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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،18‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ ﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻥ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺠﻭﻨﻲ*‬

‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻡ ‪2009 /8/11‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ‪2010/2/16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻴﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻁﺭﺤﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﻜﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺼل ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻟﻼﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺸﻬﺩﺘﻪ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺯﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺯﻗﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ (2003‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪.‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﺎل ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ )ﺒﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩل ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ( ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻴﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻤﻭﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪Most Distresses Causes in Flexible Pavement For Baghdad‬‬
‫‪Streets At Last Years‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪It is clearly evident that the service sector, especially recently, requiring‬‬
‫‪discussion and solution. Because this section involves the daily life of the citizen‬‬
‫‪and is complex in nature and requires urgent consideration to determine points of‬‬
‫‪weakness during implementation stage in Baghdad city (both sides). Road and‬‬
‫‪highway are vital in Baghdad where roads maintenance having a great significance.‬‬
‫‪Through observation of materials used and the performance of working standard‬‬
‫‪involved, it has become operant where failure can be visible. This paper reflects‬‬
‫‪evidence through observation of laboratory tests of asphalt mixtures and their‬‬
‫‪failure and the repeat of divergence from. General specification for road and‬‬
‫‪bridge. Department of planning and studies 2003, revised edition 2003. It also,‬‬
‫‪covers operational performance of road and streets covered by this study by‬‬
‫‪comparison of deviations between laboratory tests results for these roads and‬‬
‫‪streets and actual performance after certain period of time. The conclusion shows‬‬
‫‪special divergence (through aggregate graduation of asphalt mixture, bitumen‬‬
‫‪percentage, marshal stability, degree of compaction and asphalt layer thickness).‬‬
‫‪These divergences are effective and commonly repeated which require certain‬‬
‫* ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات‪ ,‬اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‪ /‬ﺑﻐﺪاد‬

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‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠ ﺘﻲ ﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،18‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪action to a void failure by doing job mix formula according to the required‬‬
‫‪specification for the used layer course in addition to used the raw material that‬‬
‫‪successful in laboratory tests with the implementation with the correct steps that‬‬
‫‪giving the correct depth of layers. Consequently, better performance standards can‬‬
‫‪be achieved.‬‬
‫‪Keywords: asphalt mixture, marshal stability, asphalt overlay, asphalt paving‬‬
‫‪maintenance.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ )‪( Introduction‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺎﺸﻼ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ‪(4).‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺩ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬
‫) ‪ (pavement smoothness‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (aging‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻤﻥ ‪(1).‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺀﻩ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫) ‪ (pavement smoothness‬ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ‪(5).‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺎﺨﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻨﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﻑ ‪(2 ).‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ىﺎﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻭﻕ ﺒﺎﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ‪(6).‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ ) ‪no mind‬‬
‫‪ 1- 2‬ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ‪grading of‬‬ ‫‪ (maximum aggregate site‬ﻭﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫‪aggregates‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ )‪(coarse aggregate type‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺹ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺜﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ )‪(VMA‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺅﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻓﺕ )‪ (VFA‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺌﺔ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺘﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ‪(3).‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫)‪ (grading‬ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ) ‪internal‬‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫‪ (friction‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬

‫ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (2‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ )‪ (sub base‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺸل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺯﺝ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .(7).‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻻﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 2 – 2‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺫ ﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺥ ﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻌل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ 2007‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺯل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﻤﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﻼﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻲ ﻭﻭﺼﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﺤﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺴﻘﻠﺕ ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ‬
‫) ‪ (grade 85-100‬ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ) ‪ (9‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﺜل ) ‪.(8 ) (grade 40-50‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ) ‪.(2,3,4,5‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺅﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﻭﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﺍﻭ‬
‫)‪ .(10‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ) ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ((4‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻻﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ‬
‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻓﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
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‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺠﻴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻜﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻫﻴﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺫ ﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺫ ﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻴﻠﻭل ‪2007‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺎﺀﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ 2007‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺩﺩ ﻭﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (3‬ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻊ‬
‫)ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ‪.(%50‬‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨل) ‪ ( 2.36 – 0.075‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺯﺤﻑ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺩﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ 4 - 2‬ﺴﻤﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫) ‪ (0.075‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻘل ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫)ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ‪ 4.32‬ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭ ‪4.2‬‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ‪ 3.7‬ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘل ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻭﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻠﻑ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻱ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (3‬ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺎﺨﺫ‬ ‫‪ 3 -2‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﺎﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ( ﺴﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺎﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻀﺭﺭ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺯﻗﺔ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫‪897‬‬

