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Module 3: A World of Regions  


 
Table of Contents 
 
Introduction 1 
Paulinian Essential Elements 2 
Paulinian A rmation 2 

Topic 1: Global Divides: The North and the South 3 


Learning Outcomes 3 
Learning Activities 3 
Processing and Formation 3 
The Global South 3 
First, Second, Third, and Fourth World Countries 6 
Concepts of Global Relations 7 
Synthesis 9 
Assessments 10 
Assignments 12 

Topic 2: Asian Regionalism 13 


Learning Outcomes 13 
Learning Activities 13 
Activity: Let’s Take a Look! 13 
Introduction 14 
Processing and Formation 15 
What Is Regionalization? 15 
What Is Regionalism? 16 
Synthesis 20 
Assessments 21 
Assignments 24 

Re ection Guide 24 

Expanded Opportunities 25 

References 25 
 
 
 

 
   

Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 

  Introduction 

 
 
Governments,  associations,  societies,  and  groups  form  regional  organizations  and/or 
networks  as  a  way  of  coping  with  the  challenges  of  globalization.  Globalization  has  made 
people  aware  of  the  world  in  general,  but  it  has  also  made  Filipinos  more  cognizant  of 
specific  areas  such  as Southeast Asia. How, for instance, did the Philippines come to identify 
itself  with  the  Southeast  Asian  region?  Why  is  it  part  of  a  regional  grouping  known  as  the 
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)? 
 
While  regionalism  is  often  seen  as  a  political  and  economic phenomenon, the term actually 
encompasses  a  broader  area.  It  can  be  examined  in  relation  to  identities,  ethics,  religion, 
ecological  sustainability,  and  health.  Regionalism  is  also  a  process,  and  must  be  treated  as 
an  “emergent,  socially  constituted  phenomenon.”  It  means  that  regions  are  not  natural  or 
given;  rather,  they  are  constructed and defined by policy makers, economic, and even social 
movements. 
 
This  module  will  look  at  regions as political entities and examine what brings them together 
as  they  interlock  with  globalization.  The  other  facets  of  regionalism  will  then  be  explored, 
especially  those  that  pertain  to  identities,  ethics,  religion,  ecological  sustainability,  and 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
heath.  The  module  will  include  asking  where  all  these  regionalisms  are  bringing  us  as 
members of a nation and as citizens of the world.  
 

  Paulinian Essential Elements 


 
Cutting-Edge, Resilient Visionaries, and Innovators who 
● stay  abreast  of  emerging  social  and  technological  trends  and  proactively  pursue 
fruitful ways of capitalizing on them, and 
● devise  and  carry  out  programs  and  strategies  that  drive  society  toward  consciously 
preserving and improving the viability of our planet’s eco- and social support system. 
  
Dedicated Transformative Supporters and Stewards of All Creation who 
● promote  and  actively  participate  in  initiatives  that  benefit  and  directly  support  the 
right of all creatures to exist and flourish, 
● devise  and  carry  out  program  and  strategies  that  drive  society  toward  consciously 
preserving  and  improving  the  viability  of  our  planet’s  eco-  and  social  support 
systems, 
● mobilize  others  in  advocating  and  implementing  public  policies  and  programs  that 
foster peace, justice, solidarity, and respect for life and cultures, and 
● act  decisively  to  inform  and  lead  others  to  ways  of  tangibly  reducing  environmental 
problems and improving the quality of life in their local and larger communities. 
 

  Paulinian A rmation 
“As  a  Christ-centered  Paulinian,  I  am  a  reliable,  productive  expert,  and  implementer, 
competently pursuing my mission in life.” 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 

Topic 1: Global Divides: The North and the South   


 

  Learning Outcomes 
During the learning engagement, you should be able to 
● define the term Global South, 
● differentiate  the  North  (First  World  Countries)  and  the  South  (Third  World  Countries), 
and 
● analyze  how  a  new  conception  of  global  relations  emerged  from  the  experiences  of 
Latin American countries. 
 

  Learning Activities 
 
Processing and Formation 
 
The Global South 
The  Global  South  as  a  critical  concept has three primary definitions. First, it has traditionally 
been  used  within  intergovernmental  development  organizations—primarily  those  that 
originated  in  the  Non-Aligned  Movement—to  refer  to  economically  disadvantaged 
nation-states  and  as  a  post-cold  war  alternative  to  “Third  World.”  However,  in  recent  years 
and  within  a  variety  of  fields,  the  Global  South  is  employed  in  a  post-national  sense  to 
address spaces and peoples negatively impacted by contemporary capitalist globalization. 
 
