Vacuum/volume 42Jnumber 7lpages 505 to 506/l 991 0042~207x/91$3.00+.

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Printed in Great Britain Pergamon Press plc

Book reviews

Basic vacuum technology Atomic and molecular beam methods, vol 1

A Chambers, R K Fitch and B S Halliday, Adam Hilger, G Stoles, D Bassi. U Buck and D Laine (eds), Oxford University Press,
IOP Publishing Ltd. Bristol, 1989. New York, 1988.
ISBN 0 85274 128 6. 166~~. Price &15. ISBN 0- 19-504280-8, 72 I pp. Price f95.

This will serve as a useful, concise and up-to-date introduction both for In many ways this must be regarded as an update of the well established
undergraduate and postgraduate students, engineers and technicians. The book by Norman Ramsey Molecular Beams (published by Oxford Uni-
growth in interest in this topic is no doubt due to the increase in the wide- versity Press, 1956, recently reprinted, February 1990,466 pp). As pointed
ranging applications of vacuum technology. This now covers many areas out by John B Fenn (DcpartmenL of Chemical Engineering. Yale Uni-
of industrial development and production from small scale micro- versity) in his most amusing foreword. giving a brief background to the
electronics to large scale users such as for thin films in vacuum coating earlier history: ‘And now comes “Atomic and Molecular Beam
and many metallurgical applications. There is also an extensive interest Methods”, a revue based on the thirty years of molecular beam theatre
in vacuum technology in many areas of academic research covering since Ramsey’s chronicle was published’. This comprehensive handbook
topics from particle accelerators, surface science with ultra high vacuum describes new experimental techniques and will be found valuable to the
requirements, thin films and electron microscopy as well as the very large growing numbers of physicists and engineers, but also with a strong
scale use, as for example in space simulation related research activities. emphasis on chemists, now involved with atomic and molecular beams.
The coverage of this book is basically adequate and appropriate for With an emphasis on aspects of design. construction and proper data
students as well as technicians who may be newcomers to the subject. analysis, a wide range ofcontributors (some IX in addition to theeditors).
This is achieved by presenting the essential background material for a explore many topics. ranging from microscopic chemical physics, such as
full understanding of typical vacuum systems. With the increasing range elastic and inelastic and reactive molecular collisions. to clusters, and
of application of vacuum techniques in the many industrial areas (out- free-standingjcts. Detailed descriptions ofthc experimental arrangements
lined above) covering research, development and production there has will be found useful as well as the examples given of data obtained in the
been a definite need for such a concise and up-to-date introduction. molecular beam experiments; this includes a clear explanation of their
The production of this book arose from a series of very successful significance particularly with respect to future work. Hence. this book
training courses. These were arranged by the Vacuum Group of the must bc regarded as a useful practical guide and source of reference.
Institute of Physics and sponsored by the British Vacuum Council, first though it should be emphasized thal the approach has not been a his-
held as a 2 day course in conjunction with the conference ‘Vacuum 86’ torical one. Thus, it is pointed out that throughout the book, the idea
at the University of Strathclyde and followed by four others since then. has been to show examples of good data. which clarify the limits of
with lectures and seminars presented by the present authors. At that time sensitivity and resolution of the various techniques, rather than to present
there was a definite lack of a suitable up-to-date book to serve as a a complete review of the field. It will therefore certainly serve to present
background and reference for such a course; though in the meantime the many options available to help in the planning of experiments by
with the renewed wide-ranging interest and applications of vacuum tech- those involved in atomic or molecular beam research and their wide
nology, a number of introductory books. to some extent complementary ranging applications as well as the analysis of their results. It will also be
to the present one, have in fact appeared. Typical examples worth men- useful hcrc to indicate in more detail the scope of the book. and the many
tioning arc: ditrercnt topics covered by giving the main chapter headings. as well as
their contributors.

J L Ryans and D L Roper, Modern Vucuun? Pracriw, McGraw-Hill,

New York (1986). 356~~.
Part 1: Basic Techniques
P Duval, Hi,yh Vacuum Production in the Microelectronics Indus/r.y,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1988). 228~~. (I) Introduction, G Stoles, Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Uni-
J F O’Hanlon. (/.(er.s Guide IO Vtrcuunr Twl~noloy?, 2nd Edn. Wiley, versity of Waterloo, Ontario and Dormer Professor of Science, Princeton
Chichester (I 989). 4X I pp. University.
N S Harris, Modwtr Vr~uum Pruc/ice, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead (2) Free Jet Sources, D R Miller, Mechanical Engineering Department,
(1989). 315pp. University of California. San Diego.
(3) Low-energy Pulsed Beam Sources, W R Gentry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota.
The present book is sufficiently broad in content to cover not only the (4) Other Low-energy Beam Sources. H Pauly, Director of Max Planck
methods of production, measurement and system design and testing, but Institut fiir StrGmungsforschung, Giittingen and Honorary Professor,
also gives brief discussions of the overall behaviour of gases at these low University of Bonn.
pressures. Hence, the main sections are concerned with the properties of (5) High-energy Beam Sources, H Pauly.
gases, and gases in vacuum systems, pumps and measurement of (6) Detection Principles, D Bassi, Professor of Electronics, University of
pressures. vacuum materials and components, cleaning procedures and Trento.
related problems, leaks and leak detection. Finally a number of basic (7) Ionization Detectors I : Ion Production, D Bassi.
vacuum systems are described and their operation is very briefly outlined. (8) Ionization Detectors II : Mass Selection and Ion Detection, D Bassi.
With no particular emphasis on any specific manufacturer’s products, it (9) Spectroscopic Detection Methods, U Hefter, Director of R + D, Laser
will be found useful to use in conjunction with their catalogue data and Optionics, Munich ; K Bergmann, Assistant Professor, University of
instruction handbooks. Throughout the text, the emphasis is directed at Kaiserslautern.
the new user of vacuum systems to provide a basic understanding, rather (IO) Accommodation, Accumulation, and Other Detection Methods,
than a detailed work of reference. The appendices give some guidance on M Zen, Material Science Division, Instrument Science and Technology
specific topics; finally a short listing of further reading material for further Research, Trento.
studies is also provided. (I I) State Selection by Nonoptical Methods, J Reuss, Professor of
Physics, Catholic University, Nijmegen.
(12) State Selection by Optical Methods, K Bergmann.
(13) Velocity Selection by Mechanical Methods, C J N van den Meijden-

