MODULE 1

SOLID LIQUID GAS

SHAPE Definite Indefinite Indefinite
VOLUME Definite Definite Indefinite
IFA STRENGTH Strongest Strong Weakest
MOLECULAR MOTION Vibration Gliding Constant random

PLASMA/IONIZED GAS
 Has positive charged ions and e- (thus, greatly affected by magnetic field) Ex. Stars, Sun

DESCRIPTION INTRAMOLECULAR FA INTERMOLECULAR FA

-within molecule -between molecule -weak and short lived
Covalent Ionic H Bonding Keesom Debye London
Sharing of e- Transfer of e- Orientation Induction Dispersion
D-D D-ID ID-ID
STRENGTH Strongest inter > > Weakest inter
FA FA
EXAMPLES Organic NaCl H + Water-Water Water-Benzene Aromatics
compounds electronegatives (Benzene-Benz
Eg: S, O, N, X ene)
(Halogens)
Glycosidic bond
Peptide bond

LONDON/ ID-ID/ DISPERSION

 Silanols induce temporary dipoles with non-polar analytes which are easily polarizable. Eg. Aromatics. Thus, the most
weakest and short lived intermolecular forces of attraction
VAN DER WAALS
 Attractive forces created by polarizability of molecules and are exerted when 2 uncharged atoms approached very closely

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

 Energy is always constant. (neither be created nor destroyed)
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: LAW OF ENTROPY (measure of the systems’ thermal energy for unit temp; Disorderliness
and Randomness)
 States that for an isolated system, total entropy can never decrease over time
 Ideal case (in a steady state/equilibrium)= total entropy remains constant, undergoing reversible process
 Real case= total entropy always increases and is an irreversible process (Ex: Heat always flows spontaneously from hotter
to colder bodies, and never the reverse, unless external work is performed on the system)
THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 If an object reaches absolute zero temp (0 K = -273.15℃ = -459.76°F), its atoms will stop moving
 Entropy of perfectly crystalline substance is zero

℃= (°F-32) °F= (℃ x 1.8)+32 K= ℃ + 273.15

1.8

LAW OF DEFINITE/CONSTANT PROPORTIONS/PROUST’S LAW

 Chemical compounds always contain the exact proportion of element by mass
 Ex: H2O => 2H + O
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
 When 2 elements form more than 1 compounds, it can be expressed in a fixed whole number
 Ex: CO2 => 44g/mole (C=12, O=16x2)
LAW OF COMBINING WEIGHTS
 Proportions by weight when chemical reactions takes place can be expressed in small integral unit
 Ex: MgO => 40g/mole [100%] (Mg=24g/mole [60%]; O=18g/mole [40%])
LAW OF MASS ACTION
 The rate of the reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrate of the reactants to the power of its coefficient in
a balanced equation
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION IS BASED ON AUFBAU PRINCIPLE: Atoms may be built by progressive filling of energy of main
energy sub level (i.e., levels of lower energy levels are occupied first)
S=2 P=6 D=10 F=14

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Noble
4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s gases:

5f 6d 7p 6f 7d 7f He 2
Ne 10
Ar 18
Kr 36
Xe 54

PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS

CHARGE + ion - ion No charge ion
EQUATES Atomic number Weight is negligible (1 836x Atomic Mass= Protons +
(basis for getting electronic lighter than proton) Neutrons
configuration)
DISCOVERED BY Ernest Rutherford JJ Thompson James Chadwick

(Jimmy Neutron)

EUGENE GOLDSTEIN discovered anode rays.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY- particle separation based on electrons. (Capillary Electrophoresis)
 Capillary Electrophoresis- analyte separation technique based on charge

Types of Electrodes:
ANODE CATHODE
CHARGE + electrode - electrode
UNDERGOES Oxidation Reduction

 Remember: RED CAT ELECT IN - REDuction happens in CAThode where ELECTrons get IN
 VILEORA- Valence Increase, Loses Electrons, undergoes Oxidation, Reducing Agent
 VDGEROA- Valence Decrease, Gains Electrons, undergoes Reduction, Oxidizing Agent (MADAMING O2: KMnO4, Na2Cr2O7)

