Chapter 2.

WCDMA System Overview

- 60 -
1. IMT-2000
This chart illustrates the expanse of WCDMA.
Quality of communication on the vertical axis and transmission speed are plot on the horizontal
axis. WCDMA may be said to cover up to high quality and high speed areas.
The main feature of this system is its ability to flexibly transmit data at different speeds, from
144kbps while traveling fast, to 384kbps while walking, and to maximum 2Mbps when
stationary.

• Supplementary Note
i-mode (Japanese mobile internet access system) uses packet communication technology, and
0.1 to 0.3 yen is charged for every 128 bytes. It employs a quantitative billing system by
volume of data transmitted, and can holds bill amounts lower when sending e-mail messages
than in circuit switching. It may also be said to be a communication service fit for cellular
mobiles, capable of immediately resuming data transmission when radio signals are
interrupted. 9.6kbps would be sufficient for data volumes of short messages. With the
advent of image and music data delivery service, however, even higher quality and higher data
transmission speeds will become necessary.

- 61 -
 IMT-2000

5.6k･･･ 11.2k 28.8k Development from Voice

10-2 PDC PDC-P PDC

3.45k 8k 32k･････64K 128k Wireless Quality

Marginal Coverage
10-3 PDC
voice
IMT2000
voice
PHS
voice PHS PHS-P PHS Low Efficiency
Bit Error Rate

IMT2000 (2GHz Band) Mobile Multimedia

max. 144k
Wireline Quality
Vehicle max. 384k Wide Coverage
High Efficiency
10-6 Pedestrian max. 2M
Indoor

10k 100k 1M Bit Rate

P: Packet

Figure 2-1 IMT-2000

- 62 -
1.1. Frequency Plane on IMT-2000
At WARC’92 held in 1992, it was agreed to use 230MHz (1,885∼2.025MHz/2,110∼2,200MHz)
in 230MHz band as the IMT-2000 frequency band.
Frequency plans vary from country to country depending on their unique conditions. In Japan
and Europe, the two 60MHz bands of 1920∼1980MHz and 2,110∼2,170MHz are allocated.
In the U.S., it is presumed that the 1.9MHz band, currently allocated for PCS, will be used.
PCS: Personal Communication Service. A personal mobile communication
service in operation in the U.S.A in the 1.9GHz band

- 63 -
 Frequency Plan on IMT-2000
WARC (Current WRC; World Radio Conference) in 1992 230MHz Band
WRC 2000 More 160MHz Band
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200MHz
1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2155 2170
ITU MSS MSS
IMT-2000 MSS (Reg.2) IMT-2000 (Reg.2) MSS

1895 1918 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170

Japan
PHS IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 IMT-2000 MSS

Europe/ 1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170

Australia DECT UMTS MSS UMTS UMTS MSS

1850 1910 1930 1990 2025 2110 2150 2165

USA
PCS MSS Reserve MSS
Unlicensed
MSS: Mobile Satellite Service

Figure 2-2 Frequency Plan on IMT-2000

- 64 -
WRC-2000 held in 2000, agreed on the future demand forecast of 200 million subscribers by
year 2010, and proposed additional frequency allocation. It was based on the recognition that
a uniform set of IMT-2000 specifications were vital to apply worldwide and across national
boundaries for lower mobiles costs, and that additional frequency bands common throughout
the world needed to be secured.
As a result, the 800MHz (806∼960MHz), 1.7GHz(1,710∼1,885MHz) and 2.5GHz (2,500∼
2,690MHz) bands were added for new frequency allocation.

- 65 -
 Frequency Plan on IMT-2000
Additional (2nd of June, 2000)
WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000,
800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.

