1371-1720

1370s

1371- The Battle of Maritsa or Battle of Chernomen took place at the Maritsa River near the

village of Chernomen (present-day Ormenio, Greece) on 26 September 1371
between Ottoman forces commanded by Lala Şahin Pasha and Evrenos, and Serbian forces
commanded by King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother Despot Jovan Uglješa. In the summer
of 1371, Vukašin marched to Zeta, to support his relative Đurađ Balšić in was against Nikola
Altomanović. His army was in Skadar, waiting for naval support from the Republic of Ragusa.
Uglješa received information that the majority of Ottoman forces left Europe and marched to
Anatolia. He decided it is a good time to execute his offensive plans and asked Vukašin for help.
Vukašin left Skadar with his army and joined Uglješa. They marched against Adrianople.
due to superior tactics, by conducting a night raid on the Serbian camp, Şâhin Paşa was able to
defeat the Serbian army and kill King Vukašin and despot Uglješa. Thousands of Serbs were
killed, and thousands drowned in the Maritsa river when they tried to flee. After the battle, the
Maritsa ran scarlet with blood. The Result is Ottoman victory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa

1377: Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's

prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and
establishing it as a major international port.

1378 – Great western Schism begins

The Great Schism of the West begins, eventually leading to three simultaneous popes.
The Western Schism, also called Papal Schism, The Vatican Standoff, Great Occidental
Schism and Schism of 1378 (Latin: Magnum schisma occidentale, Ecclesiae occidentalis
schisma), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417[1] in which two men
simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated the other. Driven by
personalities and political allegiances rather than theology, the schism was ended by the Council
of Constance. For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the
office.[2]
The affair is sometimes referred to as the Great Schism, although this term is also used for
the East–West Schism of 1054 between the Western Churches answering to the See of Rome and
the Eastern Orthodox Churches of the East.
Battle of the Vozha River
Battle of the Vozha River (was a battle fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and
the Golden Horde) on 11 August 1378.[2] Mamai sought to punish the Russians for disobedience.
The Vozha battle was the first serious victory of the Russians over a big army of the Golden
Horde. It had a big psychological effect before the famous Battle of Kulikovo because it
demonstrated the vulnerability of the Tatar cavalry which was unable to overcome tough
resistance or withstand determined counter-attacks. For Mamai, the defeat of Vozha meant a
direct challenge by Dmitry which caused him to start a new unsuccessful campaign two years
later.

1378:  Ciompi Revolt occurs in Florence.

The Revolt of the Ciompi was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred
in Florence, Italy from 1378 to 1382.[1]:201 Those who revolted consisted of artisans, labourers,
and craftsmen who did not belong to any guilds and were therefore unable to participate in the
Florentine government. These labourers had grown increasingly resentful over the established
patrician oligarchy.[3]: In addition, they were expected to pay heavy taxes which they could not
afford, forcing some to abandon their homes.[4]:108 The resulting insurrection over such tensions
led to the creation of a government composed of wool workers and other disenfranchised
workers which lasted for three and a half years.
1380s

1380: Russian principalities defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo.

The Battle of Kulikovo was fought between the armies of the Golden Horde, under the command
of Mamai, and various Russian principalities, under the united command of Prince Dmitry of
Moscow. The battle took place on 8 September 1380, at the Kulikovo Field near the Don
River and was won by Dmitry, who became known as Donskoy, 'of the Don' after the battle.
Although the victory did not end Mongol domination over Rus, it is widely regarded by Russian
historians as the turning point at which Mongol influence began to wane and Muscovite power
began to rise. The process eventually led to Muscovite independence and the formation of the
modern Russian state.
1380

1381: John Wycliffe is dismissed from the University of Oxford for criticism of the Roman

Catholic Church, thus the Lollardy movement rises in England.

1381: Peasants' Revolt in England

The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major
uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the
socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death pandemic in the 1340s, the
high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability
within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a
royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll
taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east
of the country. A wide spectrum of rural society, including many local artisans and village
officials, rose up in protest, burning court records and opening the local gaols. The rebels sought
a reduction in taxation, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom, and the removal
of the King's senior officials and law courts.

1382: Khan Tokhtamysh captures Moscow.
The Tale of Tokhtamysh’s Campaign Against Moscow. After Mamai’s defeat at Kulikovo Field
Khan Tokhtamysh seized power in the Horde. Realising that the victory

1382: Barquq rise to power to start the Burji dynasty, the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in

Egypt.
Barquq was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but
recaptured Cairo in 1390. Early on, the Zahiri Revolt threatened to overthrow Barquq though the
conspiracy was discovered before agitators could mobilize. Permanently in power, he founded
the Burji dynasty.
Faced with a common enemy, Timur, Barquq joined with Bayezid I and Toktamish in a
combined resistance and executed Timur's peace envoys

1385:  Battle of Aljubarrota between Portugal and Castile. Portugal maintains

independence.

