 University, defined a combined enthalpy-entropy function
In 1888, French  REDUCTION is the complete or partial gain of
called FREE ENERGY , is energy that is available to do work.
 Gibb’s Free Energy Equation is stated as follows:
Gsystem = Hsystem – T Ssystem
To calculate Gibbs free energy, it is usually necessary
to convert units because S is usually expressed in
J/K, whereas H is expressed in kJ.
 REVERSIBLE REACTION is a chemical reaction that
occur both the forward and reverse direction.
 COLLISION THEORY states that atoms, ions and
Molecules must collide in order to react. Collision
between molecules in a chemical reaction provides
the kinetic energy needed to break the necessary
bonds so that new bonds can be formed.
I. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM is a state in which the
forward and reverse reactions balance each
other because they takes place at equal rates.
 Tin 1864, Norweigan chemist Cato Maximilian
Guldberg and Peter Waage jointly proposed and
develop LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
which states that at a given temperature, a
chemical system might reach a state in which a
particular ratio of reactant and product
concentrations has a constant value.
 The EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT is the numerical
value of ratio of product concentrations to
reactant concentrations, with each
concentration raised to the power equal to its
coefficient in the balanced equation.
 HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIUM means that all
reactants and products are in the same physical
state.
 HETEROGENEOUS EQULIBRIUM means that
reactants and products are present in more than
one physical state.
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE.
chemist Henri-Louis Chatelier, discovered that electrons by a reacting substance.
there are ways to control equilibria to make IV. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
reactions more productive. If a stress is applied  A ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL is an apparatus that uses a
to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in redox reaction to produce electrical energy or ususe
the direction that relieves the stress. electrical energy to cause a chemical reaction.
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE describes how an  BATTERY is one or more voltaic cell in a single package
equilibrium system shifts in response to a stress that generates electric current.
or disturbance.  A GALVANIC CELL is a type of electrochemical cell
 A COMMON ION is an ion that is common to that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by
two or more ionic compounds. spontaneous redox reaction.
 The lowering of the solubility of a substance  A DRY CELL or ZINC-CARBON DRY CELL is an
because of the presence of common ion is called electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a moist
COMMON ION EFFECT paste. It is consist of ZINC CHLORIDE, MANAGNESE IV
II. ACIDS AND BASES OXIDE, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE and a small amount
 An ACIDIC SOLUTION contains more hydrogen ions of WATER.
than hydroxide ions.  A FUEL CELL is a galvanic cell in which oxidation of a
 A BASIC SOLUTION contains more hydroxide ion than fuel is used to produced electric energy.
hydrogen ion.
 The pH (potential hydrogen) of a solution is the
negative logarithm if the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution.
 Acidic solution have pH value between 0-7
 Basic solution have values between 7-14
 Solution with pH of 7 is neutral.
 Aqueous solutions of acids cause blue litmus paper to
turn red.
 Aqueous solutions of bases cause red litmus paper to
turn blue.
 Ways to measure pH level: litmus paper, pH testing
kit, digital pH meter.
III. REDOX REACTIONS
 A reaction in which the electrons are transferred from
one substance to another is called OXIDATION-
REDUCTION REACTION.
 OXIDATION is the complete or partial loss of
electrons from reacting substance.