2010
800 1000 1500 2000 2025 2500 MHz
806 960 1710 1885 1980 2690
IMT-2000

2110 2170
GSM
880 960 1710 1990
(Current)

PDC 810 958 1429 1513

(Current)

: Additionally assigned for IMT-2000

Figure 2-3 Frequency Plane on IMT-2000

- 66 -
1.2. W-CDMA vs. cdma2000
The 3rd Generation Cellular transmission speed of maximum 2Mbps requires a 5MHz
frequency band. In the U.S.A., however, circumstances surrounding the radio frequency
administration did not permit a new allocation, and lead to the introduction of cdma2000 which
used for down stream 3, 75 MHz composed of the three 1,25MHz bands from cdmaOne. This is
the reason cdma2000 is also referred to as MC (Multi-carrier) CDMA.
But the 3rd Generation has not required compliance with full specifications since the beginning,
which makes it sufficiently functional by simply speeding up cdmaOne in tact. Accordingly, the
introduction of 1xMC, which achieved the speed of 144Kbps in one frequency band alone, made
quick service area expansion and cost reduction possible.
cdma2000 using 3 frequencies are referred to as 3x, and the type using one frequency only as 1x.
cdma2000 1x, 1x MC and MC-CDMA 1x are the same technology.
cdma2000 can be used not only in the 2GHx band but in the 800MHz band as well. This is due
to the approval by ITU of the additional frequencies for the 3rd generation. Particularly, in
Japan, cdmaOne service is offered in the 800MHz band, and therefore, KDDI positions 1xMC as
an extension service of cdmaOne.
In metropolitan areas, 1xMC services with a 64Kbps up link and a 144Kbps down link were
placed in operation in 2002, and the nationwide deployment is expected at the end of the fiscal
2002.

- 67 -
 W-CDMA/cdma2000

cdma2000
W-CDMA
1X 3X

Access Method Direct Spread Multi Carrier Multi Carrier

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps 3.6864 Mcps

(3.84 x 1) (1.2288 x 1) (1.2288 x 3)

Inter BTS Sync. Async./Sync. Synchronous Synchronous

Pilot Structure Common Pilot Common Pilot Common Pilot

RF Resource
Management Simple Simple Complicated

MS Design Simple Simple Complicated

~ 2 Mbps ~ 144 kbps ~ 2 Mbps
Data Speed (5 MHz/Carrier) (1.25 MHz/Carrier) (1.25 MHz/Carrier x 3)

Figure 2-4 W-CDMA/cdma2000

W-CDMA Spectrum

･Frequency Band
- 2 GHz (IMT2000, WARC’92)

Carrier ･Carrier Band width

- 5 MHz/Carrier

･Chip Rate
- 3.84 Mcps/Carrier
5 MHz
・Data Rate
- Up to 2 Mbps/Carrier

Figure 2-5 W-CDMA Spectrum

- 68 -
CDMA2000 1x is a variation of the next generation mobile radio technology called CDMA2000,
which transfers data at high speeds by enhancing data transfer speed of each channel in the
same 1.25MHz band as in the current cdmaOne, and by concurrently utilizing multiple
channels through Multi-Carrier Division Duplexing.
CDMA2000 1x uses only one of the “multiple channels being used.” The enhancement of data
rate efficiency over cdmaOne improves the data rate proportionately. In fact, QUALCOMM,
the developer of CDMA2000, has chip sets available which support max. 153kpbx (MSM5000・
6050) for down-links and max. 307kbps (MSM5100・6100) aggregate for up- and down-links.
Mobiles with these chip sets will be capable of higher-speed data communication than the
current cdmaOne (IS-95B).
CDMA2000 is also referred to as MC-CDMA as it uses the Multiple-Carrier technology. or as
IS-95C as it is an extension of cdmaOne. Other variations of CDMA2000 include CDMA2000 3x,
which uses one channel and three frequencies, and 1x HDR, which, instead of sharing one
channel between voice and data communication, dedicates the channel to data communication
only, thus to make high data rate possible.

