Matter can be subdivided into:

ELEMENTS MIXTURES COMPOUNDS

TOPIC COVERAGE:
• Structure • States or Phases • Composition
• Properties • Changes it undergoes • Energy involved
ATOMS MOLECULES
What is matter?
- Anything that has mas and occupies space.
- It is everything around us that has MASS and VOLUME. • ELEMENTS - Substances that CANNOT be reduced to a simpler
o MASS – Amount of material in a substance. substance by chemical means.
o VOLUME – Amount of space the object takes.
• MIXTURES – Physical combinations of elements and
compounds. Ex. Salt + Water (saltwater) that CAN be
HIERARCHAL ORGANIZATION OF MATTER: separated by physical means such as evaporating the water
to leave the salt.

• COMPOUNDS – Combinations of two or more elements that

CAN be separated using chemical means – but not by physical
means.

• MOLECULES – The smallest part of a compound that still

retains the properties of the compound (a CHEMICAL
combination of two or more atoms)

• ATOMS – The smallest component of elements that still

retains the properties of the element.

STATES OF MATTER:
MATTER CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO ITS COMPOSITION
- Mixture and Pure Substance

CHARACTERISTICS
SOLID LIQUID GAS
OF MOLECULES
No
ORGANIZATION/ Regular
No
pattern, HOW CAN IT BE SEPARATED?
pattern,
ARRANGEMENT pattern random
random
alignment
Loose, Very wide Homogenous and
Touching Compounds and Elements
slightly spaces; Heterogenous Mixtures
close to
apart and Very far
SPACING each other;
has space apart
Compact 1.) Filtration 1.) Chemically
between between
and tight 2.) Distillation 2.) Electrolysis
molecules molecules
Moving, 3.) Chromatography 3.) Nuclear Reaction
Move
slide and
quickly in
MOTION Vibrate bump with
all
each
directions
other
 ▪ MIXTURE – Has variable composition whose parts can
be separated by physical means.

CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE ACCORDING TO

THE NATURE OF PARTICLES
▪ HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE – Uniform mixture of
different substances. It has a uniform appearance
and composition all throughout. Examples:
seawater, air

▪ HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE – Non-uniform mixture of

Atom - The smallest unit of matter that cannot different substances that remain distinct. It’s a
be broken down chemically mixture where the component parts or the
composition can be identified just by looking at it.
Proton - A positively charged subatomic particle Ex. Wood, concrete.
- Atomic number
- Found in the nucleus
- Mass value of +1 CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE ACCORDING TO
Electron - A negatively charged subatomic particle THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
- Protons – Charge
- Found in the clouds orbiting around the ▪ SOLUTION – Uniform mixture, composed of solute
nucleus and solvent where solute is soluble
- Mass value 0
▪ SUSPENSION – “coarse mixture”, finely divided solid
Neutron - A subatomic particle with no parts materials distributed in a liquid where solid is
- Mass no. – Atomic no. insoluble.
- Found in the nucleus of an atom’
- Neutral to no charge ▪ COLLOID – particles of solute “not broken down” to
- Mass value of an atom the size of the molecules but are small enough to
remain suspended and evenly distributed
throughout the medium
MATTER IS MADE UP OF ATOMS, WHICH MAKE UP MOLECULES EXAMPLES:
ATOM MOLECULE
1.) Smallest particle of an 1.) Smallest particle of an SUBSTANCES
element that takes element or compound
part in a chemical that is capable of
reaction being independent.
2.) Not stable by itself 2.) Stable by itself
(usually) 3.) When similar
3.) When similar atoms molecules combine in
combine in varying any numbers, a simple
numbers, molecules of similar product is
different properties formed.
can be formed
HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES
 Changes of Matter

1.) Physical Change

- Change in the physical phase, state, or appearance

- No change in identity since there is no change in
properties
- Reversible

2.) Chemical Change

- Change in both intrinsic and extrinsic properties
- Production of new substance thou with same elements
being rearranged
- Usually involves valence electrons