Except: REDUCING AGENTS CATION (+)

Na2S2O5 Metabisulfate PO4 Phosphate CATHODE (-)
Na2S2O3 Thiosulfate NaC6H7O6 Ascorbate ANION (-)
NaHPO2 Hypophosphite ANODE (+)

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING Raoult’s Law: Solution’s VP=VP

*water will boil if vp=atm
H2O = 1 atm
H2O + NaCl = 0.9 atm
BOILING POINT ELEVATION + solute = boiling point of pure subs elevates
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION + solute = freezing point declines
*Adding salts to ice (- degrees)
OSMOTIC PRESSURE Movement of drugs across semi-permeable membrane
 LAW CONSTANT FORMULA
Boyle’s T in K (BO TE) P1V1=P2V2

*si Boy mahilig sa pep* at vagina

Charles P in atm (CA PRE) T1/V1=T2/V2

*si Charles mahilig manood ng TV

Gay Lussac’s V in L (GAY VICE) P1/T1=P2/T2

*si Gay pwede sa pep* at tit*

Combined Gas P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
Ideal gas R= 0.0821 PV=nRT
Avogadro’s (STP) T= 273 K
P= 1 atm or 760 mmHg or torr
V= 22.4 L
N= 6.02x10^23
Dalton’s Sum of the pressure that each gas would exert
Pt= P1 + P2 + P3 + P….
Grahams Effusion (and Diffusion); rate of 2 gases
inversely proportional to the square
roots of their densities
Ex. O2 => big, slow; H2 => small, fast
Henry’s Dec T, Inc P (ie., sealed container) more
CO2 is dissolved in water

 CONDENSATION- cloud formation (collection of water vapour)

 SUBLIMATION- moth/naphthalene balls (Tox. 4g moth balls | 1 pc moth ball = 500mg = 8 pcs moth ball)
 DEPOSITION- Dry ice/Cardice
 ENTHALPY represents heat. Energy of reaction

↓
← Atomic radius

↑ Ionization, Electron affinity, Electronegativity

→

GROUP/ARRANGED ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO

JW DOBEREIGHNER TRIADS
JOHN NEWLANDS Atomic weight/ Octaves
1 2 3 4 567 8
DMITRI MENDELEEV (Father of Modern Periodic Table) Atomic mass
and MAYER
HENRY MOSELY Atomic Number
Horizontal row= Period
Vertical column= Family/Group/ Valence #

ATOMIC MODEL CONTRIBUTIONS

JOHN DALTON Billiard ball Matter- made up of atoms
JJ THOMPSON Plum pudding/raisin bread e-
ERNEST RUTHERFORD Gold foil Atom is mostly empty; Proton (+)
NEIL BOHR Planetary Mostly used
DEMOCRITUS Atomos Indivisible; basic unit of matter
PAULI’S EXCLUSION THEORY No 2 e- will have the same set of quantum number
(exclusive)
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE Lower to higher energy levels (building up)
HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY THEORY Impossible to predict/accurately determine the particle’s
velocity
HUND’S RULE Orbitals are filled up first singly before pairing up (sungka)

HYGROSCOPIC Absorbs moisture; doesn’t dissolve (dessicant)

DELIQUESCENCE Absorbs and dissolves
EFFLORESCENCE Loss of water of crystallization
EFFERVESCENCE/FIZZES Escape of gas from solution (bubbling,foaming=soda)

FLAME TEST ELEMENTS

Yellow Na
Violet K
Red
Brick Ca
Carmine Li
Crimson Sr (Strontium)
Green Cu +1
Methy BORATES
Tl (Green twig)
P (Pa-Green!)
*Cr +2
Yellow green Ba
Blue Bi, Pb, Sb
Cu +2, As; S
*Cr +3
Colorless NH4