- 69 -
 cdma2000 Spectrum
Carrier A Carrier B Carrier C
・Frequency Band
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz - 800 MHz (Cellular band)
- 1.9 GHz (PCS band)
- 2.0 GHz (IMT-2000)

IS95MS IS95 MS IS95 MS

・Carrier Band width
5 MHz - 1.25 MHz/Carrier x N (N=1,3)
Carrier A Carrier B Carrier C - 3.75 MHz (N=3)
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz
・Chip Rate
- 1.2288 Mcps/Carrier x N
- 3.6864 Mcps (N=3)
cdma2000 terminal
5 MHz ・Data Rate
- Up to 1036.8 kbps (N=3)
- Up to 2073.6 kbps (N=6)
MS: Mobile station

Figure 2-6 cdma2000 Spectrum

- 70 -
1.3. WCDMA (IMT-DS) Specifications
In CDMA mobile communication, data are modulated by unique digital codes called PN
(pseudorandom noise) and spread before transmitted. The PN waveform (PN signals) is
digital codes sampling values +1at random, and the signal speed if referred to as Chip Rate and
is denoted in cps (chip per second). The PN chip rate is several times to several thousand
times the bit rate of signals before modulation.
To illustrate, the chip rate in cdmaOne is 1.23Mcps and it means that the phase of data or
control signals (9.6K or 14.4Kbps) shifts 1,230,000 times per second. cdmaOne signals are in
themselves digital data and are shown in 1’s and 0’s. When the signal is 1 and the value of the
PN bit is +1, the phase is unchanged. If the signal is 1 and the value of the PN bit is -1, the
phase is shifted 180 degrees. If the value is 0, the phase is not shifted regardless of whether
the value of the PN bit is +1 or -1.
Error control is made up of channel bit (error correction bits) and automatic retransmit request.
By using random bit sampling and channel bits as part of spreading the spectrum, W-CDMA
benefits from the merits of spread spectrum in addition to codification merits derived from the
use of channel bits.

- 71 -
 W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification
Multiple access method DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)
FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time
Duplexing method Division Duplex)
Inter-cell synchronization Asynchronous

Bandwidth 5 MHZ

Chip rate 3.84 Mcps

Carrier spacing Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster

Frame length Unit 5/10/20 ms

Data modulation Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK

Multi-rate concept Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code

Maximum data rate 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile)

Convolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9)
Channel coding
Turbo code for High data rate
BPSK: Binary phase shift keying QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying

Figure 2-7 W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification

- 72 -
1.4. Spreading code in W CDMA
In W-CDMA, spreading codes are added in two steps, one channelization codes with repeated
cycles of symbol lengths, and the other scrambling codes with cycles much longer than the
symbol lengths.

- 73 -
 Spreading Code
2 Step Spreading of W-CDMA
1st Step: Channelization Code
Variable Rate Spreading (4 chips-512 chips; According to
data rate)
2nd Step: Scrambling Code
Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

Transmitter
3,840 Kcps
Coding &
Interleave

Channelization Scrambling
Code Code

Figure 2-8 Spreading Code

- 74 -
1.4.1. Function of Spreading Codes (Down Link)
In Down-links, scrambling codes are used to identify cells, and channelization codes to identify
mobiles.

1.4.2. Function of Spreading Code (Up link)

In up-links, scrambling codes are used to identify mobiles, and channelization codes to identify
channels within the mobiles. For example, in concurrent voice and data communication
within a mobile, channelization codes are used to identify and capture respective channels.

- 75 -
 Spreading Code Function
Down Link (Radio Station to User )
Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).
Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell
(Sector).
Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Code 2 Channelization
Channelization
Code 3
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization
Code 2 Scrambling Code C

Figure 2-9 Spreading Code Function

Spreading Code Function

Up Link (User to Radio Station )
Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.
Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization
Code 2
Scrambling Code A
Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Channelization
Code 1
Code 1

Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code C

Figure 2-10 Spreading Code Function

- 76 -
1.5. W CDMA Air Interface
This chart shows the air interface protocol in the W-CDMA system. The protocol consists of
Physical Layer (Layer 1), Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and Network Layer (Layer 3).
Channels in the air interface comprise three layers, i.e., Physical Channel, Transport Channel
and Logical Channel, to accommodate flexibly various service modes and multiple calls.
Mapping of Physical Channel to Transport Channel is performed in MAC Sub-layer, and
mapping of Transport Channel to Physical Channel in Physical Layer.