The Battle of Aljubarrota (Portuguese pronunciation: [alʒuβɐˈʁɔtɐ]; see Aljubarrota) was a battle

fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385. Forces
commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support
of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese, Italian and
French allies at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal. The
result was a decisive victory for the Portuguese, ruling out Castilian ambitions to the Portuguese
throne, ending the 1383–85 Crisis and assuring John as King of Portugal.

1385: Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania.

In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva was a set of prenuptial promises made

at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for his
prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

1389: Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; Prince Lazar, Sultan Murad

I and Miloš Obilić are killed.

The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389[A] between an army led by

the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the
command of Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr. The battle was fought on the Kosovo field in the
territory ruled by Serbian nobleman Vuk Branković, in what is today Kosovo,[a] about 5
kilometers (3.1 mi) northwest of the modern city of Pristina. The army under Prince Lazar
consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by Branković, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by
King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko Vuković.[11] Prince Lazar was the ruler of Moravian
Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Branković
ruled the District of Branković and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord.

1389: Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.

Wikramawardhana was a Javanese king and succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the fifth monarch of

the Majapahit empire, reigning from 1389 to 1429. He was the nephew and also the son-in-law
of the previous monarch[1] after taking princess Kusumawardhani, Hayam Wuruk's daughter, as
his wife. His co-reign with his queen consort was challenged by Hayam Wuruk's other offspring,
Bhre Wirabhumi. Bhre Wirabhumi felt that he had a better right to be successor since he was the
only son of the late monarch. Wirabhumi, however, lacked legitimacy because his mother was
a concubine, not the queen consort. The struggle for succession resulted in the Paregreg war.
Despite Wikramawardhana's success in winning the war and defeating Wirabhumi, the civil war
gravely weakened previously unchallenged Majapahit hegemony in Nusantara and loosened
Majapahit's grip on its far flung vassal kingdoms. His invasion of Singapore in 1398 however, is
a success.
1390s

1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms 
Anti-Jewish pogroms spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of Jews are
massacred.

Antisemitism is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such
positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism.

1392: Taejo of Joseon establishes the Joseon Dynasty

The Joseon dynasty was a Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries.
It was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty, founded by Yi Seong-
gye in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The dynasty was founded
following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early
on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul. The kingdom's
northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers
of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens.

1396: The Battle of Nicopolis

The Battle of Nicopolis, in which the Ottomans defeat a large crusader army composed of
knights and men-at-arms by the kingdoms of Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire,
England and Wallachia.

The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied
crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, Burgundian, German, and
assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising the
siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian
Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-
scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444.

1396: The Second Bulgarian Empire ends

The Second Bulgarian Empire ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of Vidin and
its king Ivan Sratsimir by the Ottomans.

The Second Bulgarian Empire  was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and
1396. A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under
Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late
14th century.

1397: The Kalmar Union 

The Kalmar Union is established, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom.

The Kalmar Union  was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from
1397 to 1523 joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden,
and Norway, together with Norway's overseas colonies the
including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland.
The union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally, the countries
remained separate sovereign states.

15th Century
1400s

1401: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India.

The sultanate of Malwa was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri, the governor of Malwa for
the Delhi Sultanate. The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval empire of Islamic origin in
the Malwa region, covering the present day Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and south-
eastern Rajasthan from 1392 to 1562.

1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight
Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture
of Bayezid I.

The Battle of Ankara or Angora was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara,

between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur.
The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.

1402: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals

The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.

The conquest of the Canary Islands by the Crown of Castille took place between 1402 and 1496.
It can be divided into two periods: the Conquista señorial, carried out by Castilian nobility in
exchange for a covenant of allegiance to the crown, and the Conquista realenga, carried out by
the Spanish crown itself, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

1413: Ottoman Interregnum

Ottoman Interregnum, a civil war between the four sons of Bayezid I.

The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War , was a civil war in the Ottoman

Empire between the sons of Sultan Bayezid I following the defeat of their father at the Battle of
Ankara on 20 July 1402. Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his
brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to
recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself.[4] Civil war was the result. The
Interregnum lasted a little under 11 years, until the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July 1413, when
Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor, crowned himself Sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire.

1404–1406: Regreg War

Regreg War, Majapahit civil war of secession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi.

The Regreg War was a civil war that took place in 1404-1406 within the Majapahit kingdom of

Java. The conflict was fought as a war of independence between the Western court led
by Wikramawardhana against the breakaway Eastern court led by Bhre Wirabhumi. This war of
rivalry and secession had caused the calamity, crisis, court's preoccupation, the drain of financial
resources, and exhaustion, that is thought to be one of the causes of Majapahit decline in the
following years

1405: During the Ming treasure voyages, Admiral Zheng He of China sails through the Indian
Ocean to Malacca, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and
sovereignty

1405–1407: The first voyage of Zheng He

The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java,
Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.

Zheng He was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during

China's early Ming dynasty. 

1408: The Norse settlements of Greenland in the Eastern Settlement

The last recorded event to occur in the Norse settlements of Greenland was a wedding

in Hvalsey in the Eastern Settlement in 1408.

