RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror.Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Optical instruments : Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.REFRACTION THROUGH PLANE, SPHERICAL SURFACE, CRITICAL ANGLE Ans. Ans. ,. Refraction : The phenomenon of change in the path of light as it goes from AND TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Define refraction. State law's of refraction. Normal one transparent medium to anther transparent medium is called refraction, S&e"* Fay ed Lous of refraction 1. The incident ray, the normal to the refracting surface at the point of —fagaom6 | incidence and the refracted ray all ein the same plane. te 2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of A | refraction is constant for any two given media. Its called Snell's law sini Reflected Ray Mathematically, "= Hay Here, 1, i called the relative refractive index of medium 2 (in which the refracted ray travels) wt, medium 1 (in Which the incident ray travels) Define absolute refractive index Itis defined as the ratio of speed of light in vaccum to the speed of light in the medium, Mathematically Define relative refractive index. Itis defined as the ratio of speed of light in frst medium to the speed of light in second medium. Itis denoted by 1,, Here 1, is refractive index of medium °2" wart He _c/¥e Hae = hel, ve State the principle of reversibility of light. Hence prove that | . Principle of reversibility of light. This principle states that if the final path of a ray of light after it has suffered several reflection and refraction is reversed, it retraces its path exactly Consider the path of light ABC, as shown in figure. For the ray going from medium 1 to medium 2. te o ‘The ray is reversed along its own path by a plane mirror placed perpendicular to its path in the denser medium. Then for the ray going form medium 2 to medium 1. | 2 | or = (2) sink * N Mirror Multiplying equation (1) and (2).we get Figure: Principle of reversibility of light sini sine Sint sini. Tap 2 HhAns. (a) Refraction through a rectangul: (@) When a ray of light passes through a parallel slab of transparent medium, show that the angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence. (©) Derive expression for lateral displacement. glass slab : Consider a rectangular glass slab PORS, as shown in figure. A ray AB is incident on the face PQ at an angle of incidence i,. On entering the glass slab it bends towards normal and travels along BC at an angle of refraction r,. The refracted ray BC is incident on face SR at an angle of incidence i,. The emergent ray CD bends away from the normal at an angle of refraction Using Snell’s law for refraction at face PQ. ang 7 74s a * For refraction at face SR, sinig 5 sin (2) Multiplying (1) and (2), we get 7 Leteral ing” sing ' clsplacement ee Figure ‘Refraction through a lass slab. As PQ || SR, therefore, i, = r,, hence sini. sinig sini, | sinig sing» si 7 or sini, = sint ori, =r, ‘Thus the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, but has been laterally displaced with respect to the incident ray. The perpendicular distance between the incident and emergent ray, when light is incident obliquely on a refraction slab with parallel faces, is called lateral shift or lateral displacement (b) Attempt your sel. Fig (a) and (b) show refraction of aray in air incident at 60° with the normal to a glass-air and water-air interface, respectively Predict the angle of refraction in glass when the angle of incidence in water is 45° with the normal toa water-glass interface Fig (c). Given that sin 35° = 0.57, sin 47° = 0.66 and sin” (0.62) = {NCERT] Glass Ar (a) ) Cc) From Fig. (a) 1, sin 60° isin 35° sig, = 38860" _ 0.8660 ‘» * Sin35® 0.57 and from Fig. (b) 41, sin 60° =, sin 47° sin60° _ 0.8660 or 52 too = Sind? 0.66 St Now in Fig. (c), triangle of refraction be r, then Hy,sin 45°OO <= $= PHysics | 7. Obiain a relation between real depth and apparent depth of a tank filled with water. ‘Ans. Consider the image formed of a point object C) situated at the bottom of a tank filled with water as shown in Fig. ‘The image | is virtual image and apparent depth Al is less than real depth AO. For the refraction at B by X sini = py X sine by _sinr __AB/IB Ma ‘AB/OB For the normal view, point B lies close to A so OB = OA and IB = IA . Above relation will