CATIONS GROUP
INSOLUBLES (CABS)

I. CHLORIDE PA: Pb, Ag (Hg2+2)

II.ACID SULFIDES *Blue Flame CCuB ASS: Cd, Cu, Bi, As, Sb, Sn (Hg+2)
III. BASE SULFIDES TRIADS: Fe, Co, Ni | Others: Cr, Al, Mn, Zn
IV. SULFATE Ba, Ca, Sr
V. SOLUBLE Na, K, NH4, Mg

ANIONS GROUP
Precipitated by AgNo3 (soluble in HNO3)

I. HALOGENS Cl = white curdy

Br = creamy
I = yellow

II. S= black

IV. PO4 = yellow

AsO4 = browny
CrO4 = red (Chromate=Mohr’s)
Precipitated by BaCl2 (soluble in HNO3)= White
precipitate

III. SO3, CO3 (C2O4)

IV. SO4
No precipitate to both reagents

V. -ATE (Nitrate, Chlorate)

Mg + p-NBA Blue lake
Mg + Titan yellow Red lake
Al + Aluminon
(triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid)

TEST FOR BORATES

Flame Green bordered frame (methyl borate)
Turmeric paper Acidic: brownish red
Basic: greenish black
Carminic acid Red-blue violet

ANTIMONY (Sb)
+ Silver coin Black deposits
+ Rhodamine B Red lavender

GROUP 2 CATIONS:
ACID INSOLUBLE
CARBONATES BICARBONATES
SULFIDES
AsS Yellow
CdS Yellow (+) ACID => CO2 Effervescence Effervescence
SnS2 Yellow
SnS Brown
PbS Black (+) Fuschia pink NR
BiS Black PHENOLPHTHALEIN solution
SbS Orange red

CHROMIUM (Cr) Br + KMnO4 Orange to brown ppt

Cr(OH)2 Graying green ppt Iodine + KMnO4 Violet color

CrO42- Perchromic
acid/vanishing blue
test: Blue ethereal Fluorine Etching on glass
layer No ppt with AgNo3

ISOMER Same molecular formula, different structure

TAUTOMERS Isomers that are rapidly inter converted (keto-enol)
ENANTIOMERS Non-superimposable , mirror images
DIASTEREOMERS Non-superimposable, non-mirror images

Epimers Differ in chirality at only 1 Carbon

Anomers Differ in the carbonyl group
Cis-trans isomers Cis- same side
Trans- opposite side

 H - lightest element
 He - 2nd lightest element
 Li - lightest metal
 Mg - lightest of all structurally important metal
 Aluminum - most abundant metal
 Ammonium - hypothetical alkali metal
 Ar - most abundant noble gas
 Xe - least abundant noble gas
 O2 - most abundant element on earth (2nd -Si; 3rd -Al)
PLUMBER’S SOLDER 67% Pb, 33% Sn
SOLDER (1/2) 50% Pb, 50% Sn
PEWTER 20% Pb, 80% Sn
ROSE METAL 25% Pb, 25% Sn, 50% Bi

OTHER IMPORTANT ALLOYS

Bronze (BronS) Copper + Sn
Gun metal Copper + Sn (90:10)
*Anti-friction metal Copper + Sn + Sb (12.5:75:12.5)
Brass (BraZZ) Copper + Zn
Monel Copper + Ni
German silver Copper + Ni + Zn
Raney Nickel (AlNi Nickel) Almunium + Ni
Steel Iron + 3% C
Misch metal Iron + 70% Ce
*Woods metal Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi (12.5:12:5:25:50)

 PISO (K in, Na out) - most abundant cations

 PICO (Phosphate in, Cl out) - most abundant anions

 MICO (Mg in, Ca out) - 2nd most abundant cations

 BIO (BIcarbonate out) - 2nd most abundant anions

 Berrylium - BERY BERY TOXIC

 Mercury - the only liquid metal (Br is also liquid at room temp)
 Osmium - densest metal
 Copper - only reddish metal