The Eastern Settlement was the first and by far the largest of the two main areas
of Norse Greenland, settled c. AD 985 – c. AD 1000 by Norsemen from Iceland. At its peak, it
contained approximately 4,000 inhabitants. The last written record from the Eastern Settlement is
of an Icelandic/Greenlandic wedding in Hvalsey in 1408, placing it about 50–100 years later than
the end of the more northern Western Settlement.
1410s

1410: The Battle of Grunwald

The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War leading to

the downfall of the Teutonic Knights.

The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July

1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of
Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II
Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German–Prussian Teutonic
Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership
were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of
their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of
Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422.
The knights, however, would never recover their former power, and the financial burden of war
reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control.
The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of
the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region.

1410–1413: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland.

The University of St Andrews is a public university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is
the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland and following Oxford & Cambridge
universities, the third-oldest university in the English-speaking world. St Andrews was founded
in 1413 when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group
of Augustinian clergy. 

1410-1415: The last Welsh war of independence, led by Owain Glyndŵr.

The Glyndŵr Rising, Welsh Revolt or Last War of Independence was an uprising of the Welsh

between 1400 and 1415, led by Owain Glyndŵr, against the Kingdom of England. It was the last
major manifestation of a Welsh independence movement before the incorporation of Wales into
England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. In 1410, Owain readied his supporters for a last
raid deep into Shropshire.

1414: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi
founding the Sayyid dynasty.
Khizr Khan was the governor of Multan under Firuz Shah Tughlaq. When Timur invaded India,
Khizr Khan, a Sayyid from Multan joined him. Timur appointed him the governor of Multan and
Lahore. He then conquered the city of Delhi and started the rule of the Sayyids in
1414.The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling
from 1414 to 1451. Founded by Khizr Khan, they succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled the
sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty. Members of the dynasty derived their
title, Sayyid, or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, based on the claim that they
belonged to his lineage through his daughter Fatima, and son-in-law and cousin Ali.

1415: Battle of Agincourt 

The Battle of Agincourt  an English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It took place on 25

October 1415 near Azincourt, in northern France.[b] The unexpected English victory against the
numerically superior French army boosted English morale and prestige, crippled France and
started a new period of English dominance in the war.

1419–1433: The Hussite Wars in Bohemia

The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of
wars fought between the Christian Hussites and the combined Christian Catholic forces of Holy
Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as
well as various Hussite factions. After initial clashes, the Utraquists changed sides in 1432 to
fight alongside Roman Catholics and opposed the Taborites and other Hussite spinoffs. These
wars lasted from 1419 to approximately 1434.

1420s

1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing.

The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420, and was the former Chinese imperial
palace and winter residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle
Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as
the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center
of the Chinese government for almost 500 years. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under
the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built
upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was declared
a World Heritage Site in 1987.

1429: Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged
between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of
England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. It was one of the
most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two
rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe.
The Siege of Orléans in 1429 announced the beginning of the end for English hopes of conquest.
The appearance of Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans sparked a revival of French spirit, and the
tide began to turn against the English.

1430s
1431:

March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope.

Pope Eugene IV , born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of
the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death. Condulmer was a Venetian, and a nephew
of Pope Gregory XII. In 1431, he was elected pope. 

September – Battle of Inverlochy:

Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.

The Battle of Inverlochy (1431)  was fought after Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles and Earl

of Ross, had been imprisoned by King James I. A force of Highlanders led by Donald Balloch,
Alexander's cousin, defeated Royalist forces led by the Earls of Mar and Caithness at Inverlochy,
near present-day Fort William. Over 1000 men were supposedly killed, among them the Earl of
Caithness. Balloch then went on to ravage the country of Clan Cameron and Clan Chattan, who
had been loyal to the king during the rebellion. King James himself soon after led an army into
the Highlands, and the rebel forces disintegrated.
With the murder of King James 6 years later, Alexander was liberated, and renewed the
campaign of vengeance against the Royalist supporters.

December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France

Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again
from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V,
he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and
succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather, Charles VI, shortly
afterwards.Henry inherited the long-running Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), in which his
uncle Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. He is the only English monarch to
have been also crowned King of France (as Henry II, in 1431). 
1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of

Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire Most archaeologists now believe that the
famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.
1440s

1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city of Benin, and turns it into an

empire.

Ewuare was the Oba (king) of the Benin Empire from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare became king in a
violent coup against his brother Uwaifiokun which destroyed much of Benin City. After the war,
Ewuare rebuilt much of the city of Benin, reformed political structures in the kingdom, greatly
expanded the territory of the kingdom, and fostered the arts and festivals. He left a significant
legacy and is often considered the first King of the Benin Empire

1441: A civil war between the Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in the League of

Mayapan.

A civil war between the Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in the League of Mayapan. As a

consequence, the league begins to disintegrate

.The League of Mayapan was a confederation of Maya states in the post classic

period of Mesoamerica on the Yucatan peninsula.The main members of the league were the Itza,
the Tutul-Xiu, Mayapan, and Uxmal.

1442: Leonardo Bruni defines middle Ages and Modern times.