- 77 -
 W-CDMA Air Interface
Radio Channels

This channel is used for

Upper Layer logical processing in the
UMTS.
L2 Logical Channel
This channel is used for
MAC
transportation between
Transport Channel logical and physical
channels.
L1
Physical Channel This channel is physically
transmitted on the radio.
MAC: Medium access control

Fig. 2.1 W-CDMA Air Interface

- 78 -
1.5.1. Radio Channel
By multiplexing multiple transport channels on physical channels, it is made possible to
multiplex mobile data and control data, and data for multiple mobiles in multi-calls.
DPCH in the Physical channel consists of DPDCH and DPCCH, where DPCCH is the channel
that transmits data and DPCCH, subservient to DPDCH, controls Layer 1, e.g., control of
transmit power.

• Logical Channel
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
Transfers user information to 1 User Equipment (UE).
DCCH (Dedicates Control Channel)
Transfers control information to 1 User Equipment (UE).
CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Transfers user information to all or group User Equipments (UEs).
PCCH (Paging Channel)
Transfers paging information.
BCCH (Broadcast Channel)
For broadcast system control information.
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Transfers control information between network and User Equipments.
MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer
Converts logical channels and transport channels.
• Transport Channel
DCH (Dedicated Channel)
Transfers user or control information between the network and the UE.
RACH (Random Access Channel)
Transfers control information from a UE.
CPCH (Common Packet Channel)
Transfers packet-based user data, it is an extension of RACH.
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
Broadcasts system and cell specific information.
FACH (Forward Access Channel)
Transfers control information to a UE.
PCH (Paging Channel)
Transfers paging information a UE.
DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)
Transfers dedicated control or traffic data, it can shared several users.

- 79 -
 Radio Channels
Transport
Physical Channel Logical Channel
Channel
Up Link

Up & Down Link Up Link

Traffic Control Traffic

DPDCH
Dedicate

Dedicate

Up & Down Link

Dedicate
DPCCH DTCH
DCH
Down
Link

DPCH DCCH
Up Link

PRACH RACH

Down Up/Down
PCPCH CPCH CTCH
P-CCPCH
Common Channel

Common Channel

Common Channel
S-CCPCH BCH
CCCH

Control Channel
PDSCH FACH
CPICH BCCH
Down Link

Down Link

SCH PCH

Down Link
PICH DSCH PCCH
AICH
AP-AICH MAC
CD/CA-ICH
CSICH

Fig. 2.2 Radio Channels

- 80 -
• Physical Channel

DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)

Transfers dedicated data generated at layer 2 and above.
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
Transfers control information generated at layer 1.
DPCH (Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel)
Transfers control information to a UE.
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
Transfers the RACH.
PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel)
Transfers the CPCH.
P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
Transfers the BCH.
S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)
Transfers FACH and PCH.
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
Transfers DSCH.
CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)
Supplies down physical channel default phase.
SCH (Synchronization Channel)
Used for cell search.
PICH (Page Indication Channel)
Transfers the page indication.
AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel)
Transfers acquisition indicator for PRACH access.
AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indication Channel)
Transfers acquisition indicator for PCPCH access.
CD/CA-ICH (CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel)
Used for collision control of PCPCH.
CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)
Transfers status information of PCPCH.

- 81 -
1.6. Other Technologies for 3G Mobile

HDR (High Data Rate): Qualcomm

Carrier Band width : 1.25MHz/Carrier
Data Rate : 2.4Mbps (Max.)
Support services : Data Service only
Frequency Band : Same as cdmaOne Band
HDR(High Data Rate) is a technology developed by Qualcomm for cdmaOne, which achieved a
max. 153.6Kbps up-link and a max. 2.4Mbps down-link with the 1.25MHz frequency bandwidth
unchanged. The actual max. down-link speed, however, is estimated to be about 600Kbps on
the average due to radio interference, etc.
Developed solely for data communication, it can not be used for voice communication, and has
lost such cdmaOne features as soft handover and output power control. This makes a dual
mode mobile necessary in the event both HDR and voice communication capability is desired
with one mobile.
The greatest advantage of HDR is that system facilities for 800MHz can be used intact, and
that investments for facilities can be substantially reduced. According to an estimate by the
developer Qualcomm, the size of required costs is approx. one-fifth of those for introducing
cdma2000.