In  this  second  definition,  the  Global  South  captures  a  deterritorialized  geography  of 
capitalism’s  externalities  and  means  to  account  for  subjugated  peoples  within  the  borders 
of  wealthier  countries,  such  that  there  are  economic  Souths  in  the  geographic  North  and 
Norths  in  the  geographic  South.  While  this  usage  relies  on  a  longer  tradition  of  analysis  of 
the  North’s  geographic  Souths—wherein  the  South  represents  an  internal  periphery  and 
subaltern  relational  position—the  epithet  “global”  is  used  to  unhinge  the  South  from  a 
one-to-one relation to geography. 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
It  is  through  this  deterritorial  conceptualization  that  a  third  meaning  is  attributed  to  the 
Global  South  in  which  it  refers  to  the  resistant  imaginary  of  a transnational political subject 
that  results  from a shared experience of subjugation under contemporary global capitalism. 
This  subject  is  forged  when  the  world’s  "Souths"  recognize  one  another  and  view  their 
conditions  as  shared  (López  2007;  Prashad  2012).  The  use  of  the  Global  South  to  refer  to a 
political  subjectivity  draws  from  the  rhetoric  of  the  so-called  Third  World  Project,  or  the 
non-aligned  and  radical  internationalist  discourses  of  the  cold  war. In this sense, the Global 
South  may productively be considered a direct response to the category of postcoloniality in 
that  it  captures  both  a  political  collectivity  and  ideological  formulation  that  arises  from 
lateral  solidarities  among  the  world’s  multiple Souths and moves beyond the analysis of the 
operation  of power through colonial difference towards networked theories of power within 
contemporary global capitalism. 
 
Critical  scholarship  that  falls  under  the  rubric  of  Global  South  Studies  is  invested  in  the 
analysis  of  the  formation  of  a Global South subjectivity, the study of power and racialization 
within  global  capitalism  in  ways  that  transcend  the  nation-state  as  the  unit  of  comparative 
analysis,  and  in  tracing  both  contemporary  South-South  relations—or  relations  among 
subaltern  groups  across  national,  linguistic,  racial,  and  ethnic  lines—as  well  as the histories 
of those relations in prior forms of South-South exchange. 
 

Remember 
 
Major Differences between Global North and Global South 
 

Global North  Global South 

● Less population  ● Large population 


● High wealth  ● Low wealth 
● HIgh standard of living  ● Low standard of living 
● High industrial  ● Low industrial 
development  development 
● Industry  ● Agriculture 
 

 
 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 

 
 

  Global North    Global South 

 
The  terms  "Global  North"  and  "Global  South"  divide  the  world  in  half  both  geographically. 
The  Global  North  contains  all  countries  north  of  the  Equator  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere 
and  the  Global  South  holds  all  of  the  countries  south  of  the  Equator  in  the  Southern 
Hemisphere.  This  classification  groups  the  Global  North  into  the  rich  northern  countries, 
and  the  Global  South  into  the  poor  southern  countries.  This  differentiation  is  based  on the 
fact  that  most  of  the  developed  countries  are  in  the  north  and  most  of  the  developing  or 
underdeveloped countries are in the south. 
 
The  issue  with  this  classification  is  that  not  all  countries  in  the  Global  North  can  be  called 
"developed," while some of the countries in the Global South can be called developed. In the 
Global  North,  some  examples of the developing countries include: Haiti, Nepal, Afghanistan, 
and  many  of  the  countries  in  northern  Africa.  In  the  Global  South,  some  examples  of  the 
well-developed countries include: Australia, South Africa, and Chile. 
 

 
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First, Second, Third, and Fourth World Countries 

  First World    Second World    Third World 

 
The  world  is divided into those countries that are industrialized, have political and economic 
stability,  and  have  high levels of human health, and those countries that do not. The way we 
identify  these  countries  has changed and evolved over the years as we have moved through 
the  Cold  War-era  and  into  the  modern  age;  however,  it  remains  that  there  is  no consensus 
as to how we should classify countries by their development. 
 
