prohibition through the use of modals Identify the modals expressing permission, obligation and prohibition Communicate more clearly and effectively through proper use of modals in the activities Introduction: It sounds so simple: say what you mean. But all too often, what we try to communicate gets lost in translation despite our best intentions. We say one thing, the other person hears something else, and misunderstandings, frustration, and conflicts ensue. Would you like to communicate more clearly and effectively? Why do you wish to improve communication with your teachers, friends or classmates and to build trust and respect with them, and be heard and understood? Read the article and find out what it is all about. Below are sentences taken from the article you have just read. 1. A strong family unit has to create a safe, positive and supportive place for all members to thrive. 2. There must be a structure in a family or it will become chaotic and will not be a peaceful setting for a family. 3. All members must feel the freedom within the group to express themselves freely within the group. 4. A person must be able to develop his individuality by gaining support and trust from the family. Study the following sentences. What do the underlined words in each sentence suggest? How do we call these underlined words? 1. Can you speak louder when delivering your lines? 2. You can take a deep breath before rendering your speech. 3. Other speakers mustn‘t make noise while one speaker is on stage. 4. You can‘t speak before a big audience if you are nervous. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS DO IN THE SENTENCE? WHAT DO THEY EXPRESS? WHEN DO WE USUALLY USE THEM? WHAT ARE THEY CALLED? What are the two types of modal verbs of obligation? There are two types of modal verbs of obligation; those that primarily express a firm obligation or necessity- must and have to- and those that express a recommendation or moral obligation- should and ought to- What are the other types of modal? Can is another type of modal often used to ask for and give permission. It means something is allowed and can be done. Both can‘t and mustn‘t are also modals used to show that something is prohibited – it is not allowed. Can‘t tells us that something is against the rules. Mustn‘t is usually used when the obligation comes from the person who is speaking. Examples: You don’t have to shout, I CAN hear you very well. You MUST hear this story, it is very funny. Children, you MUSTN”T cross the street when the lights are red. I’m sorry, I CAN”T give you a lift because my car is broken. You DON’T HAVE TO pay to use the library. It is free. You have passed all your test. You SHOULD be very pleased with yourself PLAY REPLAY A. Use must, have to, should and ought to correctly in the following sentences. 1. Children __________ obey their parents. 2.Parents ___________ respect their children too. 3.Challenges ___________ not keep us from achieving our dreams. 4.Parents ___________ send their children to school. 5.Before, one talks about an issue, he/she ___________ read about it first. 6.Family members __________ understand that they have important roles to perform in keeping the family strong. 7.Friends __________ be carefully chosen for the influence they can have. 8. The school, as a second home ________constantly nurture and protect the rights of children. 9.We _______find courage even in the small things that we do. 10.In order to succeed, you _________ believe that you can. B.Read the following sentences. Use the correct modals of prohibitions in each of the sentences. 1._______ I stay with the group? 2.You _______ park here, ma‘am. The parking lot is full. 3.You ______ wear shirts but you _____ wear jeans in the pool. 4. You _____ use Mandela‘s speech to inspire the youth. 5. You _______ make noise while the session is on going. ◦A. ◦1. MUST 8. MUST ◦B. ◦2. MUST 9. MUST ◦1. CAN ◦3. MUST 10. SHOULD ◦2. CAN’T ◦4. HAVE TO ◦3. CAN, CAN’T ◦5. HAVE TO ◦4. MUST ◦6. SHOULD ◦5. MUSTN’T ◦7. MUST ASSIGNMENT In your notebook, write an advice to a boy who wishes not to attend school for no reasons.