1XTREME: Motorola/Nokia
Data Rate : 5.2Mbps (Max.)
Support services : Voice and Data Services
Frequency Band : Same as cdmaOne Band
1XTREME is a high speed voice and data communication technology related with cdma2000,
proposed by Motorola and Nokia. Initially, Motorola called it 1X-Plus. With a 1.25MHz band
that comprises a 1X (cdma2000 Phase 1) frequency channel, it offers a max. 5.18 Mbps,
1.2Mbps avg. two-way high speed data communication. In addition, it is featured by both
voice and data communication residing in one 1.25MHz channel.
It is looked at by 3HPP2 which develops proposed IMT2000 standards, as one proposition
toward the 1XEV-DV (1X Evolution Data and Voice) standards which aim at offering voice
communication in addition to a max. 5.2Mbps high speed data communication.

- 82 -
EDGE (Enhanced Data-rate for GSM Evolution)
Data Rate : 384kbps (Max.)
Support services : Data Service only
Frequency Band : Same as GSM Band
EDGE Is a technology that achieves a 384K high speed communication on the existing GSM.
In reality, it bundles 16 channels to make that speed possible. The size of investment for
facilities is smaller as compared with W-CDMA and cdma2000, some operators in Europe and
the U.S.A. show interest in the technology.

TD-SCDMA: Recommended in China

Under development by China’s Da Tang jointly with German Siemens as a National Project,
this technology is China’s original next generation cellular radio technology after W-CDMA of
Europe and CDMA2000 of the U.S.A. China’s news agency Xin Hua She reported on February
3, 2002, that they conducted a successful outdoor experiment in both image and voice
communication between automobiles traveling at the speed of 125km.

IMT-TC (Time Code)

Is a technology combining CDMA and up-down time division multiplexing, and includes UTRA
TDD (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Time Division Duplex) from Europe and Td-SCDMA
(Time Division Synchronous CDMA) from China. 3GPP developed detailed specifications.

- 83 -
=== Memo ===

- 84 -
2. Concept W CDMA Mobile
IMT-2000’s ultimatum is the capability of easy multimedia communication in voice and service
quality better than that of legacy telephone service, in data and moving image, and,
furthermore, being a cellular technology usable the world over. The technologies referred to as
the 3rd generation aim at the realization of mobile environments where cellular radio services
intricately converged with Internet. They embrace creativity that may bring about new
services merging computers and digital home appliances with the advent of digital television
broadcast and the worldwide pervasion of internet. The introduction of radio telephones
bundled with JAVA is an early indication of activities to make mobile computing with cellular
terminals a reality. And such services as delivery of music to cellular terminals using memory
cards and other memory media are under way. The count-down has started toward the arrival
of such next generation cellular telephone services as TV phone, positioning service, mobile
banking, etc.

- 85 -
 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 1

Wireline-quality
Voice
High
Speed
Data

Up to 2Mbps Up to 384kbps

Mobile
Indoor Application Multimedia

Global
Roaming

Outdoor

Figure 2-11 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile

- 86 -
2.1.1. Simultaneous Multiple Service
It is anticipated that voice traffic will approach saturation fast and be declining, while, instead,
such non-voice traffic will increase sharply and will steadily and surely evolve into full-blown
multimedia traffic.

2.1.2. Wide Band Service

Traffic made up of large volumes of data traveling at different speeds can be transferred better
and more efficiently over broadband.

- 87 -
 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 2
Support Service
Circuit Switched Data & Packet Switched Data
Voice Communication Service Data Communication Service

Symmetrical Traffic Asymmetrical Traffic

Simultaneous Multiple
Service

Figure 2-12 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 2

Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 3

Narrow Band Stop

64kbps ISDN 64kbps ISDN

384kbps Packet Voice Voice 64kbps ISDN

Voice Voice Voice

Stop
Band Width
Wide Band
384kbps Packet Voice Voice 64kbps ISDN Voice
Voice 384kbps Packet
Voice Voice Voice Voice 64kbps ISDN Voice Voice
64kbps ISDN Voice 64kbps ISDN
64kbps ISDN 64kbps ISDN