The  designation  of  "Third  World"  countries  was  created  by  Alfred  Sauvy,  a  French 
demographer,  in  an  article  that  he  wrote  for  the  French  magazine,  L'Observateur  in  1952, 
after  World  War  II  and  during  the  Cold  War-era.  The  terms  "First  World,"  "Second  World," 
and  "Third  World"  countries  were  used  to  differentiate  between  democratic  countries, 
communist  countries,  and  those  countries  that  did  not  align with democratic or communist 
countries.  The  terms  have  since  evolved  to  refer  to  levels  of  development,  but  they  have 
become  outdated  and  are  no  longer  used  to  distinguish  between  countries  that  are 
considered developed versus those that are considered developing. 
 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
First World 
 
This  described  the  NATO  (North  Atlantic  Treaty 
Organization)  countries  and  their  allies,  which  were 
democratic,  capitalist,  and  industrialized.  The  First 
World  included  most  of  North  America  and  Western 
Europe, Japan, and Australia. 
 
 
Second World 
This described the communist-socialist states. These 
countries  were,  like  First  World  countries, 
industrialized.  The  Second  World  included  the 
Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. 
 
Third World 
 
This  described  those  countries  that  did  not  align  with 
either  the  First  World  or  Second  World  countries  after 
World  War  II  and  are  generally  described  as 
less-developed  countries.  The  Third World included the 
developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 
 
 
Concepts of Global Relations 
 
Major Premise 
The  underdevelopment of certain states/ peoples and their lack of representations in Global 
Political process is a reality. 
 
Prevalent 
Imbalances  of  the  Aggregate  Economics  and  political  power  between  states  Interstates 
dimensions.  
 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
Multinational vs. Transnational 

Multinational  Transnational 

● Multinational companies own a  ● Transnational companies do not 


home company and its  have subsidiaries but just many 
subsidiaries.  companies. 
● Multinational Companies have a  ● Transnational companies do not 
centralized management system.  have a centralized management 
● Multinational companies will face  system. 
a barrier in decision making due  ● Transnational companies are able 
to its centralized management  to gain more interest in the local 
system.  markets since they maintain their 
own systems. 
 
Major Lenses: International Relationship: 
● Realism 
● Marxism 
● Liberalism Constructivism 
● Postmodernism 
 
Locating the Global South (by Lisandro Claudio) 
● The Starbucks and Shanty 
● There are markers of global interconnectedness, even global modernity 
● There are Starbucks branches in Melbourne and Manila, New York and New Delhi 
● All the branches look more or less the same. 
● The  sameness  represents  the  cultural  homogenization  that  many  critics  have 
associated with globalization 
● In  Manila  and  New  Delhi,  there  is  a  good  chance  that  upon  leaving  the  coffee  shop, 
you  will  meet  a child beggar in tattered clothes or walk a block or two, with you latter 
hot, you will find a shanty town. 
 
Globalism (Steger) 
Global  economic  integration  is  not  only  inevitable  given  the  rise  of  the  new  technologies: it 
is, more importantly, a normative international goal. 
 
 
 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
Civilization Discourse 
Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international order. 
 
Modernization Theory (Rostow) 
Outlined  the  historical  progression  terms  of  a  society’s  capacity  to  produce  and  consume 
material goods. 
 
Process Questions 
1. What are the major differences between Global South and Global North? 
 

 
 
 
2. What are the three world countries? Explain. 
 

 
 
 
3. How do you define and differentiate multinational and transnational? 
 

 
 
 
Synthesis 
● The  world  is  divided  into  those  countries  that  are  industrialized,  have  political  and 
economic  stability,  and  have  high  levels  of  human  health,  and  those  countries  that 
do  not.  The  way  we  identify  these  countries has changed and evolved over the years 
as  we  have  moved  through  the  Cold  War-era  and  into  the  modern  age;  however,  it 
remains  that  there  is  no  consensus  as  to  how  we  should  classify  countries  by  their 
development status. 
● The  terms  "First  World,"  "Second  World,"  and  "Third  World"  countries  were  used  to 
differentiate  between  democratic  countries,  communist  countries,  and  those 
countries  that  did  not  align  with  democratic  or  communist  countries.  First  World 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
countries  and  their  allies,  which  were  democratic,  capitalist,  and  industrialized. 
Second  World  described  the  communist-socialist  states.  These  countries  were,  like 
First  World  countries,  industrialized.  Third  World  described  those  countries  that  did 
not align with either the First World or Second World countries after World War II and 
are generally described as less-developed countries.  
● The  terms  "Global  North"  and  "Global  South"  divide  the  world  in  half  both 
geographically.  The  Global  North  contains  all  countries  north  of  the  Equator  in  the 
Northern  Hemisphere  and  the  Global  South  holds  all  of  the  countries  south  of  the 
Equator  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  The  issue  with  this  classification  is  that  not  all 
countries  in  the  Global  North  can  be called "developed," while some of the countries 
in  the  Global  South  can  be  called  developed.  Major  Premise  the  underdevelopment 
of  certain  states/  peoples  and  their  lack  of  representations  in  the  Global  Political 
process is a reality.  
● The  two  concepts  of  global  relationship  are  major  premises  and  prevalent.  Major 
Premise  the  underdevelopment  of  certain  states/  peoples  and  their  lack  of 
representations  in  the  Global  Political  process  is  a  reality.  Prevalent  imbalances  of 
the  Aggregate  Economics  and political power between states Interstates dimensions. 
The  International  relationships  are  realism,  Marxism,  Liberalism  Constructivism, and 
Postmodernism. 
 