ELEMENTAL TOXICITIES
He Donald duck toxicity Oxygen
Boric acid Boiled lobster appearance
Al Shaver’s disease
Cu Wilson’s disease Penicillamine
Fe Hemochromatosis Deferoxamine
Hg Minamata disease EDTA
Pb Plumbism EDTA
Cd Itai-itai disease EDTA
As Aldrich Mees lines BAL
Bi Blue-black gums and dark stool BAL
F Fluorosis (Mottled enamel) -
Ba Baritosis EPSOM SALT
Zn Metal fume fever (Def: Parakeratosis) -
Ag Argyria NSS
Mn Parkinson-like -
Mg Diarrhea Ca gluconate
Ca and Al Constipation

RADIOACTIVITY

NON SI: Curie (Ci) 1 Cl = 3.7 x 1010 decay/sec

Si: Becquerel (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 decay/sec
REM (Roentgen Equivalent in Man) Unit of radiation damage
RAD/Gray Unit of amount of exposure to radiation
 Ta (Tantalum) - inert transitional metal use in repair of bones, nerve and tissue
 Tc (Technetium) - first element produced artificially
 Ti (Titanium) - poweful reducing agent (TiO2 - contact lens opaquant and UV ray protectant)

 Pb - decreased refractive index

 K - amber bottle
 MnO2 - mask color of Fe2O3

 Carbonated water - + CO2

 Chalybeate water - + ferruginous/Chalybeate pills= FeCO3
 Mineral/well water - + minerals and dissolved gases
 Alkaline water - + Na and Mg sulfates; Bicarbonates

 Hard water - Ca, Mg and other metal cations in water

 Hard soap - NaOh
 Soft soap - KOH

Fe Enhance vitamin C and Cu absorption

Present in proteins:
Hemoglobin - oxygen transport
Transferrin - transport form
Ferritin - storage form
Cytochrome oxidase enzyme (also Cu)
Ca Blood coagulation factor (Def: Osteoporosis/malacia [adult], ricketts [child]
Cr Glucose tolerance factor
Co Vit. B12 component (Def: Megaloblastic anemia)
Mo Flavin dependent Co-factor enzymel Nitrogen fixation
Mn Co-factor in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

*Sickle cell anemia

 Moon or crescent shaped red blood cells
 Resistant to malaria

HYBRID TYPES
HYBRID ORBITALS BOND
SP (1,2,3) 2 (Diagonal/Linear) Tripple
SP2 (2,3,2) 3 (Trigonal/Planar) Double
SP3 (3,4,1) 4 (Tetrahedral) Single

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS/BUTTERFLY RASH (PIMCH)

Procainimide
Isoniazid
Minocycline (also hyperpigmentation=grayish black)
Chlorpromazine
Hydrolazine
Also, Terbinafine & Griseofulvin

DICARBOXYLIC ACID (OH MY SUCH GOOD APPLE PIE SWEET AS SUGAR)

0C= OXALIC ACID 5C= PIMELIC ACID

1C= MALONIC ACID 6C= SUBERIC ACID
2= SUCCINIC ACID 7C= AZELAIC ACID
3=GLUTARIC ACID 8C= SEBACIC ACID
4= ADIPIC ACID
 ETHYLENE OXIDE - gas sterilant; sterilized temperature sensitive medical equipment that cannot be
autoclaved

 ETHYLENE - fruit ripening

 PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID)- discovered by Joseph Lister. Caustic (can damage tissues), thus no longer used as disinfectant
and antiseptic

OPTICAL ISOMER MIRROR IMAGE SUPERIMPOSABLE

Enantiomers Yes No
Diastereomers No No
Meso compound (have chiral centers Yes Yes
but not a chiral molecules)

IsotoPes (Proton) IsoBars (Bigat/Mass) IsotoNes (Neutrons) IsoMers (molecular

formula)
Iso= same in: Element, thus atomic Atomic mass Neutrons Molecular formula
no./protons
Differ in: Atomic Mass Elements Elements Structure
Example Non-isotopes:
F, I, P
19 127 31