Leonardo Bruni (Leonardo Aretino; 1370 – March 9, 1444) was an Italian humanist, historian

and statesman, often recognized as the most important humanist historian of the
early Renaissance. He has been called the first modern historian. He was the earliest person to
write using the three-period view of history: Antiquity, middle Ages, and Modern. The dates
Bruni used to define the periods are not exactly what modern historians use today, but he laid the
conceptual groundwork for a tripartite division of history.

1443: Abdur Razzaq visits India

Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī was a Persian Timurid chronicler and Islamic scholar. He was for a
while the ambassador of Shah Rukh, the Timurid dynasty ruler of Persia. In his role as
ambassador he visited Kozhikode in western India in the early 1440s. He wrote a narrative of
what he saw in Calicut which is valuable as information on Calicut's society and culture. He is
also the producer of a lengthy narrative or chronicle of the history of the Timurid dynasty and its
predecessors in Central Asia, but this is not so valuable because it is mostly a compilation of
material from earlier written sources that are mostly available from elsewhere in the earlier form.

1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polish & Hungarian armies

Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polish and Hungarian armies

under Władysław III of Poland and János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna.
Murad II was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to
1451.Murad II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and
Ottoman cities expanded considerably.

 In 1441 the Holy Roman Empire and Poland joined the Serbian-Hungarian coalition. Murad II

won the Battle of Varna in 1444 against John Hunyadi.

 In the Battle of Varna in 1444, Murad II saw the Hungarians gaining the upper hand, and he got
down from his horse and prayed just like the Caliph, and soon after, the tide turned in the
Ottoman’s favor and the Hungarian king Wladyslaw was killed.

1449: Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born

Srimanta Sankardev (1449–1568) was a 15th–16th century Assamese polymath: a saint-scholar,
poet, playwright, social-religious reformer and a figure of importance in the cultural and
religious history of Assam, India. He is widely credited with building on past cultural relics and
devising new forms of music, theatrical perform, dance,literary language. Besides, he has left an
extensive literary oeuvre of trans-created scriptures, poetry and theological works written in
Sanskrit, Assamese and Brajavali. The Bhagavatic religious movement he started, Ekasarana
Dharma and also called Neo-Vaishnavite movement,[4] influenced two medieval kingdoms—
Koch and the Ahom kingdoms—and the assembly of devotees he initiated evolved over time into
monastic centers called Sattras, which continue to be important socio-religious institutions in
Assam and to a lesser extend in North Bengal. Sankardev inspired the Bhakti movement in
Assam just as  Guru Nanak, Ramananda, Namdev, Kabir, Basava and Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu inspired it elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent. His influence spread even to some
kingdoms as the Matak Kingdom founded by Bharat Singha, and consolidated by Sarbanda
Singha in the latter 18th century endorsed his teachings.
His literary and artistic contributions are living traditions in Assam today. The religion he
preached is practised by a large population, and Sattras (monasteries) that he and his followers
established continue to flourish and sustain his legacy.
1450s

1450s: Machu Picchu constructed

Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel, located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru,

on a 2,430-metre (7,970 ft) mountain ridge.[2][3] It is located in the Machupicchu
District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi)
northwest of Cuzco. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was constructed as an estate
for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often mistakenly referred to as the "Lost City of
the Incas", it is the most familiar icon of Inca civilization. The Incas built the estate around 1450
but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish conquest.

1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi

dynasty

The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526. It

was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan
Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
1453: Beginning of the Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire

The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last
Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire.

The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from

the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly
the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566). During this period a system of
patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the sultan reached its apex, and the empire
developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several
centuries.[1] The territory of the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded, and led to what some
historians have called the Pax Ottomana. The process of centralization undergone by the empire
prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of Mehmed II.

1453: The Battle of Castillon 

The Battle of Castillonis the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War and the first battle in
European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle.
The Battle of Castillon was a battle fought on 17 July 1453 in Gascony near the town of
Castillon-sur-Dordogne (later Castillon-la-Bataille), between England and France. It was a
decisive French victory and is considered to mark the end of the Hundred Years' War.
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged
between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of
England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. It was one of the
most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two
rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe.

1455–1485: Wars of the Roses 

Wars of the Roses  – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.

The Wars of the Roses were a series of fifteenth-century English civil wars for control of

the throne of England, fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House
of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, represented by a red rose, and the House of York,
represented by a white rose. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families. The
conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, but there was related
fighting before and after this period between the parties. The power struggle ignited around
social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, unfolding the structural
problems of bastard feudalism,[citation needed] combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of
King Henry VI which revived interest in the House of York's claim to the throne by Richard of
York. Historians disagree on which of these factors was the main reason for the wars.
1470s

1470: Battle of Lipnic 

The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at

the Battle of Lipnic.
The Battle of Lipnic (or Lipnica, or Lipniţi) was a battle between the Moldavian forces
under Stephen the Great, and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan, and
which took place on the August 20, 1470.

1490s

1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states.

The Italian Wars often referred to as the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–

Valois Wars, were a long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559 in Italy during
the Renaissance. The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided among
several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. The conflicts involved the
major powers of Italy and Europe, in a series of events that followed the end of the 40-year
long Peace of Lodi agreed in 1454 with the formation of the Italic League.

