Introduction to Computer

Networks
Lecture by:

Lohith J. J.
Text Book
• Computer Networks-Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
3rd Edition, PHI.
Reference Books
• Data Communications & Networking-Behrouz
A. Forouzan, 4th Edition, TMH.
• Communication Networks-Leon Garcia &
Indira Widjaja, 2nd Edition, TMH.
 Definition
• Interconnected collection of two or more
autonomous computers.
• Two or more computers are said to be
connected only if they can exchange
information (data) among themselves.
• The word data refers to information
presented in whatever form agreed upon by
the parties creating and using the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium.
Overview
Five Components of Data
Communication
Data Flow
 Data Representation

• Binary
• Decimal
• Hexadecimal
simplex
Half-duplex
Full duplex
 Networks
• Distributed Processing

• Network Criteria

• Physical Structures

• Categories of Networks
Point-to-point
Multi-point
 LAN (Local Area Network)

• 10m-1km distance
• Room,building,campus
• 10Mbps-100Mbps
• Size-restricted
• Transmission technology-Cables
• Topology-bus,ring
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

• 10km-100km distance
• City
• Eg:Cable television N/W
 WAN (Wide Area Network)

• 100km-10000km distance
• Country,continent,planet
• Eg: Internet
 Message Switching
• Eg: Telegraph n/ws
• Transmit text messages over long distances
• Text message is convereted to codes
• Morse codes
• Uses the concept of store-and-forward
• Header contains destination address
 Circuit Switching
• Eg: Telephone n/ws
• 2-way transmission of voice signals across a
network
• Early days-dedicated lines
• Now-switches

Packet Switching
 Eg: Internet
 Shared media n/ws
• Same media can share all the resources
• Eg: printers, scanners etc

Switching n/ws
 A switching element is used to route the information to
the relevant output
 Broadcast
• Single communication channel shared by all
machines
• One msg/packet is sent/received by all others
in the network
• One sender many receivers

Point-to-Point
 One sender one receiver
 Msg has to visit an intermediate station before reaching
the destination
 Uses of Computer Networks
• Business applications
• Home applications
• Mobile applications
• Social issues
 Business Applications
• Resource sharing
– Web, email
– Printers, scanners, CD burners
– Run application programs
• E-commerce
– Airlines, bookstores, music vendors, shopping from home
• Client-Server model
– Client host requests, receives service from always-on
server
– Eg: web browser/server, email client/server
 Home Applications
• Access to remote information
– Using www, instant messaging, email
• Interactive entertainment
– Video on-demand, online games, live television
• Person-to-Person communication
– Every person can communicate with 1 or more other
people; there is no fixed division into clients and servers
 Mobile Applications
• Mobile computers-notebook computers, PDAs
(Personal Digital Assistants)
• Wireless n/ws-fleet management systems

Social Issues
 Newsgroups or bulletin boards
 Many political,religious,ethical & social issues can be
dealt
Protocols and Standards
Protocols

Standards

Standards Organizations

Internet Standards
 OSI Reference Model
• THE OSI MODEL
• Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects
of network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
• ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
• OSI is a layered model for the design of network
systems that allows communication between
different systems regardless of their architecture.
Figure OSI model
Exchange using OSI Model
 The physical layer is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.

Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.

Representation of bits.
Data Rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
Physical Layer
The data link layer is responsible for
transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
Framing

Physical Addressing

Flow control

Error control

Access control
Data link layer
Node-to-node delivery
Example 1
In Figure 2.8 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link. At the data link level this frame
contains physical addresses in the header. These are the
only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains
other information needed at this level. The trailer usually
contains extra bits needed for error detection
Example 1
The network layer is responsible for
the delivery of packets from the
original source to the
final destination.
Other characteristics are
Logical Addressing
Routing
Network layer
Source-to-destination delivery
Example 2
In Figure (a) we want to send data from a node with
network address A and physical address 10, located on
one LAN, to a node with a network address P and
physical address 95, located on another LAN. Because
the two devices are located on different networks, we
cannot use physical addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local jurisdiction. What we need here
are universal addresses that can pass through the LAN
boundaries. The network (logical) addresses have this
characteristic.
Figure (a) Example 2
 The transport layer is responsible for
delivery of a message from one process
to another.
Service-point addressing

Segmentation and reassembly

Connection control

Flow control

Error Control
Figure Transport layer
Figure (d) Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Example 3
Figure (d) shows an example of transport layer
communication. Data coming from the upper layers have
port addresses j and k (j is the address of the sending
process, and k is the address of the receiving process).
Since the data size is larger than the network layer can
handle, the data are split into two packets, each packet
retaining the port addresses (j and k). Then in the network
layer, network addresses (A and P) are added to each
packet.
Figure Example 3
 Session Layer

The Session layer is the network dialog controller. Other

responsibilities include
Dialog control
Synchronization: Allowing a process to add check points or
synchronization points, to a stream of data
 Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer is concerned with the
syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between two systems. Other
responsibilities include:
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
 The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
The application layer enables the user to access the network.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such as
electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database
management and other distributed information services.
Specific services provided by application layer include:
Network virtual terminal
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services
Figure Application layer