3.) Nuclear Change

- Change in structure, properties and composition of the
nucleus of an atom
o CHEMICAL PROPERTY - Form different element from what you started
- properties being observed during a chemical - Usually accompanied by the release of tremendous
reaction of matter amount of energy

o PHYSICAL PROPERTY
- can be measured to describe matter without PHYSICAL CHANGE
changing the object/compound

➢ INTRINSIC PROPERTY
- independent of mass or amount of material
- cannot be changed without changing the subject
itself
- ex: • boiling point
• specific heat
• specific gravity
• density
• boiling point

➢ EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES
- dependent on the mass/amount of material or by
an outside force
- ex: • weight
• height
• volume
• pressure
• mass

➢ COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
- dependent on the no. of solute particles, not its
identity.
- Ex: • BPE (boiling point density)
TYPES CHARACTERISTIC CHANGE
• FPD (freezing point depression) Melting Solid to liquid
• VPL (vapor pressure lowering) Boiling Liquid to gas
• Osmotic pressure
Freezing Liquid to solid

Condensation Gas to liquid

Sublimation Solid to gas

Deposition Gas to solid
CHEMICAL CHANGE

4 BASIC TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

1.) SYNTHESIS: A + B -> AB
- a.k.a. Direct Combination
- Elements are joined together.
- ex: 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O

2.) DECOMPOSITION: AB -> A + B

- a.k.a. Analysis Reaction
- A compound breaks into parts
- ex: 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES INVOLVED IN A PROCESS
3.) SINGLE REPLACEMENT: AB + C -> AC + B
- a.k.a. Substitution Reaction
- A single element replaces an element in a compound 1.) Oxidation – loss of electrons
- ex: Zn + 2HCl -> H2 + ZnCl2 2.) Reduction – gain of electrons
3.) Neutralization – when an acid and a base react to form
salt and water
4.) Double Replacement: AB + CD -> AC + BD
4.) Hydrolysis – breaking of molecular bond in the presence
- a.k.a. Metathesis
of water
- An element from each of two compounds switch places
5.) Saponification – reaction of alkali and fats to form soap
- ex: H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2NaH2O
and glycerol
6.) Fermentation – organic substances react with microbes
in the absence of oxygen to produce alcohol

EVIDENCES OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE OR REACTION

❖ TEMPERATURE CHANGE
❖ LIGHT FORMATION
❖ COLOR CHANGE
❖ ODOR CHANGE
❖ PRECIPITATE
❖ GAS PRODUCTION

- Change in structure, properties and even composition of

the nucleus resulting to the formation of a different
element from what it started.
- One kind of element is changed to another kind of
element.
- Involves a change atomic level due to an unstable
nucleus of an element thus emitting alpha, beta, gamma
radiation.

2 TYPES:
1.) NUCLEAR FISSION
– atomic nuclei with large mass numbers SPLIT into
isotopes with smaller mass number and RELEASES energy.
– involves either alpha or beta decay

2.) NUCLEAR FUSION – two atoms FUSE or UNITE together to

produce one Helium atom energy.
 - These terms are used interchangeably
- Number that is assigned to an element in a chemical
combination
- Represents the no. of electrons that an atom can gain,
lose, or share when chemically bonding with an atom of
another element.
- Used to determine changes in REDOX REACTIONS
- Similar to valence electrons
- In ions, the total sum of the oxidation state is the charge
of the ion

VALENCE STATE
- Measure of its combining power with other atoms when
it forms chemical compounds
- Gives the no. of valence electrons it has gained or lost

NUCLEAR V.S. CHEMICAL REACTION USING OXIDATION NUMBERS

❖ Increase in the oxidation number = atom lost
electrons, therefore becoming oxidized.
❖ Decrease in the oxidation number = atom gained
electrons, therefore reduced.