1500s
1501: Safavid dynasty reunifies Iran and rules over it until 1736. Safavids adopt
a Shia branch of Islam.
Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia, also referred to as the Safavid Empire, was one of the
greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, ruled from 1501 to
1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history,[28] as
well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid shahs established the Twelver school of Shia
Islam as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points
in Muslim history.

1503: Battle of Cerignola

Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle in history won

by gun powder small arms.
The Battle of Cerignola was fought on 28 April 1503, between Spanish and French armies,
in Cerignola, Apulia. Spanish forces, under Gonzalo Fernandez de Córdoba, formed by 6,300
men, including 2,000 landsknecht, with more than 1,000 harquebusiers, and 20 cannons, defeated
the French who had 9,000 men; mainly heavy gendarme cavalry and Swiss mercenary pikemen,
with about 40 cannons, and led by Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, who was killed. It was
one of the first European battles won by gunpowder weapons, as the assault by Swiss pikemen
and French cavalry was shattered by the fire of Spanish harquebusiers behind a ditch.

1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later

The Mona Lisa  or La Gioconda  is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da
Vinci.Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona
Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years.

1504: Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar

Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar  by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sudan.

The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (after its capital Sennar)
or Blue Sultanate due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue
was a monarchy in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia. Founded in
1504 by the Funj people, it quickly converted to Islam, although this embrace was only nominal.
Until a more orthodox Islam took hold in the 17th century, the state remained an "African-
Nubian empire with a Muslim facade".[13] It reached its peak in the late 17th century but declined
and eventually fell apart in the 18th. In 1821 the last sultan, greatly reduced in power,
surrendered to the Ottoman Egyptian invasion without a fight.

1505: Sultan Trenggono builds the first Muslim kingdom in Java, called Demak, in Indonesia.

Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese. Each
kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity.

1506: Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, Spain

Christopher Columbus  born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506. He
was an explorer and navigator from Genoa (now part of Italy) who completed four voyages
across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of
the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, are the first known
European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, and the second
widely accepted European contact with the Americas after the Norse colonization of North
America five centuries earlier. On 20 May 1506, aged 54, Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain.[
1510s

1510: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa in India.

Afonso de Albuquerque, Duke of Goa (Portuguese pronunciation:  (1453 – 16 December 1515)
(also spelled Aphonso or Alfonso) was a Portuguese general, admiral, and statesman. He served
as Governor of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515, during which he expanded Portuguese
influence across the Indian Ocean and built a reputation as a fierce and skilled military
commander.

1512: Copernicus writes Commentariolus, and proclaims the sun the center of the solar

system

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician, astronomer, and

Catholic canon who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at
its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus developed his model independently of Aristarchus of
Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries
earlier.
The Commentariolus (Little Commentary) is Nicolaus Copernicus's brief outline of an early
version of his revolutionary heliocentric theory of the universe. After further long development
of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work, De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).
Copernicus wrote the Commentariolus in Latin by 1514 and circulated copies to his friends and
colleagues. It thus became known among Copernicus's contemporaries.

1514: The Battle of Chaldiran, the Ottoman Empire gains decisive victory against Safavid

dynasty.

The Battle of Chaldiran took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for
the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern
Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern
Anatolia (Western Armenia), and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west. The Chaldiran
battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with
the Treaty of Amasya. Though Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia) were
eventually reconquered by the Safavids under the reign of Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629),
they would be permanently lost to the Ottomans by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.

1520s

1523: Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union.

The Early Vasa era is a period that in Swedish and Finnish history lasted between 1523–1611. It

began with the reconquest of Stockholm by Gustav Vasa and his men from the Danes in 1523,
which was triggered by the event known as the Stockholm Bloodbath in 1520, and then was
followed up by Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union, and continued with the reign of
Gustav's sons Eric XIV, John III, John's son Sigismund, and finally Gustav's youngest
son Charles IX. The era was followed by a period commonly referred to as the Swedish Empire,
or Stormaktstiden in Swedish, which means "Era Of Great Power".

1526: The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács.

The Battle of Mohács was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history. It
was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the
Kingdom of Hungary and its allies, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire, led
by Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several
centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of
Transylvania. Further, the death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of
the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to the House of
Habsburg. The Battle of Mohács marked the end of the Middle Ages in Hungary.

1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India until 1857

The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior
chieftain from what today is Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighbouring Safavid-
and Ottoman empires,[11] to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, in the First Battle of
Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of Upper India. The Mughal imperial structure, however,
is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar, [12] This imperial structure
lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurengzeb,[13][14] during
whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently,
especially during the East India Company rule in India, to the region in and around Old Delhi,
the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
1530s

1531–32: The Church of England breaks away from the Catholic Church and recognizes King

Henry VIII as the head of the Church.

1531: The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers, Atahualpa and Huáscar.

1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

1532: Foundation of São Vicente, the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the Americas.

1533: Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England.

1533: Elizabeth Tudor is born.

1534: Jacques Cartier claims Canada for France.