  Assessments 
Direction: Encircle the correct answer. 
 
1. It  described  the  communist-socialist  states.  These  countries  were,  like  First  World 
countries, industrialized. 
A. First World 
B. Second World 
C. Third World 
 
 
 
 

 
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2. Included the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America 
A. First World 
B. Second World 
C. Third World 
 
3. Described  the  NATO  (North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization)  countries  and  their  allies, 
which were democratic, capitalist, and industrialized 
A. First World 
B. Second World 
C. Third World 
 
4. Global  economic  integration  is  not  only  inevitable  given  the  rise  of  the  new 
technologies: it is, more importantly, a normative international goal. 
A. Global North 
B. Globalism 
C. Global South 
 
5. These divide the world in half both geographically. 
A. First World, Second World 
B. Third World, First World 
C. Global South, Global North 
 
6. Imbalances  of  the  Aggregate  Economics  and  political  power  between  states 
Interstates dimensions. 
A. Prevalent 
B. Globalism 
C. Global South 
 
7. Contains all countries north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere 
A. Global North 
B. Global South 
C. Southern Hemisphere 
 

 
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8. Holds all of the countries south of the Equator in the Southern Hemisphere 
A. Global North 
B. Southern Hemisphere 
C. Global South 
 
9. Major Lenses: International Relationship 
A. Global North, Global South, North Hemisphere   
B. Realism, Marxism, Liberalism Constructivism, Postmodernism 
C. First World, Second World, Third World  
 
10. The  designation  of  "Third  World"  countries  was  created  by____________  a  French 
demographer,  in  an  article  that  he  wrote  for  the  French  magazine,  L'Observateur  in 
1952, after World War II and during the Cold War-era. 
A. Alfred Sauvy   
B. Lisandro Claudio   
C. Steger 
 

  Assignments 
A. Do advance reading on the following topics: 
1. Globalization and Regionalization in Asia  
2. Confronting the Challenges of Globalization 
 
B. The students will answer the following questions: 
1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization? 
2. What  is  the  difference  between  state-to-state  regionalism  and  non-estate 
regionalism? 
3. What triggers various regionalist projects? 
4. Do  globalization  and  regionalization  converge?  How  and  when  do  they 
converge?  
5. In  your  opinion,  what  is  the  most  pressing  concern  that  developing countries 
should address globalization? How should it be addressed? 
 

 
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Topic 2: Asian Regionalism   


 

  Learning Outcomes 
During the learning engagement, you should be able to 
● explain what is regionalization and differentiate it from globalization, 
● explain the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism, and 
● determine  and  explain  how  different  ASEAN  states  confront  the  challenges  of 
globalization and regionalization. 
 

  Learning Activities 
 

Activity: Let’s Take a Look!   10 minutes 


Direction:  Encircle  the  10  words  listed  below.  Words  run  horizontally,  vertically,  and 
backwards. 

 
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Horizontal  Vertical 

   

   

   

   

   
 
Introduction 
 
The  inexorable  forces  of  globalization 
and  regionalization  have reshaped the 
world  economic  landscape  over  the 
past  quarter  century. Global trade and 
financial  flows  have  registered 
unprecedented  growth  during  this 
period.  Intra-regional  economic 
linkages  have  also  become  much 
stronger with the proliferation of regional trade agreements and common currency areas.  
 