Figure 2-13 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 3

- 88 -
2.1.3. Services
This chart illustrates examples of mobile multimedia services.
The business sphere holds pioneering subscribers of mobile communication, and a major shift
usage from traditional text data to image data is predicted. These subscribers are expected to
demand timely acquisition of large volumes of and varieties of information without the
constraints of locations or time, thus services that enable them to convey their thoughts
smoothly and freely. In the public sphere, among up coming applications are emergency
communication that takes advantage of the strengths of radio communication in emergency,
remote machine-to-machine communication, vehicular traveling support, and ITS applications
for save driving. In the personal sphere which is the main driver of the growth of mobile
communication, extensions of mobile internet is anticipated, and such services as videophone
as a form of image communication and image mail for mail service, are in order. Further, music
and video distribution may see a full-scale comeback.

- 89 -
 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 4

Mobile Traffic
Business Sphere Videophone Information
Public Sphere
System
Video Personal
Conferencing Security
Disaster
Database Information System
E-Mail Remote
Mobile Supervision System
Communications
Information Services
Networks for for Pagers
Multimedia • News
Information • Weather Forecasts
Service • Financial Information

Electronic Commerce
Video-Based Electronic Newspapers
Electronic Books
Karaoke on Demand Portable Television Television Shopping
Music on Demand Interactive Television Home Schooling System
Interactive Games
Video on Demand

Private Sphere

Figure 2-14 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 4

- 90 -
In the upper left is an example of IMT-2000 connection with enterprise LAN. IMT-2000
network is connected with the enterprise LSN via frame relays (FR), circuit relays (CR), high
speed digital lines (DA/HSD), ISDN or through VPN via Internet Service Providers (ISP).
In this manner, seamless, secure communication paths are secured and provide efficient
support for sales and maintenance support activities.
Furthermore, large volumes of telemetric control by radio communication and remote
surveillance systems transferring images, unavailable this far, becomes possible.
Videophone service shown in the chart is one of the typical services available on IMT-2000.
In initial stages, 5 to 10 frames of images are transmitted every second by means of 64Kbps
circuit switching and such highly effective image data compression technologies as MPEG-4.
Image communication is possible between mobiles with IMT-2000 moving image
communication capability installed and with PHS visual phones already available as a PHS
service. With fixed line networks, the availability of this feature is limited to communication
with special TV phones equipped with MPEG-4(Moving Picture Experts Group-4).

- 91 -
 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 5

Take Part in a
Video Conference
from a Remote Location

Share Information
to Feel Closer

Get What You Want

When You Want It!

Various Security Functions

Figure 2-15 Concept of W-CDMA Mobile 5

- 92 -
2.2. W CDMA Terminal
The variety of terminals are developed for IMT-2000, videophone type, camera equipped type,
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) type and PC card type.

IMT-2000 End User Terminal Requirement

• Low cost
• Light weight
• Low power drain / long talk time
• Toll-quality voice
• Use multiple device with the same use ID
Services, routing and charging by personal ID / subscription
• International roaming
• Broad range of service
Fixed and mobile
Voice, data, multi media

- 93 -
 W-CDMA Terminal
Concept
Handheld PC Type
„ Large Display
Small (Standard) Type „ Full Keyboard
¾ Video Phone
„ Small Size
¾ Internet Access
¾ High Quality Voice
Communication
Mobile
Middle Type Multimedia
„ Middle Size PDA Type
„ Middle Display „ Middle-long Display
¾ e-Mail „ No 10 key
¾ Mobile Internet (WAP) PC Card Type ¾ Video Phone
¾ Video Phone „ Very Small Size ¾ e-Mail
„ No Display ¾ Mobile Internet (WAP)
¾ High Speed Data
Communication with PC
PDA : Personal digital assistant and more…
WAP : Wireless application protocol

Figure 2-16 W-CDMA Terminal

- 94 -
High speed data transfer is a main feature of IMT-200 terminal. When higher speed is required
several method are considered, example connect to server, PC or car navigation system with
LAN or Bluetooth.
Bluetooth:
is a code-name for a new technology under joint development by major players in the computer
and electric communication industry. Bluetooth is an open application for short-distance radio
connection between various communication devices, and uses frequencies available for use all
over the world so that devices may be connected anywhere in the world.
It is a radio communication technology for short distances with a transmission reach of
maximum 10 meters (100 meters optional). The technology is a spread-spectrum frequency
hopping technology and operates on 2.4GHz band frequencies which do not require licensing for
frequency use.
The transmission speed is 1 Mbps (effective speed 721Kbps), far below the 11Mbps used in LAN.
The scope of usage, however, is not limited to PC-to-PC and PC-to-peripherals but can be
applied to mobile communications.