1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad from the Safavids.

1534: Affair of the Placards – Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants.
1535: The Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish
a theocracy, ends in bloodshed.

1535: The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese
Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de
Freitas the island of Ambon.[12] Hairun becomes the next sultan.

1536: Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle, in England.

1536: In England, Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason.

1536: Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal.

1536: Foundation of Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina) by Pedro de Mendoza.

1537: The Portuguese establish Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil.

1537: William Tyndale's partial translation of the Bible into English is published, which would

eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible.

1538: Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founds Bogotá.

1538: Spanish–Venetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza.

1539: Hernando de Soto explores inland North America.

1540s

1540: The Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits, is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions
with the approval of Pope Paul III.

1540: Sher Shah Suri founds the Suri dynasty in South Asia, an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) of the

house of Sur, who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the
relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun. Sher Shah Suri decisively defeats
Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram (May 17, 1540).

1541: Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.

1541: An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful.

1541: Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana.

1541: Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire.
1541: Sahib I Giray of Crimea invades Russia.

1542: War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is

allied with the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with
the French.

1542: Akbar The Great is born in the Rajput Umarkot Fort

1542: Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas

Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago.

1543: Ethiopian/Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Adal-Ottoman Muslim army led by

Imam Ahmad Gragn at the Battle of Wayna Daga; Imam Ahmad Gragn is killed at this battle.

1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the
Sun

1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan.

1544: The French defeat an Imperial–Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole.

1544: Battle of the Shirts in Scotland. The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a

disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive.

1545: Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani

1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy).

1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica.

1546: Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying

the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)

1547: Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55.

1547: Francis I dies in the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52.

1547: Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20

February at the age of 9.

1547: Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of

Mühlberg.
1547: Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of (All) Russia, thenceforth becoming
the first Russian tsar.

1548: Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan,
and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo.

1548: Askia Daoud, who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in Timbuktu (in
present-day Mali).

1548: The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and
closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars
with Japanese pirates.

1549: Tomé de Sousa establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil.

1549: Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenges the death of
Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan
Kober (in present-day Indonesia).

1550s

1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.

1550: Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing.

1550–1551: Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the

Americas.

1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first

full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.

1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between
5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya.

1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia.

1552: Jesuit China Mission, Francis Xavier dies.

1553: Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of
England under Papal authority.

1553: The Portuguese found a settlement at Macau.

1554: Missionaries José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega establishes São Paulo,
southeast Brazil.

1554: Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for

suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion.

1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company.

1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni

Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an
illustration of the Hochelaga.[13]

1556: The Shaanxi earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake during

the Ming dynasty.

1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica.

1556: Akbar the Great defeats Hemu at the Second battle of Panipat.

1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate.

1556–1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in
the Indian subcontinent).

1556: Mir Chakar Khan Rind captured Delhi with Emperor Humayun.

1556: Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of

the Roman inquisition.

1557: Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state

bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596.

1557: The Portuguese settle in Macau (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across
from present-day Hong Kong).

1557: The Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world.

1558: Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25.

1558–1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance.

 1558–1583: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden,
Denmark and Russia.

1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France.

1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude.

1559: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the

Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the
Portuguese.
1560s

1560: Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba.

1560: Elizabeth Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary.

1560: By winning the Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-eminent

warlords of Japan.

1560: Jeanne d'Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre.

1560: Lazarus Church, Macau

1561: Sir Francis Bacon is born in London.

1561: The fourth battle of Kawanakajima between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara

takes place.

1561: Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith.

1562: Mughal leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the

powerful Rajput Hindu caste.

1562–98: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots.

1562: Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion.

1562: Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned

down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans
commenced the Christianisation of the local population.[12]
1563: Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over
20,000 people died of the disease.

1564: Galileo Galilei born on February 15

1564: William Shakespeare baptized 26 April

1565: Battle of Talikota fought between the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar and the Deccan

sultanates.

1565: Mir Chakar Khan Rind dies at aged 97.

1565: Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

1565: The Hospitallers, a Crusading Order, defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Malta

(1565).

1565: Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in

the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred
years.

1565: Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the
Americas across the Pacific Ocean, also known as the tornaviaje.

1565: Royal Exchange is founded by Thomas Gresham.

1566: Suleiman the Magnificent, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, dies on September 7, during

the battle of Szigetvar.

1566–1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.

1566: Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by Cipriano de Rore.

1567: After 45 years' reign, Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City, Longqing

Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty.

1567: Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I.

1568: The Transylvanian Diet, under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zápolya, the
former king of Hungary, inspired by the teachings of Ferenc Dávid, the founder of the Unitarian
Church of Transylvania, promulgates the Edict of Torda, the first law of freedom of religion and
of conscience in the World.
1568–1571: Morisco Revolt in Spain.

1568–1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan.

1568: Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the
first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia, to kill Arya Penangsang.

1569: Rising of the North in England.

1569: Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator.

1569: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts

until 1795.

1569: Peace treaty signed by Sultan Hairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of
Portugal.
1570s

1570: Ivan the Terrible, tsar of Russia, orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod.