Main isotopes:
1
H, 12C, 14N, 32S, 35Cl
(+1), 16O, 79Br (+2)

 K PERMANGANATE - mineral chameleon (oxidizing agent, VS in permanganometry)

 K BITARTRATE - cream of tartar, creamor (laxative)
 K Na TARTRAT - rochelle’s salt, sal signette (cathartic; sequestering agent)
 K NITRATE - salitre, salt peter, salt prunelle (meat preservative)
 Na BICARBONATE - baking soda, systemic antacid which causes rebound hyperacidity
 Na HYPOCHLORITE - Dakin’s solution, chlorox. Oxidizing and bleaching agent
 Na DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE - fleet enema, cathartic
 Na THIOSULFATE - photographer’s hypo. Tx for CN poisoning and VS in iodometry and permanganometry
 Na NIRATE - chile salt peter
 Na SULFATE - Glauber’s salt
 K NITRATE - salt peter
 K POLYSULFIDE - liver of sulfur

Organic Carbons: Inorganic

*CATENATION- bond to other C atoms
(form chains/rings)
*HYBRIDIZATION- mixing of 2 or more
non-equivalent atomic orbitals to form
new set of equivalent orbital
*ISOMERISM
Solubility Non-polar solvents Polar solvents (water)
Conducts electricity X /
MP & BP Low High
 PHASE I (FUNCTIONALIZATION) PHASE 2 (CONJUGATION)
Oxidation Glucoronidation
Most common. Mixed function oxidase (CYP 450)  Most common
 CYP 3A4- most dominant (liver)  Diazepam, Morphine, Paracetamol, Chloramphenicol
 CYP 2D6- antidepressants (Gray Baby Syndrome)

Reduction Sulfate conjugation

 Carbonyl => alcohol  phenolic groups (alcohols, thiols)
 Nitro and Azo => amino derivatives  Well developed in infants and children
Hydrolysis Glycine and Glutamine conjugation
 Ester and amides  Carboxylic acids (benzoic a => hippuric a); nicotinic acid
GlutathioneMercapturic acid conjugation
 Free radical scavenger
 Detoxify electrophilic compounds, ethacrynic acid
Acetylation
 Acetyl CoA
 Primary amines => amides
 Hydralazine (SLE), Isoniazid (SLE< Peripheral neuropathy)
 Asian- fast acetylators (hepatits)
 Egyptians and western Europeans- slow acetylators
(peripheral neuropathy and SLE)
Methylation
 Physiologically active biogenic anmines (catecholamine)
inactivator: Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine,
Serotonin
 Does not lead to water soluble metabolites

SATURATED ACIDS (CaLaMyPaStAr)

 10C CAPRIC
 12C LAURIC
 14C MYRISTIC
 16C PALMITIC
 18C STEARIC
 20C ARACHIDIC/ICOSANOIC

UNSATURATED ACIDS
 OLEIC ACID (18:1 [N=9])
 LINOLEIC ACID (18:2 [N=6])
 GAMMA LINOLENIC (18:3 [N=6])
 ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID (18:3 [N=3])
Omega 9 monounsaturated fatty acid
Omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid
Omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

ALIPHATIC HC
SATURATED (STABLE/NR) UNSATURATED
Alkanes (paraffins) Alkenes (Olefins) Alkynes (Acetylene)
COVALENT BOND Single double Triple
FORMULA CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
IUPAC (SUFFIX) -ane -ene -yne
HYBRID SP3 SP2 SP
REACTIONS Combustion Hydro/Halo/Hydrohalogenation/Oxidation
Halogenation
Terminal/side chain
hydroxylation

 pH= -log [H+] pKa= -log [ka]

 pOH= -log [OH-] pKb= -log [kb]
 pH + pOH= 14 pKa + pKb= 14
 [H] x [OH]= 1x10-14 Ka x Kb= 1x10-14
Ka= [H+] [A-]
[HA]
 Amines (R-NH2)
 Present in alkaloids (alkali=bitter) and peptides (made up of amino acids)
 Branching decreases water solubility (1>2>3)
 (+) alkaloidal tests and ninhydrins (test for the presence of ammonia and 1 and 2 amines)

