WATER TREATMENT

PROCESS
AND RESERVOIRS IN
A.P
AKASH SRIVASTAVA

09031AB003

B.Arch L.S.

IV SEM
  Dowleswaram Barrage on the Godavari River in the East Godavari district

 Joorala Reservoir on the Krishna River

 Nagarjuna Sagar Dam on the Krishna River in the Nalgonda district
 Osman Sagar Reservoir on the Musi River
 Nizam Sagar Reservoir on the Manjira River in the Nizamabad district
 Prakasham Barrage on the Krishna River
 Sriram Sagar Reservoir Reservoir on the Godavari River
 Srisailam Dam on the Krishna River in the Kurnool district
 Rajolibanda Dam
 Telugu Ganga
 Polavaram Project on Godavari River
 Koil Sagar
 Lower Maneru Reservoir on the canal of Sriramsagar Project(SRSP) in '''Karimnagar'''
District
 Himayath Sagar Reservoir
 Dindi Reservoir
 Somasila
 Gandipalem Reservoir
 Tatipudi Reservoir
 Inchampalli on the river Godavari and an inter state project Andhra pradesh,
Maharastra, Chattisghad
 Pulichintala on the river Krishna in Guntur district
 Ellammpalli
 Singur Dam
 Dummagudem
 Sunkesula
 Musi Reservoir
 pothireddy padunear kund
 Ramagundam Dam on the river Godavari in Karimnagar District
 Pranahita Chevella on the river Godavari in Adilabad District
 Jeri Dam
 Brmham sagar
 Polavaram,wG
 Handri-neeva
 Mylavaram Dam
 Koil sagar Dam

WATER TREATMENT

Objectives of water treatment plant are to remove the different impurities from water, and to
ensure the treated water quality meets the water standard.
The characteristics of the raw water is assessed by taking sample of water from the source during
different seasons of the year and analyzing for physical, chemical and bacteriological quality
parameter.

UNIT OPERATION AND PROCESS

water treatment involves removal of undesirable constituents from water and then disposal of them
in easiest and safest manner. To achieve these goals, a variety of treatment operation and process
are utilized. That operation used in the treatment of water which change is brought about by means
of physical forces is known as unit operation (UO). That in which change is brought through about by
means of chemical reactions is known as unit processes (UP).

Each UO or UP plays an important role at the various stages of the treatment train. The predominant
role and responsibility rest with the design engineer for selecting and designing the appropriate
treatment operation or process in the overall treatment train. The chemical processes commonly
used in water and waste water treat meant are

Chemical precipitation: Enhancement of removal of suspended solids by chemical addition

Coagulation: this is the additional and rapid mixing of coagulant resulting in deslatralization of the
colloidal particles and formation of micro flocks.

Ion Exchange: the cations and anions in water are selectively removed when water is percolated
through beds containing cation and anion exchange resins.

Aeration: additional or removal of gases from liquid phase.

Dis-infection:- selective destruction of disease causing organisms present in water.

SCREENING:

This is a unit operation that removes floating and suspended larger materials from water.

Screens may be classified as trash racks, coarse screen, fine screen or micro strainers depending on
the size of the material removal. They may be located at the intakes, raw water pumping stations
and water treatment plant.

Trash Racks: these are provided to intake port in the intake structure to prevent large objects from
entering the conveyance system.

The screen consists of 50-80mm. The velocity of flow through the coarse screen is generally limited
to less than 8.0 cm/s

Coarse Screen:

These are used to remove smaller objects that may damage the pumps. They may be located wither
in the intake structure or in the raw water pump house. In the case of gravity covariance system, this
may be provided at the WTP. These screens consist of heavy wire mesh with 5mm square opening or
of circular passive screens with similar width.

Micro Strainer:
This consists of a rotating cylinder frame covered with fine wire mesh fabric. Water enters the
cylinder and moves radial out. Deposited solids on the screen are removed by a jet of water from
the top and discharged into a trough. Raw water containing a heavy population of algae and
plankton is difficult to coagulate. These usually float, because there specific gravity is less. If the raw
water is pre-chlorinated, certain species of algae produce intense taste and odour problems forming
substitution product. Removal of algae prior to pre chlorination has beneficial effects on taste and
odour control.

Hence the removal of these from water from an impounding remains essential.

Aeration

This is the UP for the exchange of gases between water and atmosphere. Aeration involves wither
bringing air or other gases in contact with water or to transfer volatile substance from the liquid to
the gaseous phase. The purpose:-

To reduce the concentration of taste and odour producing substance.

To dissolve oxygen of water for importing freshness.

To oxidize and precipitate impurities like iron and manganese in certain forms in the water source.

Coagulation and flocculation

These are the UP to convert the stable colloidal particles into satiable flocks by destabilizing the
charge on the colloids so as to remove tenability from the water. Water with little or no tenability
from the water.

Sedimentation

This is a UO to settle out the suspended particles in water gravitational force. This is achieved by
lowering the flow velocity in a basin to settle out suspended particles by gravity. The process is also
known as setting or clarification.

Filtration:

This is the UO using a filter to separate the suspended particles mechanically from water to render
water free from turbidity.

Disinfection:

This is the UP employed to inactivate the disease producing bacteria present in water by addition of
certain chemicals in order to render the water safe for consumption. Common disinfection is
chlorine and the process of additional of chlorine is known as chlorination.

Demineralization:

This is the Up of removing dissolved minerals and mineral salts, present in the form of mineral ions
in water. This process strips out all chemical impurities in the water.