These  developments  have  appeared  to  affect  the  evolution  of  global  and  regional business 
cycles  for  example,  despite  the  presence  of  strong global trade and financial linkages, there 
were  significant  unexpected  ways.  For  variation  in  growth  performance  across  different 
regions  during  the  2008-2009  financial  crisis.  Specifically,  some regions (e.g., Asia) exhibited 
surprising  resilience  during  the  worst  of  the  financial  crisis  and  rapidly  returned  to  high 
growth  whereas  some  others  (e.g.,  North  America  and  Europe)  experienced  deep  and 
prolonged contractions. 

 
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Processing and Formation 


 
What Is Regionalization? 
The  process  of  dividing  an  area  into  smaller  segments  called  regions.  One  of  the  more 
obvious  examples  of  regionalization  is  the  division  of  a  nation  into  states  or  provinces. 
Businesses  also  use  regionalization  as  a  management  tool  and  a  way  to  make  certain  that 
needs unique to particular areas are met. 
 
Regionalization  can be defined as a politico-administrative process by which regions emerge 
as  relevant  units  of  analysis  for  economic  and  political  activity  and  welfare  and  service 
provision.  In  many  cases  this  notion  of  regionalization  can  be  equated  to  notions  of 
‘regionalization from above’ regions being the objects of governmental reforms. 
 
The  concept  of  regionalization  is  reserved  for  more  spontaneous  processes  of  region 
formation  by different actors – state or non-state and there are still a lot of other answers to 
regions  and  regionalization  depending  on  EU  politics  and  Funding  policy,  political  and 
spatial planning systems, societal –geographical habits and activities of people, etc. 
 
Dimensions of Regionalization 
 

 
 

 
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Differences between Regionalization and Globalization 
 
Nature  
Globalization  promotes  the  integration  of  economies  across  state  borders  all  around  the 
world  but, regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller 
segments. 
 
Market 
Globalization  allows  many  corporations  to  trade  on  an  international  level  so it allows a free 
market but in a regionalized system, monopolies are more likely to develop. 
 
Cultural & Societal relations 
Globalization  accelerated  multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but 
regionalization does not support this.  
 
Aid 
The  international  community  is  also  more  willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by 
a  natural  disaster  but,  a  regionalized  system  does  not  get  involved  in  the  affairs  of  other 
areas.  
 
Technological advances 
Globalization  has  driven  great  advances  in  technology  but  advanced  technology  is  rarely 
available in one country or region. 
 
What Is Regionalism? 
Regionalism  is  defined  as  a  political  ideology  that  favors  a  specific  region  over  a  greater 
area.  It  usually  results  due  to political separations, religious geography, cultural boundaries, 
linguistic  regions,  and  managerial  divisions.  Regionalism  emphasizes  on  developing  the 
administrative  power  and  swaying  the  available  or some inhabitants of a region. Activists of 
regionalism  claim  that  instituting  the  governing  bodies  and  civil  authorities  within  an  area, 
at  the  expense  of  a  national  regime,  will  significantly  increase  local  populations  by 
improving  the  local  economies  through  the  distribution  of  resources  and  execution of local 
policies and strategies. 

 
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Differences between Regionalism, Autonomism, and Nationalism 
The  three  terms  usually  are  interconnected  concepts  but  they  differ  in  their  meanings  and 
in  some  cases,  they  are  antonyms to each other. For example regionalism in Spain is said to 
have  strong  association  with  nationalism.  On  the  other  hand,  in  Italy  regionalism  means 
federalism  but  is  the  antonym  of  “nationalism.”  Federalism  is  well-defined  as  the 
distribution  of  power  in  a  government  among  a  central authority and the component units; 
this  is  criminal  behavior  and  is  thus  the  complete  opposite  of  nationalism.  Movements  or 
parties  that  are  championing  for  liberation  repeatedly  demand  for  autonomy.  Therefore 
autonomism  can  be  defined  as  a  movement  or  belief  towards  self-governance.  There  are 
several regional parties across the globe, but the most recognized ones include the Coalition 
Avenir  Quebec  and  Parti  Québécois  located  in  Quebec,  Canada  and  the National Liberation 
Movement of Angola. 
 
It  is  not  necessarily  that  political  parties  that  are  regional  are  always  campaigning  for 
greater  autonomy  or  federalism.  Most  of  these  parties  mostly  cannot  get  enough  votes  to 
form  a  government  or  be  politically  influential.  They,  therefore,  create  coalitions  or  seek  to 
be  part  of the government. In most nations, the advance of regionalist legislation might be a 
preface  to  additional  demands  for  bigger  autonomy  and  even  full  split-up,  especially  when 
tribal, traditional and financial differences are present. 
 