505
Book Reviews

berg. Professor of Physics. Molecular Physics, Huygens Laboralory, vacuum practice based on a tirm foundation of physical principles. To
University of Lcidcn. this end the editors have brought together conlributions from more than
(14) Velocity Measurements by Time-of-flight Methods, D J Auerbach. a dozen specialists. and organized the text into a well-ordered and ba-
Research Staff. IBM Almaden Research Centre. anccd whole.
(15) Molecular Beams of Clusters, M Kappes, Group of Ernst Schu- Following a short and informative introductory chapter, three chapters
macher, Bern ; Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Northwestern Uni- address the subjects of gas behaviour, surface phenomena and gas flow,
versity : S Leutwyler, Post-doctoral Fellow, Tel Aviv. preparing the way for the discussion of practical matters. Kinetic theory
( 16)Molecular Beam Epitaxy. K Ploog, Max Planck Ins~itut fiir Festkor- and the molecular description of various phenomena of importance are
perforschung, Stuttgart. thoroughly developed. The inclusion of a section on elementary gas
(I 7) Molecular Beams in High-energy Physics : Beam Targets, U Valbusa, dynamics, not customarily dealt with in vacuum technology texts, but of
Professor of Physics, University of Geneva. increasing importance in some areas of the subject, is a welcome feature.
(IX) Gcncral Principles and Methods, U Buck, Associate Research Gas flow, the ditrerent flow regimes and conductance calculations are
Fellow, Max Planck Institut fiir Striimungsforschung, Giittingen, and fully discussed. There is much useful information for the designer here,
Professor of Physics, University of Gijttingen. for example, on the transmission probability of various pipe con-
(19) Elastic Scaltering I : Integral Cross Sections, J J H van den Biesen, figurations, with appropriate cautionary remarks on their accuracy and
Scientific Staff, Philips Research Laboratory, Eindhoven. applicability.
(20) Elastic Scattering II : Difl’erential Cross-Sections, U Buck. An enhancing feature of the text. of particular value in thcsc chapters,
(21) Inelastic Scattering I : Energy Loss Methods, U Buck. is the inclusion of worked numerical examples, about ten per chapter.
(22) Reactive Scattering I : Nonoptical Methods, Y T Lee. Professor of throughout the book. Practical data are presented dominantly in millibar
c‘hcmlstry. University of California. Lawrence Berkclcy Laboratory and litrc units.
(19X6 Nobel Prix in Chcmis~ry). Pumps of the different generic types arc treated in six chapters by
(23) Inelastic Scattering II : Optical Methods. P U Dagdigian. Professor individual specialists. How they work details of their construction, per-
of Chemistry,Johns Hopkins University. formance figures and operational matters are well described with clear
(24) Rcac~ive Scattering II : Optical Methods. P U Dagdigian. and informative diagrams and photographs. The theoretical principles
(25) Scattering Experiments with State Selectors, S Stolte, Catholic Uni- established in the early chapters are used to good effect in developing,
versity, Nijmegen. where appropriate, simple quantitative models of pumping action. The
(26) Scattering Experiments with Laser-excited Atomic Beams. R Diiren. various gauges for total and partial pressure measurements arc similarI)
Department of Atomic & Molecular Physics, Max Planck Institut fiir trcatcd with, for example, a timely discussion of the spinning rotor gauge
Striimungsforschung, Giittingen. in theory and practice. The workings of pumps and gauges constitute the
(27) Experiments with Spin-polarized Beams, S Iannotta, Stafl Member substantial middle half of the book. Leak detection methods, material
of National (Italian) Research Council, Center for the Physics of Matter properties and components are dealt with in subsequent chapters. with a
associated with the University of Trento. concluding chapter on the application of this knowledge in the design
W Steckelmacher and operation of some typical systems. There is also a compilation of
Uniwrsity of Su.s.w~- tables and charts of useful information in a large appendix. The work is
well referenced, with addilional English language references provided by
the translator, and it has a good index.
This is a fine text and a notable addition to the literature of modern
vacuum technology. The authors and editors have blended principles and
practice in a most accessible way. It will be of value, perhaps in different
ways. to a range of people who use vacuum techniques, from established
Theory and practice of vacuum technology practjtioners who will appreciate having a comprehensive body of knowl-
edge collected into one volume, to relative newcomers to the lield and
M Wutz, H Adam and W Walcher, Fried. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1989
students who wish to understand particular parts of the subject in reason-
(marketed by Wiley).
able depth.
ISBN 3-528-08908-3, 667 pp. Price DM264.
The price of the book must be so high as to take it out of the reach of
many personal pockets. which is a pity. One hopes, therefore, that it will
This book is a translation into English of the German text Theorie und
lind its way onto the library shelves oforganizations using the technology
Prcr\-is dw Vukuumtechnik. which reached its fourth German edition in
and educational institutions. It is likely to spend more time off such
1988. II is broad in scope, thoroughgoing in its approach and eminently
shelves than on.
readable in an excellent translation by W Steckelmacher. It is directed
towards those who will already have at least an elementary knowledge
of the subject and aims to provide a comprehensive description of modern

506