- 95 -
 W-CDMA Terminal
W-CDMA Video Phone (Prototype)
Radio
Communication

Bluetooth
2.4GHz
1 Mbps

Picture Viewer Terminal Mobile Phone Handset

Transmission speed 64Kbps Frequency Band TX: 1920 to 1940MHz
AV CODEC MPEG-4 Visual, H263 Version 2 RX: 2110 to 2130MHz
MPEG-4 Audio/CELP Channel Spacing 5MHz
(8KHz/16KHz Sampling), G.723.1 Average Transmitting Power Max. 0.3W (for 64Kbps)
Camera 1/6-inch CCD, Lens: 2.8mm f2.8 Dimensions 130mm(H) x 40mm(W) x 28mm(D)
LCD 2-inch Color TFT Volume of 120cc
29mm(H) x 97mm(W) x 95mm(D) Weight 240g
Dimension
Volume of 260cc
Weight 240g

Figure 2-17 W-CDMA Terminal

- 96 -
2.3. Cell size and Duplex technology
CDMA communication technology proposed to ITU-R includes TDD and FDD. TDD switches
alternatively between up and down links at certain time intervals on the same frequency. It is
suited for metropolitan centers with high traffic.
FDD uses different frequencies for up and down links for transmission. FDD can further be
divided into FDD-DS and FDD-MC.
In FDD-DS, one carrier is respectively employed for up and down links.
In FDD-MC, one carrier is used for uplink but multiple carriers for downlinks. It is suited for
service in micro-cells.

- 97 -
 Macro/Micro/Pico Cells

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex):

macro/micro cells in entire service area
TDD (Time Division Duplex):
micro/pico cells in hot spots
TDD
TDD
Pico
PicoCell
Cell
FDD
FDD TDD
TDD
Micro
MicroCell
Cell Micro
MicroCell
Cell

FDD
FDD Macro
Macro Cell
Cell
Traffic

hot spot
traffic

avg traffic

Area

Figure 2-18 Macro/Micro/Pico Cells

W-CDMA Coverage
• public macro and micro
cell environments
FDD • up to 384 Kbps (Mobile)
Global
• up to 2 Mbps (Indoor)
• pico cell
Satellite environments
Suburban TDD • Asymmetrical
Urban
access
In- Building • up to 2 Mbps
Micro-
Micro-Cell
Home-Cell
Macro-
Macro-Cell
Pico-
Pico-Cell

Audio/visual
Terminals

Inter-Network Roaming (Seamless end-to-end Service)

Figure 2-19 W-CDMA Coverage

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2.3.1. Spectrum allocation
Either FDD or TDD can be used for W-CDMA.
The specific frequency bands are specified for each of them, as shown in the chart.

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 Spectrum Allocation for UMTS

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 MHz

20 60 30 15 60 30

GSM 1800 UMTS satellite

UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD

20 +15 MHz for 60 + 60 MHz for

unpaired TDD paired FDD

FDD : Frequency division duplex

TDD : Time division duplex
UMTS : Universal mobile telecommunication service

Figure 2-20 Spectrum Allocation for UMTS

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2.3.2. Feature of W-CDMA RAKE Receiver
The higher chip rates, the easier multi-path isolation, therefore, the better the data quality.
Field tests finds that, with the chip rate at approx. 4 Mbps, the required transmission power
can be reduced by 3dB as compared with 1Mbps chip rate.