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES REACTION IUPAC

Ethers ROH + ROH = (H2SO4) => ROR + H2O -oxy ane

Product of dehydrogenation of alcohol

Esters RCOOH + ROH => RCOOR + H2O -oate

Product of reaction of organic acid with

an alcohol
Carboxylic acids RCHO =[O] => RCOOH -oic acid

Result of oxidation of aldehyde

Result of further oxidation of primary
alcohol
Amides RCONH2 -amide

Formed from rxn of organic acids with

ammonia or with amines

[O] [O]
PRIMARY ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE ACID
[R] [R]
PRIMARY ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE ACID

[O]
SECONDARY ALCOHOL KETONES

TERTIARY ALCOHOL = NO REACTION

 SCHROEDINGER “QUANTUM MODEL”: electromagnetic radiation like x/gamma/light rays and radio waves are made up of
small bits of energy
Principal (n) Main energy level and size of orbital
Azimuthal (l) Angular momentum and shape (s,p,d,f)
Magnetic (m) Orientation, charge ( + or - 1)
Spin (k) Magnetic moment/rotation; Dextro (CW) or Levo (CCW)
rotatory

DENIGE’S TEST
CITRATE Carmine red
TARTRATE Emerald green
ARSENATE (AsO4) Yellow ppt
PHOSPHATE (PO4)
NH4 MOLYBDATE
 Salts added to a water causes either endothermic or exothermic reaction
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION (+ change in enthalpy) EXOTHERMIC REACTION (- change in enthalpy)
Cold (absorbed heat) Hot (release heat)
Ex. NH4 nitrate + water Ex. CaCl2/Mg citrate + water
*Photosynthesis: plants absorb heat energy from sunlight to H2SO4 + water
convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

AROMATICS NUMBER OF FUSED C6H6 RINGS

1 benzene
2 naphthalene
3 Anthracene, phenanthrene
5 Pentacene, corranulene

STORAGE CONTAINERS
CONTAINER
Nitrogen Black cylinder
Nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide Blue cylinder
Mg (OH)2 Blue bottle
Oxygen Green cylinder
CO2 Grey
Helium Brown
Argon Red
Lithium Coated with petroleum or under oil (reactive)
White/Yellow P Under water

BUFFER SYSTEM
 Phosphate buffer system- physiological buffer e.g parenterals (contains mono and dihydrogen phosphate) Supports
microbial growth and insoluble to metals (Al, Ag, Zn)
 Sorensen
 Borate buffer system- external use buffer eg. Ophthalmic and nasal (toxic). for metal containing prep
 Feldmans (pH 7-8.2) Boric acid + Na borate + NaCl (isotonic)
 Gifford (pH 7-7.8) Boric acid + Na borate + KCl (hypotonic)
 Atkins and Pantin (pH 7.6-11) Boric acid + na carbonate + NaCl

ALCOHOL = (ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE) => ACETALDEHYDE = (ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE) => ACETIC ACID => CO2 + H2O
FOMEPIZOLE - X - Antidote for MetOH and ET Glycol poisoning DISULFIRAM - X - DOC: mgt of chronic alcoholism

Small amount: CNS stimulant Large amount: CNS depressant

Fetal alcohol syndrome: Smooth philtrum, thun upper lip, mental retardation

ALCOHOL DERIVATIVES PERCENTAGE FERMENTATION PRODUCT FROM

Whiskey 40-60% Malted grain
Brandy 35-60% Wine spirit
White wine 10-20% Fruit juice (grapes)
Red wine
Rum 37.5-80% Molasses

Cationic dyes against gram (+) bacteria and fungi

Gentian/crystal violet Vaginal supp for yeast infection
Carbol/basic fuschin Castellanis paint; ringworm and athletes foot
Methylene blue Antidote: CN poisoning; for methemoglobinemia