Remember 
 
What Are the Merits of Regionalism? 
Since  regionalism  is  a  political  ideology  that  only  favors a specific 
region,  its  impact  may  affect  the  entire  society  or  just  a  segment 
of  the  community.  Regionalism  can  impact  a  region’s  economy 
through  various  ways.  A  well-formulated  trade  bloc  can  raise 
productivity  and  economic  welfare  in  its  associate  countries  by 
enhancing  consumer  choice  and  growing  the  competition  that 
producers  encounter.  Dropping  tariff  barriers  expands  markets 
and  gives  more  efficient  producers  access  into states where their 
prices  had  been  exaggerated  by  duties  and  other  trade  barriers. 

 
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However,  it  is  important  to  note  that  trade  blocs  easily  add  up 
instead of removing distortions and trade efficiency. 
 
In  regionalism,  it  is  essential  to  note that economic profits do not 
only  come  from trade as some benefits may also come as a result 
of  cooperation  in  investment  and  financial  activities.  Economic 
impacts  of  regionalism  can  be  categorized  into  different  classes, 
those  effects  arising  from  trade, effects arising due to investment 
and  monetary  cooperation.  Trade-related  consequences  have  its 
positive  impact  in  that  regional  integration  entails  the  promotion 
of  free  trade  among  the  associate  countries  of  a  local 
organization.  The  main  reason  for  the  benefits  from  trade  is that 
the  universal,  unrestricted  trade  permits  buyers  and 
organizations  to  buy  from  the  cheapest  source  of  supply;  this 
ensures  that  production  is  located  according  to  comparative 
advantage. 

 
Advantages and Disadvantages of Regionalism 

Advantages  Disadvantages 

● More practical and feasible –  ● Undermine the multilateral 


Everybody would agree that  system – Countries may lose 
multilateral agreements are the  interest in the multilateral system 
preferred instruments for liberating  when they engage actively in 
international trade. Such agreements  regional initiatives. The slow pace of 
ensure a non-discriminatory  multilateral negotiations has given 
approach which provides political  a greater importance to bilateral 
and economic benefits for all.   and regional trade negotiation.   
   
● Promote freer trade – Regional  ● Geopolitical impact – Extensive 
agreements promote free trade.  and intensive regional ties may lead 
Further regionalism has contributed  to conflicts that range beyond 
to both internal and international  economics to broader shares of 
dynamics that enhance rather than  international relations.  
reduce the prospect of global   
liberation.    
   

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 

● Contribute to multilateralism –  ● Prevents developing countries 


They seem to be contradictory but  from active participation – The 
often regional trade agreements can  volume of RTA activity stretches 
actually support the WTO’s  negotiation capacities to their limit, 
multilateral trading system. Regional  and in case of developing countries, 
agreements have allowed groups of  prevents them from actively 
countries to negotiate rules and  participating in all proceedings 
commitments that go beyond what   
was possible at the time  ● Hurt the interest of others – 
multilaterally.  Under some circumstances regional 
  trading systems could hurt trade 
● Demonstration effect – Regional  interests of other countries. 
initiatives can accustom officials,  Normally, setting up a customs 
governments and nations to the  union or free trade area would 
liberation process. Learning by doing  violate the WTO’s principle of equal 
applies to trade liberation as well as  treatment for all trading partners 
to economic development.   that is “must-favored” nation 
  agreement. 
● Demonstration effect – Regional 
initiatives can accustom officials, 
governments and nations to the 
liberation process. Learning by doing 
applies to trade liberation as well as 
to economic development.  
 
Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism 
Today,  regionalism  faces  multiple challenges, the most serious of which is the resurgence of 
militant  nationalism  and  populism.  The  refusal  to  dismantle  NATO  after  the  collapse  of  the 
Soviet  Union  for  example,  has  become  the  basis  of  the  anti-NATO has become problematic 
after  Donald  Trump  demonized  the  organization  as  simply  leeching  off  American  military 
power without giving anything in return. 
 