change to OA _ _ Real depth of water Haw — ‘Ol ~ Apparent depth of water Real depth of water H Apparent depth = <> Be N 8. A tankis filed with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle Iving at the bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 em, What is the refractive index of water? If water is replaced by aliquid of refractive index 1.63 up to the same height by what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the needle again? INCERT] Ans. Real depth of water = 12.5 cm and apparent depth of water = 9.4 cm Refractive index of water _ nn a ny = 25-133 It oa walt faut, If instead of water we fil the tank with aliquid of refractive index yy = lo A 1.63, then 5 Real depth 125 7.7.4, | | apparent depth = Real depth _ 725 7.7 Hence, the microscope has to be moved upward by a distance 9.4-7.7 = 1.7m. © ° 9. Monochromatic ight of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed of (a) reflected and (b) refracted light? Given that refractive index of water 1.33. ‘Ans. Here wavelength of light in air = 589 nm = 589 x 10”’m = 5.89 x 10”! mand we know that speed of light in ©=3x10°mst () Wavelength of reflected light in air reflected 89 x 107m ‘The speed of reflected light in air Vpehected = € = 3X 10° ms “The frequency ofthe reflected light eT ED10. Ans. 11. Ans. ry 3x10 5.8910 (ii) Wavelength of refracted light in water 5.89107 133 09310", 428x107m = 2.256%10°m s** Frequency of refracted light in water v' =v = 5.093 x 10" Hz (a) Define critical angle. (b) Derive the relation between refractive index of a medium and its critical angle. Rover medium ay | Aivwater { interface Denser ‘medium, Totaly @) refracted ay (a) Its that angle of incidence inside denser medium for which refracted light lie on the interface separating two medium ie. angle of refraction is 90°. Appropriate ray diagram is shown in the adjacent diagram. Apply Snell's law at point A, we get Hy X sin i, = py Sin90° z soa aig Hor Refractive index for rarer medium jt; = 1 (ait) and for denser medium Hy = 1 (Say) ‘Asmall bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water toa depth of 80 cm. Whatis the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is 1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source) INCERT] ‘As shown in Fig. the light rays starting from a point object O (bulb in present case) situated at a depth h from surface of water can spread atthe surface of a cone of semi-vertex angle i equal tothe critical angle of water. Thus, AB =AC =1=htani, t where h= 80cm = 08m But by definition Sini, Ray Optics12. 13. 14. Ans. 15. Ans. 16. 17. Ans. 080.75 1- (0.75 +. Area of water surface through which light can emerge out A= at = 3.14 x (0,907)? = 2.58 m’. 0.907m Light of wavelength 6000 A in air enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. What will be its (a) frequency (b) wavelength in the medium? .- (a) Frequency in medium = Frequency of vacuum 3x108ms 6000107 (b) Wavelength in the medium 2" Give the ratio of velocities of light rays of wavelength 4000 A and 8000 A in vacuum. Both rays of light, will have same velocity so vy : vy = 1: 1 When light undergoes refraction at the surface of separation of two media, what happens to its wavelength? Wavelength changes 2' = *. Iflight enters into an optically denser medium, the wavelength decreases. On entering " into a rarer medium wavelength increases. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35°, respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be minimum? Str = 14, suggest that y will maximum for medium A. Velocity of light in medium A will be minimum as v = sin H Does critical angle depend on colour of ight? Poon Yes, depends 28 jg < wy 80 Cy > Gyles SINC ==] Critical angle will be least for violet colour light and maximum for red light. {@) State the conditions for total internal reflection of light to take place. (©) Calculate the speed oflight in a medium whose critical angle is 45°. | Raver medium {a) Two conditions for total internal reflection to take place are; | a (i) Light ray must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Aq (i) Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle inside the denser medium (©) We know that ; sna18. ‘Ans. On a hot summer day in a desert the air near the ground 19. Explain briefly the formation of mirage in deserts, ‘becomes hotter than air further up. Hotter