Thimerosal (Merthiolate; Na ethlymercurothiosalicylate)- mercurial preservative for multiple dose container

 SYNDROME AGENTS
Gasping syndrome Benzyl alcohol
Floppy baby syndrome (infant botulism) Contaminated honey (with C. botulinum)
Gray baby syndrome Chloramphenicol
E-ferol syndrome (low birthweight infants) Polysorbate 80 (IV0
Fanconi’s syndrome Expired tetracycline
Red Man syndrome vancomycin
Reye’s syndrome Aspirin (ASA)
Hand Foot sundrome (Dermopathy)- Erythematosus Methotrexate
desquamation of palms and soles)

SURFACTANTS (surface active agents)

Reduce surface/interfacial tension betweem 2 immiscible liquids (and liquid-solid)
ANIONIC SURFACTANTS CATIONIC SURFACTANS NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS AMPHOTERIC/ZWITTERIONIC
Suffix- ATE Suffix- ONIUM/INIUM Weakest With positive and negative
(QUATS) charge
 Inactivated by soaps,
detergents and biologic
fluids
Ex. SLS/SDS *Benzalkonium Cl Ex. Octyl and Stearyl alcohol Ex. Lecithin
 Emulsifying/wetting
agents, preservative

*Methylbenzethonium Cl
 Control diaper rash

*Cetylpyridinium Cl
 Throat lozenge and
mouthwash (antiseptic)

*Chlorhexidine (Bactidol)
 Irrigating solution &
mouthwash (no
systemic toxicity)

ANTIFUNGALS:
1. Fatty acids and salts
 Propionic acid- sweat (0.01%)
 Undecylenic acid- destructive distillation product of castor oil
Ricin- toxic
Ricinoleic acid- anti-acne, cathartic

2. Azoles
MOA: Ergosterol synthesis inhibition 9X lanosterol demethylation)
TX: Systemic/subcutaneous fungal infection
 Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
Topical (wtih endocrinologic effect)
Gynecomastia, decrease libido, impotence

 Fluconazole
Good CSF penetrability thus, DOC for cryptococcal meningitis

 Voriconazole
Azole of choice for invasive aspergillosis

 Posaconazole
Triazole
For zygomycosis/mucormycosis; salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis

 Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole

For superficial fungal infection
3. Flucytosine
 Nucleoside (analog of 5-FU)
+ amphotericin B for tx of Candida and Cryptococcus

4. Polyenes
 Amphotericin B
Strep. nodosus DOC for systemic fungal infection

 Nystatin
S. noursei

 Natamycin
S. natalensis

5. Griseofulvin
MOA: interacts with fungal microtubules to disrupt mitosis (metaphase arrest)
 P. griseofulvum
Needs high fatty meal to absorb

RIFAMPICIN RNA synthesis inhibitor

A/E reddish brown coloration of body fluids
ISONIAZID Mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor
A/E peripheral neuropathy
PYRAZINAMIDE Prodrug converted to Pyrazinoic acid
Added to reduce development of resistance and course of treatment (6 months)
ETHAMBUTOL Arabinosyl transferance inhibitor
A?E Optic neuritis- red & green color blindness
STREPTOMYCIN Only aminoglycoside for TB (2nd line)
Ototoxic (most vestibulotoxic) and nephrotoxic

 Penicillin = 6-aminopenicillanic acid (penicillum notatum)

 Cephalosporin= 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (cephalosporium acremonium)

B lactamase inhibitors
SAR: Penicillin potentiator (1+0=2) by increasing steric hindrance and thus, resistance to B lactamse (MASKING)
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid= Co-amoxiclav, Augmentin
Ticarcillin + Clavulanic acid= Timentin
Ampicillin + Sulbactam= Unasyn
Piperacillin + Tazobactam= Piptaz, Tasozyn
Imipenem (Carbapenem) + Cilastatin (Renal dihydropeptidase inhibitor)= Primaxin