1570: Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis, a papal bull excommunicating all who

obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Catholics to rebel against her.

1570: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) is killed by the Portuguese.

[12]
 Babullah becomes the next Sultan.

1571: Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks.

1571: The Spanish-led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Battle of
Lepanto.

1571: Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin.

1571: American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown, Virginia.

1571: Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the

capital of the Spanish East Indies.

1572: Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle,

in the Eighty Years' War.
1572: Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru,
and execute him in Cuzco.

1572: Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre.

1572: Catherine de' Medici instigates the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre which takes the lives
of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots. The violence spreads from
Paris to other cities and the countryside.

1572: First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões, three years after the author
returned from the East.[14]

1572: The 9 years old Taizi, Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, known as Wanli
Emperor.

1573: After heavy losses on both sides the Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory.

1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for the Protestants.

1574: After a siege of 4 months the Siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch

rebel victory.

1575: Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress.

1575: Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Babullah defeated the Portuguese.

1576: Tahmasp I, Safavid shah, dies.

1576: The Battle of Haldighati is fought between the ruler of Mewar, Maharana Pratap and

the Mughal Empire's forces under Emperor Akbar led by Raja Man Singh.

1576: Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers.

1577–80: Francis Drake circles the world.

1577: Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede.

1578: King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir.

1578: The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in
Maluku becomes Ambon.[12]
1578: Sonam Gyatso is conferred the title of Dalai Lama by Tumed Mongol ruler, Altan Khan.
Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas, Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai
Lama in the lineage.[15]

1579: The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch
Republic.

1579: The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of
the Spanish Netherlands, the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium.

1579: The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on
his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre
for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[16]
1580s

1580: Drake's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences Philip II of

Spain to build up the Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded.

1580: Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends
the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years, i.e. until
1640.

1580–1587: Nagasaki comes under control of the Jesuits.

1581: Dutch Act of Abjuration, declaring abjuring allegiance to Philip II of Spain.

1581: Bayinnaung dies at the age of 65.

1582: Oda Nobunaga is assassinated by his general, Akechi Mitsuhide.

1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. The last day of the Julian calendar was
Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar,
Friday, 15 October 1582

1582: Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs.

1583: Denmark builds the world's first theme park, Bakken.

1583: Death of Sultan Babullah of Ternate.

1584–1585: After the Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. According to
Luc-Normand Tellier, "At its peak, between 1510 and 1557, Antwerp concentrated about 40% of
the world trade...It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven
times more revenues than the Americas."[17]

1584: Ki Ageng Pemanahan died. Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya, son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan
as the new ruler in Mataram, titled "Loring Ngabehi Market" (because of his home in the north
of the market).

1585: Colony at Roanoke founded in North America.

1585–1604: The Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic.

1587: Mary, Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I.

1587: The reign of Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty.

1587: Troops that would invade Pajang Mataram Sultanate storm ravaged the eruption of Mount
Merapi. Sutawijaya and his men survived.

1588: Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan, titled "Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin
Panatagama" means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life.

1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada.

1589: Spain repulses the English Armada.

1589: Catherine de' Medici dies at aged 69.

1590s

1590: Siege of Odawara: the Go-Hojo clan surrender to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Japan is

unified.

1591: Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow.

1591: In Mali, Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat

the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi.

1592–1593: John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000

people.

1592–1598: Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty China, repels two Japanese invasions.

1593–1606: The Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks.

1594: St. Paul's College, Macau, founded by Alessandro Valignano.

1595: First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and
forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.[18]

1596: Birth of René Descartes.

1596: June, de Houtman's expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where
they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast
of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura.[18]

1597: Romeo and Juliet is published.

1597: Cornelis de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a
considerable profit.[18]

1598: The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion.

1598: Abbas I moves Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598.

1598–1613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles.

1598: The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[12] (to
1599)

1598: More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.[18]

1598: The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México is established in Northern New Spain. The
region would later become a territory of Mexico, the New Mexico Territory in the United States,
and the US State of New Mexico.

1598: Death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, known as the unifier of Japan.

1599: The Mali Empire is defeated at the Battle of Jenné.

1599: The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.
[18]
 (to 1600)

1599: March, Leaving Europe the previous year, a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was
the first Dutch fleet to reach the ‘Spice Islands’ of Maluku.[18]

1600: Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome.

1600: Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo
period.

1600: The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[19] Later in the year, the
Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which
the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[19]

1600: Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English

advance in Asia.
1601–1650[edit]

1600: Michael the Brave unifies the

three Romanian principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Translyvania after the Battle of
Șelimbăr from 1599.

1601: In the Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of
Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.

1601–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia.

1602: Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (坤輿萬國全

圖, Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for
centuries.

1602: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging

competing Dutch trading companies.[5] Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.

1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland,

uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.

1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of shōgun, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This

begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868.

1603: In Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary João Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho,

the first dictionary of Japanese to an European language (Portuguese)

1605: The King of Gowa, a Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam.

1606: The Long War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of

Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania.

1606: Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary.

1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs
from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.

1607: Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh (r. 1607–1637). He will launch a series of

naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay
Archipelago.