- 101 -
 Rake Receiver 3
Delay Profile
A
B

Power Level
C

CB A Chip Timing

5MHz Sampling
(W-CDMA)

1MHz Sampling
(cdmaOne)

High-speed
High-speed transmission
transmission (High
(High chip
chip rate)
rate) has
has high
high decomposition
decomposition
of
ofmulti-path.
multi-path.
-Up
-Upthe
thereceived
receivedpower
powerlevel,
level,reduce
reducethe
thelevel
levelalteration
alteration

Merit
Merit of
of W-CDMA
W-CDMA
Figure 2-21 Rake Receiver 3

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2.4. Advanced Base Station
AAA: Reduces interference with an antenna capable of dynamically shifting its directionality.
Adaptive Array Antenna: A technology which adaptively shifts directionality of array antennas
with multiple elements arrayed, and transmits and receives focused beams with desired base
stations.
IC: In demodulating signals from certain mobiles, those for other mobiles included in the
received signals are perceived as interference noises. Base stations recognize despreading
signals of all their mobiles to be served. Base stations, first, demodulate all incoming signals,
develop replicas of interfering signals, and extract those interfering replicas from received
signals to suppress the interfering noises. After suppressing interference in this manner,
received signals are demodulated for the second time and desired signals are restored.
Interference suppression is improved by repeating these processes, but this operation leads to
larger scales of circuits.

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 Advanced Base Station
First Stage:
* Adaptive Array Antenna (AAA)
* Interference Canceller (IC) Array
Antenna
Second Stage:
* Multi-user Space-Time Receiver
= AAA + IC
Cell C
apaci
ty
Current Base
Station (=1.0) Advanced Base Station Canceller

Canceller: Capacity
Capacity Increased
Increased
1.5
Adaptive
Array Antenna:
Hybrid
3.0 (Canceller + AAA):
4.0 – 5.0

Figure 2-22 W-CDMA Advanced Base Station

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2.5. Adaptive Array Antenna
In radio environments for mobile communication, the quality of communication tends to be
degraded due to interfering noises and multi-path propagation. This requires isolation of
desired signals as undesired signals are eliminated. (The interfering noises discussed here
include interfering signals on the same channel, those on adjoining channels and delayed
signals.) One solution under study is elimination of interference by means of multiple antennas.
With multiple antenna elements, received signals are appropriately weighted (multiplying the
output of each antenna by amplitude and phase shit) and reintegrated, thus to control
directionality. At this point, the antenna points to the desired signals, and by eliminating
undesired signals, receive desired signals effectively. Antennas with the capability to control
directionality patter by received signals in this manner are referred to as adaptive array
antennas.

- 105 -
 Adaptive Array Antenna
Enables Higher Capacity / Lower Transmission Power
for both Reverse and Forward Link
by Automatic Beam Foaming and Directional Finding (Tracing)

Suppress Undesired Signal

Base Station Base Station

Increase Desired Signal

Beam Foaming Directional Finding (Tracing)

Figure 2-23 Adaptive Array Antenna

- 106 -
2.6. Interference Canceller
Elimination of multi-mobile interference and multi-path interference increases the link
capacity. For technologies to reduce multi-mobile interference and multi-path, interference in
up-link signal reception at base stations, Interference Canceller and Multi-mobile Finder are
effective.
Multi-stage Canceller is being proposed to improve the reception characteristic. In the
reception of multi-mobile signals, it develops multi-mobile and multi-path interference replicas
based on anticipated reception phasing reference data, extract them from received signals,
thereby to improve SIR (Signal-to-Interference noise ratio) and the quality of reception.
Multi-Stage canceller successively reduces interference coming from other mobiles in multiple
stages.

- 107 -
 Interference Canceller
Multi Stage Interference Canceller
Without Canceller Capacity; 1.5 – 2 times

<
Other User Signal #N
Other User Signal #2 Lo Eb/N0
Other User Signal #1 Hi Eb/N0
Desired Signal De-spreading
Received Signal

With Canceller
De-spreading

Cancel Interference
of Other Users Cancel Interference
Other User Signal #N Cancel Interference
of Other Users
of Other Users
Other User Signal #2
Other User Signal #1

Desired Signal
Received Signal Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage N

Figure 2-24 Interference Canceller

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