Aztreonam- only monobactam Vancomycin- Glyco(poly)peptides. From S. orientalis

Other Glyco(poly)peptides): Daptomycin, Teicoplanin
Tetracycline- 4 cyclic rings (amphoteric)
DOC for CRIM (Chlamydia, RIckettsia, Mycoplasma)
SAR:
Phototoxicity (Cl @ position 7)
Less/no activty (amide @ C-2)
S/E: Teeth discoloration, growth stunting, Hepatotoxic, Diabetes insipidus (antagonistic vasopressin/ADH)

Doxycyline- most bioavailable

Minocycline- most potent, vestibulotoxic
Medocycline- most phototoxic

Chloramphenicol- nitrobenzene der from S. venezuelae

 50s inhibitor (X peptidyl transferase)
 DOC typhoid fever
A/E: Aplastic anemia, Gray baby syndrome

 Azithromycin- OD x 3 days
MACROLIDES
 Lactone ring, ketone group, glycosidically linked amino sugars
 MOA: 50s inhibitor (blocks aminoacyl translocation)

CLARITHROMYCIN
 Improved half-life (long), stability, bioavailability
*Erythromycin (Ilosone)- alternative to penicillincephalosporin allergic patient. DOC Diptheria, Pertussis, Legionnaire’s disease
Salts:
Erythromycin base- acid labile. Enteric coated
Estolate- cholestaric jaundice/hepatitis
Stearate- most stable and bioavailable

Clindamycin- Cl substituted derivative of lincomycin. ADR: Pseudomembranous colitis (TX. Vancomycin)

MESNA (2-Mercaptoethanesulfonate Na)- uroprotectant. Conjugates acrolein

Mannitol- osmotic diuretic
Sodium thiosulfate- antidote for cyanice poisoning (converts CN methemoglobin to SCN)
Leucovorin (Folinic acid)- antidote for Folate antagonists e.g Methotrexate, Premetrexed
Desrazoxane- cardioprotectant. For anthracyclines (RUBICIN) induced cariotoxicity
ANTI METABOLITES
Purine antagonist (PURGA) 6-mercaptoPURINE, 6-thioGUANINE, Fludarabine, Clabribine
Pyrimidine antagonist (PYCUT) 5-FluoroURACIL, CYTarabine, capecitabine
Folate antagonist (Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor) Methotrexate- DMARD of choice for RA
Antidote: Leucovorin A/E: hand foot syndrome

SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS/GABA-mimtic
Benzodiazepines
-increase frequency of GABA mediated Cl opening
Short acting (COM) Intermediate acting (LATE) Long acting
Clonazepam Lorazepam Diazepam
 Alternative to diazepam (S. DOC: S. epilepticus
Oxazepam epilepticus) Flurazepam
-FInal product of BZD Quazepam
Alprazolam Halazepam
Mildazolam Temazepam Prazepam
-Water soluble form of BZD Estazolam Chorazepate
Chlordiazeepoxide

Barbiturates
Increase duration of GABA mediated Cl opening
Ultra-short acting SHort-acting Intermediate-acting Long-acting
Thiopental Amobarbital Butarbital Phenobarbital
Thiamylal Secobarbital Talbutal DOC: S. epilepticus (CHILD)
Methohexital Pentobarbital  For mgt of Kernicterus
Hexobarbital (accumulation of
unconjugated bilirubin in
patient taking
sulfonamide)

OTOTOXIC Cisplatin
Carboplatin
*CC

CARIDOTOXIC Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
*DD

PULMOTOXIC Busulfan
Bleomycin
*BB (Baga)

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE Resist change; shifts stress to maintain equilibrium

HENDERSON HASSELBALCH Buffer pair
VAN SLYKE Buffer capacity (degree or magnitude of capability o resist change in pH of
the buffer)
FICK’S FIRST LAW Diffusion
NOYES WHITNEY Dissolution
MICHAELIS MENTEN KINETICS Enzyme
HESS’S LAW Enthalpy