1610: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian–Swedish

forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.

1610: King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac.

1611: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in
Asia, established by the Dominican Order in Manila[6]

1611: The first publication of the King James Bible.

1612: Cotswold Olympic Games, Robert Dover

1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov,
which rules until 1917.

1613–1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times.[7]

1613: The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik because of

the Mataram siege of neighboring Surabaya. The VOC enters into negotiations with Mataram
and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara.

1614–1615: The Siege of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends.

1616: The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in

Spain are expelled.

1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies.

1618: The Defenestration of Prague.

1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in

the years 1618–48.

1618: The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming

dynasty.
1619: Dutch East India Company, English East India Company, and Sultanate of Banten all
fighting over port city of Jayakarta. VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long
siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by Jan
Pieterszoon Coen and a fleet of nineteen ships out of Ambon. Coen had burned Jepara and its
EIC post along the way. The VOC levels the old city of Jayakarta and builds its new
headquarters, Batavia, on top of it
.

1620–1621: Polish-Ottoman War over Moldavia.

1620: Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place. The
Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut.

1620: The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, England to what became Plymouth Colony in

the New England region of North America.

1621: The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the

Ottomans.

1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown,

Virginia (one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement.

1624–1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France.

1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.

1627: Aurochs go extinct.

1628—1629: Sultan Agung of Mataram launches a failed campaign to conquer Dutch

Batavia.

1629: Abbas I, the Safavids king, died.

1629: Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to

counter Ferdinand II's expansion.

1630 : Birth of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at Shivneri fort

1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts.

1632: Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf.

1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India.

1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.

1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".

1634: Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory.

1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo.

1637: The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice.

1637: Qing dynasty attacked Joseon dynasty.

1639: Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats

a Spanish fleet in English waters.

1639: Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into

the Wars of Castro and last until 1649.

1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland,

and England.

1640–1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union.

1641: The Irish Rebellion.

1641: René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First

Philosophy.

1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King
Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of
Parliament over the king.

1643: L'incoronazione di Poppea, Monterverdi

1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing

dynasty rules until 1912.

1644–1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.

1645–1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.

1647–1652: The Great Plague of Seville.

1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and

marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.

1648–1653: Fronde civil war in France.

1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a

Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland.

1648–1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.

1648–1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.

1649: King Charles I is executed for High treason, the first and only English king to be
subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death.

1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

1651–1700

1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester.

1656–1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier.

1655–1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.

1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him
as ruler of the Mughal Empire.

1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during

the English Restoration.

1660: The Royal Society is founded

1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.

1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.

1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.

1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans.
The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.

1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila.

1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United

Provinces.

1666: The Great Fire of London.

1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

1667–1668: The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-

Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.

1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.

1672–1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the

Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).

1672–1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces

1672–1676: Polish–Ottoman War.

1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War.

1674: Shivaji forms the Maratha Empire, which lasts until 1818.

1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.

1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch
Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the
Holy Roman Empire.

1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.

1682: Chateau de Versailles, Saint-Gobain

1682 – In North America, the French explorer Robert La Salle claims all the land east of the
Mississippi River.

1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.

1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna.

1683–1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by

the Habsburgs.

1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

1688: The Siege of Derry.

1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with
the West until the 19th century.

1688–1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England,

England becomes a constitutional monarchy.

1688–1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland.

1688–1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years'

War.

1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in

Highland Perthshire.

1689: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken

by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.

1689: Bill of Rights

1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.

1692: Port Royal in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami. Approximately 2,000

people die and 2,300 are injured.

1692–1694: Famine in France kills two million.[8]

1693: The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal

charter.

1694: The Bank of England is established.

1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry

Every's capture of the Ganj-i-Sawai.
 1696–1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population.[9]

1697–1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great

1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.

1701–1750

1700–1721: Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires.

1701: Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.

1701–1714: The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe.

[10]

1702–1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.

1703: Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.

1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.

1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.

1704: First Javanese War of Succession.[11]

1706–1713: The War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the battles
of Ramillies and Turin.

1707: The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus
establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.[12]

1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company
Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading
to the East Indies.

1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.

1709: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years.

1710: The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, takes effect.

1710–1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War.

1711–1715: Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora
people of North Carolina.

1714: In Amsterdam, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer,

which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.

1715: The first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of
Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston.

1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.

1718: The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.

1718–1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.

1719: Second Javanese War of Succession.

1720: The South Sea Bubble.

1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille.

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century#1370s

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1378
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciompi_Revolt
5. https://ar.pinterest.com/pin/479070479084724439/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikramawardhana
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon
10. https://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
11. http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/Zatta/Index.htm
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century#:~:text=1415%3A%20Henry%20the
%20Navigator%20leads,The%20Hussite%20Wars%20in%20Bohemia.
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century#:~:text=1647%E2%80%931652%3A%20The
%20Great%20Plague,Fronde%20civil%20war%20in
%20France.&text=1649%E2%80%931653%3A%20The%20Cromwellian%20conquest
%20of%20Ireland.