Perhaps  the  most  crisis-ridden  regional  organization  of  today  is  the  European  Union.  The 
continuing  financial  crisis  of  the  region  is  forcing  countries  like  Greece  to  consider  leaving 
the  Union  to  gain  more  flexibility  in  their  economic  policy.  Anti-immigrant  sentiment  and  a 
populist  campaign  against  Europe  have  already  led  to  the  United  Kingdom  voting  to  leave 
the European Union in a move the media has termed the “Brexit.” 
 

 
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A  final  challenge  pertains  to  differing  visions  of  what  regionalism  should  be  for.  Western 
governments  may  see regional organizations not simply as economic formations but also as 
instruments  of  political  democratization.  Non-Western  and  developing  societies,  however 
may have a different view regarding globalization, development and democracy. 
 
Process Questions 
1. How regionalism is different from and yet part of globalization? 
 

 
 
 
2. Do globalization and regionalization converge? How and when do they converge? 
 

 
 
 
3. In  your  opinion,  what  is  the  most  pressing  concern that developing countries should 
address globalization? How should it be addressed? 
 

 
 
 
 
Synthesis 
● Official  regional  associations  now  cover  vast  swaths  of  the  world.  The  population  of 
the  countries  that  joined  the  Asia  Pacific  Economic  Council  (APEC)  alone  comprised 
37%  of  the  world’s  population  in  2007.  These  countries  are  also  part  of  “smaller” 
organizations  that  include  the  Association  of  Southeast  Asian  Nations,  the  Shanghai 
Cooperation  Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Caribbean 
and  Pacific  Group  of  States  and  the  Union  of  South  American  Nations.  Even  the 
“isolationist”  North  Korea  is  part  of  the  Regional  Forum  which  discusses  security 
issues in the region.  

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
● In  the  same  way  the  countries  will  find  it  difficult  to  reject  all  forms  of  global 
economic  integration,  it  will  also  be  hard  for  them  to  turn  their  backs  on  their 
regions.  Even  if  the  UK  leaves  the  EU,  it  must  continue  to  trade  with  its  immediate 
neighbors  and  will,  therefore,  be forced to implement many EU rules. None of this to 
say  that  regional  organizations  will  remain  unaltered.  The  history  of  regionalism 
shows  that  regional  associations  emerge  as  new  global concerns arise. The future of 
regionalism  will  be  contingent  on  the  immense  changes  in  global  politics  that  will 
emerge in the 21st century. 
 
● In  regionalism,  it  is  essential  to  note  that  economic  profits  do  not  only  come  from 
trade  as  some  benefits  may  also  come  as  a  result  of  cooperation  in  investment  and 
financial  activities.  Economic impacts of regionalism can be categorized into different 
classes,  those  effects  arising  from  trade,  effects  arising  due  to  investment  and 
monetary  cooperation.  Trade-related  consequences  have  its  positive  impact  in  that 
regional  integration  entails  the  promotion  of  free  trade  among  the  associate 
countries  of  a  local  organization.  The  main  reason  for the benefits from trade is that 
the  universal,  unrestricted  trade  permits  buyers  and  organizations  to  buy  from  the 
cheapest  source  of  supply;  this  ensures  that  production  is  located  according  to 
comparative advantage. 
 

  Assessments 
Direction:  Choose  the  correct  answer  from  the  given  options  and  encircle  the  letter  of  your 
choice. 
 
1. It is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.  
A. Regionalism 
B. Globalization 
C. Regionalization 
D. Rejoining 
 
 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
2. It is defined as a political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area. 
A. Globalism 
B. Regionalization 
C. Political Converge 
D. Regionalism 
 
3. It  is  well  defined  as  the  distribution  of  power  in  a  government  among  a  central 
authority and the component units; this is criminal behavior and is thus the complete 
opposite of nationalism. 
A. Liberalism 
B. Federalism 
C. Democracy 
D. Politics 
 
4. These are the advantages of regionalism, except 
A. Geopolitical Impact 
B. Promoting Freer Trade 
C. More Practical and Feasible 
D. Positive Political Effect 
 
5. These are the disadvantages of regionalism, except 
A. Demonstration Effect 
B. Hurting the Interest of Others 
C. Geopolitical Impact 
D. Undermine the Multilateral System 
 
6. Emergence of institutions and administrative machinery 
A. Institutional dimension 
B. Symbolic dimension 
C. Territorial dimension 
D. Establishment 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
7. Globalization  accelerated  multiculturalism  by  free  and  inexpensive  movement  of 
people, but regionalization does not support this. 
A. Aid 
B. Nature 
C. Technological Advance 
D. Cultural & Societal Relation 
 