airis less dense and has smaller refractive index. So, ight froth a tall object, such as a tree, passes through a medium whose refractive index decreases towards the ground. Thus, light ray bends more and more away from the normal, tl the vay is totally intemally reflected. Now the light ray travels towards the observer as shown in Fig. The observer presumes that iti reflected from ground, by a pool of ‘water present there. Such inverted images of distant high objects cause the optical illusion called ‘mirage’ What is an optical fibre? On what principle does it work? Explain, by drawing a ray diagram, how optical fibres transmitlight signals? ‘Ans. Optical fibres consist of many, long high quality composite glass/quarr fibres. Each fibre consists of a core of high 1 refractive index and a cladding of lower refractive index. Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection ‘When a light signals incident on one end of the fibre at a small angle, the light passes inside, undergoes repeated total intemal reflections along the fibre and finally comes out as shown in Fig. The angle of incidence is always greater than the critical angle of the core material with respect to the cladding. Even ifthe fibre is bent, the light signal can easily travel through along the fibre. Core (high) ‘Cladding (low) REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL SURFACE, LENS MAKER FORMULA. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the real image of a point object due to a convex spherical refracting surface, when the ray of light is traveling from a rarer medium of refractive index 11, to a denser medium of refractive index tp Using this diagram derive the relation between object distance (u), image distance (v), radius of curvature (R) ofa convex spherical surface. State the sign convention and the assumptions used. OR Derive the relation between the distance of object, distance of image and radius of curvature of a convex spherical surface, when refraction takes place from a rarer medium of refractive index 1x to a denser medium of refractive index jp and the image produced is real, State assumptions and convention of signs used. ‘Ans. Sign Convention (i) All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical refracting surface. (ii) Distances measured along the direction of incidence of light are taken as positive and the distances measured in a direction opposite to the direction of incidence of light are taken as negative. (ii) Heights upward from principal axis are taken as positive and distances downward from principal axis are taken as negative. Following ray diagram shows formation of image of a point object O due to convex spherical surface, Applies Snells law sini = yp sin and for small angles sin i = i and sin henceForm DOAC in figure, i = 0 + y and from AIAC in figure y = f+ ror my(a + 1) = nly B) ‘Again for a spherical surface of small aperture angles a, fs and y are small, hence AN _ AN a =tana= 05 = 55° and Substituting these values of a, and y in (ii), we have [s AN Hy oP" PC yee OP" PC ~ PC PI ‘As per sign convention followed, OP = ~ u, PC + Rand Pl = + v, hence, equation (ii) becomes Hy th Me oe Ga" GR)= GR) Gv) Which is the relation between object distance u, image distance v and radius R of the given spherical surface. Draw a diagram to show refraction through spherical concave surface and derive the following expression. Het . Refraction at a concave spherical surface when the object lies in the rarer medium. In figure , APB Js a concave refracting surface separating two media of refractive indices yz, and Let P = Pole of the concave surface APB C= Centre of curvature of the concave surface O = Point object placed on the principal axis. 1 = Virtual image of point object O. In ANOG, 7 is an exterior angel, therefore relate Similarly, from ANIC, we have Yeast or r=y-8 refraction at a concave surface when the object lies inthe rarer medium Suppose al the ros are parsil ‘Then the angles iB and y wil be small NM_NM cM CP a=tany kd Ray Optics 73. Deduce lens makers formula fora thin biconvex lens Ans. Consider a point object 8 situated on the principal axis of surfaces have radii of curvature R, and Rp, respectively ‘As shown in figure due to refraction at Ist surface of lens an image I’ is formed for the object O. If OC = u, Cl then applying propersign convention, and using the refraction for- mula at a single spherical surface, we have = i) ‘The image I behaves as a virtual object for refraction at the second surface of the lens and the final real image is formed at |. Thus, for second surface applying refraction formula and applying proper sign convention, we have (ii) fu =, then by definition v = f and, hence, 1a tia 11 oq@,-nfd-2 1-2 =p (i 1 t 11 a2) w This relation is known as lens maker's formula. 