OXIDATION VS. REDUCTION

- Any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more
positive or negative electrical charges.
• Cations (+) – Positively charged ions
• Anions (-) – Negatively charged ions.
- Formed by:
1.) Addition of electrons to, or the removal of electrons
from, neutral atoms or molecules or other ions; by
combination of ions with other particles
2.) Rupture of a covalent bond between two atoms in
such a way that both of the electrons of the bond
are left in association with one of the formerly
bonded atoms.
Examples of these processes include:
the reaction of a sodium atom with a chlorine atom to
form a sodium cation and a chloride anion;
the addition of a hydrogen cation to an ammonia
molecule to form an ammonium cation;
the dissociation of a water molecule to form a hydrogen
cation and a hydroxide anion.
❖ Many crystalline substances are composed of ions held in
regular geometric patterns by the attraction of the
oppositely charged particles for each other.
❖ Ions also migrate, move or transfer under the influence
of an electrical field and are the conductors of electric
current in electrolytic cells.
OXIDATION STATE RULES:
7 basic rules must be followed to effectively assign oxidation
states to a compound. Remember to use the rule that comes
first, if two rules conflict with each other. These rules hold true
for most compounds.
RULE 1: Any individual atom uncombined with other elements
has the oxidation state of 0 (zero).
Ex.) The OS for Ag is 0. The oxidation state for O (oxygen) or
O2 is 0 as long as it is uncombined with any other element.
RULE 2: Total sum of the oxidation state of all atoms in any
given species is equal to the net charge on that species.
a.) In neutral species, the total sum of the oxidation state of
all atoms is 0.
Ex.) The sum of OS for NaCl is 0 since the OS of Na = +1
and the OS of Cl = -1, therefore NaCl total OS = 0
b.) In ions, the total sum of the oxidation state is the charge
of the ion.
Ex.) The OS of Ca2+ (Calcium) is = +2. The total sum of the OS
of all atoms in CrO42- (Chromate ion) is -2. The total sum of the
oxidation states of all atoms in CH3COO- (Acetate ion).
RULE 3: In a compound, the Oxidation state for Group 1(1A)
metal is +1 and for Group 2(2A) metal, the oxidation state is
(+).
Ex.)
• In NaCl, Na has the oxidation state of +1 since it is a
Group 1 Alkali metal. Cl would have an oxidation number
of -1 to make the sum of the oxidation states 0 (Rule 2).
• In MgCl2, Mg has the oxidation state of +2, since it is a
Group 2 Alkaline Earth metal. Cl would have an oxidation
state of -1, and since there are 2 Cl atoms, the overall
charge of the species would again be 0 (Rule 2)
RULE 4: The oxidation state of FLOURINE is -1 in a compound.
Ex.) OS of F is -1 in HF, SF6
RULE 5: The oxidation state of HYDROGEN is +1 in a
compound. Ex.) OS of H is +1 in HI, CH4, NH4
RULE 6: The oxidation state of OXYGEN is -2 in a compound.
Ex.) OS of Oxygen is -2 in OH-, H2O, CO32-
RULE 7: In two-element compounds with metals:

• Group 15(3A) elements have the oxidation state of -3,

• Group 16(6A) elements have the oxidation state of -2; Process of Separating Components of Mixtures
and
• Group 17(7A) elements have the oxidation state of (-1).

Ex.) 1.) Decantation – separating liquids with different

densities.
In MgBr2, Br has the oxidation state of -1, since it is a Group
17 element.

In Li2S, S has the oxidation state of -2, since it is a Group 1

OXIDATION STATE COMPUTATIONS

2.) Distillation – evaporation and then condensation

3.) Evaporation – The process by which an element or

compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous
state below its boiling temp.
4.) Fractional Crystallization – lowering of the temp. so 8.) Centrifugation – speeding up of settling process of a
that more insoluble components crystallize out first. precipitate

5.) Magnetic Separation – separation of magnetic

substances from others.

9.) Chromatography – a physical method of separation that

distributes components to separate between two phases,
one stationary (stationary phase), the other (the mobile
phase) moving in a definite direction.

6.) Filtration – process used to separate solids from liquids

or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to
pass but not the solid.

7.) Sorting – used to separate the parts of a mixture based

on properties such as particle size.
1.)