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Unit 12: Reinforced Concrete Columns
Unit 12: Reinforced Concrete Columns
UNIT 12
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
columns.
reinforcement
12.1 Definition
This unit is concerned with the design of reinforced concrete columns. The
elements and to transmit building loads from these elements to the foundation.
member whose greatest lateral dimension is not greater than four times its
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN C4301/UNIT12/ 2
BS8110.
3000 mm
500 mm
12.2
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500 mm
200 mm
4b = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm
h = 500 mm
it. Earlier we assumed that all loads are applied vertically to a column.
However, horizontal forces such as wind forces when applied to a column will
also cause deflection. The result is that the load is no longer applied axially
The difference between the braced and unbraced column is stated in clause
compression and on facts for a very short column This is true. However, the
l ex l
both the ratios and ey is less than 15 (for braced column) and less than
h b
slender. l ex and l ey are the effective height of columns, with respect to the x
and y axis. The x and y axis are indicated in figure 12.2 on the next page.
x x
Answer the following questions by filling in the blanks with the correct
answers.
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This height is called the effective height and is calculated using equation 30 of
l e l o
Values of β are dependent upon the end conditions (restraints) and are
The degree of restraint afforded at the ends of the columns is classified into
12.2 Condition 1
Braced columns are properly restrained in direction at both ends and are jointed
monolithically together. The depth of the beam should at least be equal to the
column’s dimension in the plane considered. The joint between the column and
diagrammatically;
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN C4301/UNIT12/ 7
hb ≥ hc
hc
hb ≥ hc
hc
12.3 Condition 2
There are beams monolithically joined to both sides at the end of a beam
column. The depth of the beam is less than the column’s dimension in the
hb < hc or hs < hc
hc
hb < hc
Note :
hb = beam overall depth
hs = slab thickness
hc = column dimensions
12.4 Condition 3
end but imperfectly restrained in direction at the other end. The adjoining
designed and detailed as simply supported beam. For the junction between the
12.5 Condition 4
The end of the column is not restrained from lateral movements and torsion. An
example of this is the free end of a cantilever column of an unbraced structure. This is
Free end
However, BS 8110 only specifies the end condition where there are beams on
both sides of the column in a given plane. When there is one beam on one side
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN C4301/UNIT12/ 10
of the column, the effective height of the column is obtained using equation 3
be provided is 0.4 %bh for both steel grades (f y = 250 N/mm2 & fy = 460 N/mm2).
Minimums of four bars are provided and the minimum diameter is 12 mm for a
8% for horizontally cast and 10% at laps. These requirements are stated in Clause
The minimum diameter of ties is one quarter of the biggest longitudinal bar in
diameter but not smaller than 6 mm. The maximum distance is 12 times the smallest
longitudinal bar diameter. These requirements are stated in clause 3.12.7.1 of the
code.
Every corner and alternate bar should be restrained by a link passing round the bar.
All other bars should be within 150 mm of a restrained bar. These requirements are
stated in clause 3.12.7.2 of the code. This is shown in figure 12.7 below;
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X < 150 mm
θ < 135◦
Figure 12.7: Arrangement of links for containment of beam’s or columns compressive reinforcement.
12.3 Write down the equation that is used to calculate the effective height of
a column.
longitudinal reinforcement?
in question 5?
12.12 What is the maximum distance that a bar should be within a restrained
bar?
12.8 l e l o
12.11 4 types
0 .4
= 250 250
100
= 250 mm2
6
= 250 250
100
= 3,750 mm2
1
= 20
4
= 240 mm centres.
12.16 135 º
12.17 150 mm
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1.A column is considered braced in a given plane if walls or other suitable bracing to
resist all lateral forces in that plane provides the lateral stability to the structure as a
whole.
A column is considered unbraced in a given plane when the column provides lateral
size.
vertically cast and horizontally cast columns respectively with 10% at laps for both
columns.
Links or ties should be at least be one quarter the size of the largest compression bar
Every corner bar and each alternate bar should be supported by a link passing round
There are 20 questions. Answer all the questions by circling the correct answers.
Please read the questions carefully before you answer them. Good Luck!
If b and h are the width and overall depth of a section respectively, it can be designed
as a column when …
A. h = 4b
B. h < 4b
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C. h > 4b
D. h < 6b
A braced column is said to be short if the effective height to the least side ratio is less
than…
A. 20
B. 15
C. 12
D. 10
An unbraced column is said to be slender if the effective height to the least side ratio
is less than…
A. 20
B. 15
C. 12
D. 10
When walls provide the lateral stability of a structure or bracing, the column of the
A. short
B. slender
C. braced
D. unbraced
A. l e l
o
B. l e l o
C. l o l e
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D. l e l o
A. condition 1
B. condition 2
C. condition 3
D. condition 4
A. Condition 1
B. Condition 2
C. Condition 3
D. Condition 4
A. 0.2 %
B. 0.4%
C. 0.13%
D. 0.15%
A. 6%
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B. 8%
C. 10%
D. 4%
The minimum number of main steel bars in a rectangular reinforced concrete column
must be…
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
The minimum number of main steel bars in a reinforced concrete circular column
must be…
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
A. 8mm
B. 12mm
C. 16mm
D. 20mm
The maximum spacing of longitudinal bars without a bend around alternate bars in
A. 150 mm
B. 100 mm
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C. 75 mm
What is the minimum size of ties suitable for a column reinforced with 4T32
longitudinal bars?
A. 6 mm
B. 8 mm
C. 10 mm
D. 12 mm
What is the maximum spacing of the ties for a column reinforced with 4T32 bars?
A. 284 mm centres
B. 384 mm centres
C. 484 mm centres
D. 584 mm centres
In the case of more than one row of longitudinal bars in each face of a reinforced
C. in groups
Which of the statements is correct? In the case of two rows of longitudinal bars at a
A column is considered unbraced in a given plane when lateral stability in that plane
is provided by the…
A. column
B. beam
C. slab
D. foundation
A. crushing
B. buckling
C. shear
D. cracking
If both ends of a braced column is of type “end condition 1”, the effective height is
A. 1.00
B. 0.95
C. 0.85
D. 0.75
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1. B 11. C
2. B 12. B
3. D 13. A
4. C 14. B
5. D 15. B
6. D 16. A
7. A 17. C
8. B 18. A
9. B 19. B
10. B 20. D