1 yi Note : Compare (i) and {iv) we get <-— "2 = ¢. Its the lens formula, 4, Whatis the focal length of a biconvex glass lens of refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature of either surface as, 20cm? +20 em and R, = -20em aa Js f=20em o) 5. How does the focal lenath of a convex lens change if monochromatic red light is used instead of monochromatic, blue light? Ans. ; & (1) Suggest that fy, > fs (jg < Wy) Thus focal length will increase, Tes Tone6. The refractive index of the material of a concave lens is 1; It is immersed in a medium of refractive index Hy. A parallel beam of light is incident on the lens. Trace the path of emergent rays when jip < p He< ity 7. Inthe Fig. path of a parallel beam of light passing through a convex lens of refractive index u, kept in a medium of refractive index iy, is show. Is (i) ly = py OF (i hg < Hy OF Cli by > Hy? ‘Ans. In this case, (i) 4g = tp and hence light rays suffer no deviation at all 8. Inthe Fig, path of a parallel beam of light passing through a convex lens of refractive index 1, kept in a medium of refractive index jis shown. I (i) = Hy OF (Ha < A OF (il) gy > Hs ‘Ans. As the rays after passing through the lens diverge, itis clear that ly < j4p, 9. Allens of focal length f is splitted into two parts as shown in fig . What is the focal length of either part? 9 Ans. Focal length of each partis same as that of original lens. ET10. Alens of focal length fis splitted into two identical halves as shown in fig. What isthe focal length of each half in terms of ". (a) (b) Ans. Focal length of each half part = 26 11. Aconvex lens made of a material of refractive index jis kept in a medium of refractive index 4. A parallel beam of lights incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light emerging from the convex lens if (i) 4 > tp (i) Hy = Hp and (ii) 4 < py ‘Ans. Path of rays of light emerging from the convex lens in different cases is being shown in Fig, fy fy. we Ve me \u, (iu we (ims ne (it) Has 12. double concave lens of glass of refractive index 1.6 has radii of curvature of 40 em and 60 em. Calculate its focal length in ai. Ans. Here n= 1.6, fora double concave lens hence Ry = -40.em and Ry = 60cm From lens maker's formula 40 = f=-40em 13. convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in tum, in (i) medium A of refractive index 1.65. (ii) medium B of refractive index 1.33, Explain, giving reasons, whether it will behave as a converging lens or a diverging lens in each of these two media. ‘Ans. We know that when a convex lens having radi of curvatures R, and Rp and made from glass of refractive index sip is surrounded by a medium of refractive index j, its focal length is given by the relation (a Ya 1) ( ‘la | Since fora convex lens Ry is +e and sve] 1 t (i Itis given that refractive index of glass ig = 1.5 and for medium A the refractive index yy = 1.68. [Ry = #xand R, = -y] Hence,14. 16. Ans. . Ry = +fand Ry . Here Ry = Thus, its clear that the lens in medium A will behave as a diverging lens. 33, we have (ii) In medium B of refractive index iy = 2-2) xy) +ve) x (+ve)= +ve quantity +ve Hence, the lens will behave as a converging lens in the medium B. ‘The radius of curvature of either face of a convex lens is equal to its focal length. What isthe refractive index of its material? Find the focal length of a plano-convex lens, when radius of curved surface is 15 em and u = 1.6. Ry = 15 em, w= 1.6 1 -q6-1f2 f le ‘A double convex lens made of glass of refractive index 1.5 has both radii of curvature of magnitude 20 cm. An object 2 em hig Here 4 = 1.5 and fora double convex lens R, = + 20 cm and Ry = -20 em 05-1135-ae] 20 (20) placed at 10 cm from the lens. Find the position, nature and size of the image. > f=+20em Now size of the object + 20cm, u =~ 10cm tail Fromlensformula [~<- = ¢,we have pea 1 v 10) “2 2 or = 20.em -20 and size ofimage sp2n dem Thus, a virtual and erect image of size 4 em is formed at 20 cm. eT O_O7. Ans. Fig, shows an equi-convex lens (of refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid layer on top of a plane mirror. Asmall needle with its tip on the principal axis is moved along the axis until its inverted image is found at the position of the needle. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be 45.0 em. The liquid is removed and the experiment is repeated. The new distance is measured to be 30.0 an, Whatis the refractive index of the liquid? From the first measurement we get the value of focal length f of the combination of equi-convex lens and a plano-concave liquid lens ie., f = 45.0 cm, From the second measurement we find the focal length f; of the equi-convex|ensi.e., f, =30.0cm If fy be the focal length of plano-concave liquid lens, then 1 7 = f=-90em Using lens maker's formula for equi-convex lens, where 1, 1.50, Ry =+R & Ry =-R.then we get 1 11 1 -w,-1]2-4] 1 (a o A =a5-1/5 30 he 1 2 o 39 7O5*R o R= 30cm Usinglens maker's formula for plano-convex lens R, =-R, R, = »and fy 1 g = -90 30 3 on (hy -1) = 55-033 n= 1.33 Ray Optics EAns. Ans. LENS FORMULA & COMBINATION OF LENSES Draw a ray diagram to show how the image is formed when the object is placed between { and 2f distances from a convex lens Deduce the relation between the distances of the object and the image from the lens and the focal length of the lens under this condition. The ray diagram is shown m Fig. The image A'B' is real, inverted and magnified one As DAB'C and DABC are similar, hence A'BY CB AB CB Again as AAB'F and ALCR are similar, hence A'B' Lc ~ A'B' BF As Lc = AB, hence MB. BE Form (ind (i), we have ce eine ac CBO CF OCF ‘As per sign conventions used, CB = -u, CB’ = + vand CF = +f Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed between the optical centre and principal focus of a convex lens. Deduce the relationship between the object distance, image distance and focal length under the conditions stated. ‘The image formation of an object AB placed between the optical centre C and principal focus F’ of a convex lens has been shown in Fig. The image A'B'is virtual, erect and magnified. As AAB'C and AABC are similar, hence aa. (i ‘AB ~ OB ' ‘Again as AAB'F and ALCF are similar, hence Ag oF (i) Lo “OF ™ " Comparing (i) and (ii), we get OB! _B'F _OB'+OF OB OF OF As persign convention being followed, let or <= wut Dividing both sides by uv,Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed between f and 2f of a thin concave lens. Deduce the relation between the object distance, the image distance and the focal length ofthe lens under this condition. Ans. As \AB'C and AABC are similar, hence AB! _ OB! AB OB ‘Again as AABFF and ALCF are similar, hence AB! _BIF LO” OF ‘As LO = AB, hence we have ae i) LO” OF " Comparing (i) and (i), we get OB’ _OF-0B" 0B (OF ‘As per sign convention being followed, let OB = -u, OB = ~v and OF wy _-ty ey or vi = uf—uv Dividing both sides by vf, we get 4. Allens forms a real image of an object. The distance of the object to the lens is 4 cm and the distance of the image from the lens is v em. The given graph shows the variation of v with u. (i) what is the nature of the lens ? (i) Using this graph, find the focal length of this lens. 20 40 60 80 ‘u(em)—> ‘Ans. (i) As the lens forms a real image, it must be a convex lens. (i) From the graph, when u = 20 cm, we have v = 20 cm, For the convex lens forming a real image, u is negative and v and f are positive. uw =~ 20cm, v = + 20 em. Using thin lens. formula vllaqltoaia fv u 20-20 10 orf=+ 10cmOO <= PHysics | re Ans. Ans. Obtain an expression for focal length of a combination of two thin lenses in contact. Consider two thin lenses A and B of focal lengths f, and fy placed in contact. Let a point object be placed at O, beyond the focus of first lens A. Lens A forms an image atl. This serves as a virtual object for second lens and the final real image is formed at . (i) vou and for the image | formed by the second lens, we have 1 Adding (i) and (i), we have 1. (ii) Ai) If the two lens system is considered as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then 1a aa (w) Comparing (i) and (iv), we find that tee rans ‘The image of a candle is formed by a convex lens on a screen. The lower half of the lens is painted black to make it completely opaque. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation. How will this image be different from the one obtained when the lens is not painted black ? The ray diagram showing image formation is given in Fig, Candle Image Position, nature and size of the image is same when half part of the lens is either painted black or not. However, the intensity of the image is reduced when the lower half of the lens is painted black. A convex lens and a concave lens, each having focal length 50 cm, are placed in contact, What is the focal length and power of the combination? ‘The focal length of the combination is given by the expression leieeas f hh Putting fy = +50 em fy = ~ 50 cm , we get 1 50) 0. Hence f = o em and P = 0D. eT EDi 10. ‘Two thin lenses of power + SD and ~ 3D are in contact. What isthe focal lenath of the combination? Here P =P, +P,=+5-3= 42D Hence, f = Asereen is placed 90 cm from an object. The image of the object on the screen is formed by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. Determine the focal length of the lens. We can obtain two different positions of a convex lens to form the image of a given point object at another fixed point provided that values of u and v are interchanged in two positions. Therefore, as shown in Fig., we have = 90cm =x +20 +x = 2x +20 => x= 35cm L Ly w= + 20)an 6 = xem 20cm $= +20) em ——+ em —___> Hence u, = 85 emand vy = + 850m Tid 1 1 117s Foy uy 55 (35) 55°35 385 or f= 4g =21dem Aliter : D = 90cm, L =20em So focal length of the convex lens p?-1? _ (90/-(207 _ 8100-400 fe 4D 4x90 360 = 21.dem (a) Determine the ‘effective focal length’ of the combination of the two lenses in if they are placed 8.0 cm apart with their principal axes coincident. Does the answer depend on which side of the combination a beam of parallel light is incident ? Is the notion of effective focal length of this system useful at all? (b) An object 1.5 em in size is placed on the side of the convex lens in the arrangement (a) above. The distance between the object and the convex lens is 40 em. Determine the magnification produced by the two-lens system, and the size of the image. ‘Ans. (a) Let a parallel beam be incident frst on convex lens of focal length f = 30 em. Naturally, the beam will get ry focused at a point 1, 30 cm behind convex lens, in the absence of concave lens. ‘However, the image |, behaves as a virtual object for concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Thus, for concave lens u’ 30-8 22 em 1141 114 G28) = 30) > vi 2022 Bap? = APM ‘Thus, an incident parallel bear will appear to diverge from a point I, 220 cm from concave lens (or 216 cm from centre point O of the two lens system).Oo —<<——=———___PHysics | ‘Then let us consider that a parallel beam of light is incident first on the concave lens (Fig.). The beam will appear to diverge froma point, 20 cm behind concave lens, in the absence of convex lens. [now behaves as a real Object, for convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Thus, for convex lens u’ = ~ (20 + 8) = - 28cm ,f= + 30cm 1 roi. vi 28) G30) v" = v =~ 420em ‘Thus, the incident parallel beam will appear to diverge from a point ,420 cm behind convex lens (or 416 cm from centre point O of the two lens system), Thus, itis clear that there is no fixed answer for effective focal length of the combination. Ty L (b) Given that h = 1.5 cm and distance of object from convex lens (f = + 30cm), u = ~40 em pl ee v (-40) “30 > v= 120em Hence for concave lens u’ = + (120-8) = + 112 cm and’ = -20 em 11 1oiiid 24,3em v.13) “C27 Ve 20 > Thus, a real image is formed 24.3 cm behind concave lens. 40 3 Hence, magnification produced by convex lens m, =~ and magnification produced by concave lens m, =~ «, Total magnification of image m = my X mp = 3 x (0.22) = -0.66 Size of image h' = mh = - 0.66 x 1.5 = - 1m ve sign shows that the image is an inverted image. 11. A beam of light converges at a point P Now a lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from P.At what point does the beam converge: if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20cm, and (b) aconcave lens of focal length 16 em? [CBSE 2006, NCERT] ‘Ans. Here the lens has been placed in the path of the convergent beams before its actual converging, it means that the object is situated on the right side of lens, ie., u = + 12 cm (a) Ifthe lens is convex, then f = + 20.cm, ae 20 pele o 127 20 60 v= Do75, * 8