8. The production and reproduction of the dimension of regionalism 
A. Establishment 
B. Symbolic Dimension 
C. Territorial Dimension 
D. Institutional Dimension 
 
9. Which situation describes the geopolitical impact? 
A. Under  some  circumstances  regional  trading  systems  could  hurt  trade 
interests  of  other  countries.  Normally,  setting  up  a  customs  union  or  free 
trade  area  would  violate  the WTO’s principle of equal treatment for all trading 
partners that is “must-favored” nation agreement 
B. Countries  may  lose  interest  in  the  multilateral  system  when  they  engage 
actively  in  regional  initiatives.  The  slow  pace  of  multilateral  negotiations  has 
given a greater importance to bilateral and regional trade negotiation 
C. Extensive  and  intensive  regional  ties  may  lead  to  conflicts  that  range  beyond 
economics to broader shares of international relations.  
D. The  volume  of  RTA  activity  stretches  negotiation  capacities  to  their  limit,  and 
in  case  of  developing  countries,  prevents  them  from  actively  participating  in 
all proceedings. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 
10. It  is  a  disadvantage  of  regionalism  where  countries  may  lose  interest  in  the 
multilateral  system when they engage actively in regional initiatives. The slow pace of 
multilateral  negotiations  has  given  a  greater  importance  to  bilateral  and  regional 
trade negotiation. 
A. Undermines the multilateral system 
B. Hurts the interest of others 
C. Prevents developing countries from active participation 
D. None of the above 
 

  Assignments 
Do advance reading on the following:  
1. Global Media and Global Integration  
2. Dynamics of Local and Global Cultural Production  
3. Cultural Diversity and Homogenization through Globalization 2 
 
 

Re ection Guide 
 
 
1. What have I LEARNED this day that has helped me do all aspects of this better? 

 
 
 
2. What have I DONE this week that has made me better at doing all aspects of this? 

 
 
 
3. How can I IMPROVE at doing all aspects of this? 

 
 
 
 

 
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Module 3: A World of Regions 


 
 

Expanded Opportunities 
 
 

For Topic 1: 


Create a Venn diagram differentiating the Global South and the Third World. 
 
For Topic 2: 
Do the following items: 
1. Research on the two opposing concepts: regionalization and globalization. 
2. Submit  a  BROCHURE  showing  the  concepts  of  regionalization  and  globalization  and 
their advantages and disadvantages. 
 

References 
 
 

Hideaki  Hirata,  M.  (2011, November 8). “Regionalization vs. Globalization.” Retrieved from 


https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/obstfeld/kose1.pdf (accessed 20 July 2020) 
 
Karpilo, J (2019). “What Does It Mean When a Country Is Developed or Developing?” 
Retrieved from 
https://www.thoughtco.com/developed-or-developing-dividing-the-world-1434457 
(accessed 20 July 2020) 
 
Ladhha,  S.  (2015,  October  31).  “Regionalism  vs.  Multilateralism.”  Retrived  from 
https://www.slideshare.net/SaurabhLaddha3/economics-project-regionalism-vs-mu
ltilateralism-m-com-part-1-sem-1 (accessed 20 July 2020) 
 
Magel,  H.  (2011,  May  20).  “Governance  and  Regionalization:  New  Paradigms  for 
Transparent  Politics  and  Accountable  Civic  Engagement.”  Retrieved  from 
http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2011/ppt/ps02/ps02_
magel_5439_ppt.pdf (accessed 20 July 2020) 
 

 
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Mahler,  A.G.  (2017).  "Global  South."  Oxford  Bibliographies  in  Literary and Critical Theory, 


ed.  Eugene  O'Brien.  https://globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu/what-is-global-south 
(accessed 20 July 2020) 
 
Prabhu,  A.  (2015,  November  24).  “Regionalization  and  Globalization.”  Retrieved  from 
https://www.slideshare.net/ananthaprabhu31/regionalization-vs-globalisation 
(accessed 20 July 2020) 
 
Ramos,  R.  (2018).  “Global  Divides:  The  North  and  the  South.”  Retrieved  from 
https://prezi.com/-jnfbggt48jo/global-divides-the-north-and-the-south/  (accessed 
20 July 2020) 
 
Victor,  Rotich.  (2018,  May  28).  What  is  Regionalism?  Retrieved  from 
https://www.worldatlas.com/what-is-regionalism.html (accessed 20 July 2020) 

 
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