susan Bazyk, M.H.S.
Treatment Mean Standard Error of Mean
Can one conclude on the basis of these data that after 7
Etanercept 5.56 0.84
months, the fine motor skills in a population of similar
Etanercept plus 4.40 0.57
subjects would be stronger? Let α =0.05.
methotrexate
Note: standard error of the mean=s/ √ n 11. Montner et al. conducted studies to test the effects of
glycerol-enhanced hyperhydration (GEH) on endurance in
9. Some researchers have observed a greater airway cycling performance. The 11 subjects, ages 22–40 years,
resistance in smokers than in nonsmokers. Suppose a study, regularly cycled at least 75 miles per week. The following
conducted to compare the percent of tracheobronchial are the pre-exercise urine output volumes (ml) following
retention of particles in smoking discordant monozygotic ingestion of glycerol and water:
twins, yielded the following results: Subject # Glycerol Placebo
Percent Retention Percent Retention 1 1410 2375
Smoki Smoki 2 610 1610
ng Nonsmoki ng Nonsmoki 3 1170 1608
Twin ng Twin Twin ng Twin 4 1140 1490
60.6 47.5 57.2 54.3 5 515 1475
12 13.3 62.7 13.9 6 580 1445
56 33 28.7 8.9 7 430 885
75.2 55.2 66 46.1 8 1140 1187
12.5 21.9 25.2 29.8 9 720 1445
29.7 27.9 40.1 36.2 10 275 890
Do these data support the hypothesis that tracheobronchial 11 875 1785
clearance is slower in smokers? Use α =0.05. Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Paul Montner.
10. Kindergarten students were the participants in a study
conducted by Susan Bazyk et al. (A-39). The researchers 12. Some researchers have observed a greater airway
studied the fine motor skills of 37 children receiving resistance in smokers than in nonsmokers. Suppose a study,
occupational therapy. They used an index of fine motor conducted to compare the percent of tracheobronchial
skills that measured hand use, eye–hand coordination, and retention of particles in smoking discordant monozygotic
manual dexterity before and after 7 months of occupational twins, yielded the following results:
Percent Retention Percent Retention
Page 2 of 3
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR MEAN(S)

Smoki Smoki
ng Nonsmoki ng Nonsmoki
Twin ng Twin Twin ng Twin
60.6 47.5 57.2 54.3
12 13.3 62.7 13.9
56 33 28.7 8.9
75.2 55.2 66 46.1
12.5 21.9 25.2 29.8
29.7 27.9 40.1 36.2
Do these data support the hypothesis that tracheobronchial
clearance is slower in smokers? Use α =0.05.

Page 3 of 3