‫ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ ‪ .‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪(job mix formula‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﺯﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ 2007‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻻﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻼﺯﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪.(7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﺎل ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺯﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻡ‬
‫‪References‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪1- Vallerga, B. A, pavement‬‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪deficiencies related to asphalt‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺠﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫‪durability, proceedings of the‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻭ)‪ (6‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫‪association of asphalt paving‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ‬
‫‪technologists,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻭ‬
‫‪vol.50,pp.481491,1981,‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺭﺏ ﻋﻤل ﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬
‫)‪2- Huang h. yang, (1993‬‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬
‫‪.pavement analysis and design,‬‬ ‫ﺨﺼﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪university of Kentucky, New‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪(Discussion‬‬
‫‪Jersey,‬‬
‫)‪and conclusion‬‬
‫‪3- Thomas d. white, Sam r.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪Johnson,‬‬ ‫‪aggregate‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪contribution to hot mix asphalt‬‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪(HMA) performance, published‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫‪by ASTM international, 2001.‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫‪4- John j. Henry, evaluation of‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪pavement‬‬ ‫‪friction‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫‪characteristics,‬‬ ‫‪nation‬‬
‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫‪cooperative highway research‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪program,‬‬ ‫‪nation‬‬ ‫‪research‬‬
‫‪council (us.) Tran sportive‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩل ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫‪highway research BOARD,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪American association of state‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫‪highway and transportation‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ‬
‫‪officials, 2000,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫‪5- Mary, s. gradient, constructing‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪smooth hot mix asphalt (HMA‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪pavements, ASTM, 2003,‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ )‪(Recommendation‬‬
‫‪6- Ismail M.Q (1998). Reflection‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ‬
‫‪crocking of pavement overlays,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪Influence of mixture variable.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫‪M.SC. Thesis College of‬‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫‪engineering, university of‬‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫‪Baghdad.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪898‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠ ﺘﻲ ﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬ 2010 ،18 ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد‬،28 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬
9- Republic of Iraq, ministry of 7- AL-Jumaily M.A. (1998). A

housing and construction, state study into the merits of using
commission of road and bridge. recycled hot- mixes in the
General specification for road construction of surface course
and bridge. Department of pavement in Iraq. M.SC. thesis,
planning and studies 2003, department of building and
revised edition 2003. construction engineering,
10- Asphalt pavement inspectors university of technology.
manual, Alaska department of 8- AL-Bayati H.K. (2001) rut
transportation and public resistance of pavement wearing
facilities, revised January 2003, course using stone matrix
internet search asphalt. M.SC. thesis, college
of engineering, University of
Baghdad.
(*) ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ‬: (1 ) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ %‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬ %‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬ %‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬%‫ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ (‫ﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻠﻡ‬
100 100 100 100 100 100 37.5
100-90 90-98 *100 *100 *100 *100 25
90-76 90-78 86 *92 *93 90 19
80-56 80-64 78 78 *82 75 12.5
74-48 70-54 *74 68 *74 64 9.5
59-29 51-33 *54 *54 *53 *52 4.75
45-19 38-24 *40 *40 *40 *41 2.36
17-5 16-7 *19 *18 15 *18 0.3
8-2 6.7-3.1 3.19 *2.58 3.45 3.28 0.075
.‫)*( ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬
(*) ‫ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬: (2 ) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ (4 ) (3) (2 ) (1) ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ‬
5-3 4.7-4.1 *3.8 *4.98 *3.98 4.19 ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
min 5 - 7.12 7.08 6.85 7.3 ‫ﻜﻥ‬/‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬
4-2 - 3.13 3.1 3.02 2.84 ‫ ﻤﻠﻡ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ‬
- - 2.236 2.221 2.222 2.225 3‫ﺴﻡ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔﻏﻡ‬
7-2 - 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.3 ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
75-55 - 65 70 67 68 ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻭﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
899
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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ (3‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫) ‪(3‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫) ‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪4.8-4.2‬‬ ‫‪*4.89‬‬ ‫‪*4.98‬‬ ‫‪*5.14‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬

‫‪min 8‬‬ ‫‪min 8‬‬ ‫‪8.62‬‬ ‫‪8.41‬‬ ‫‪8.13‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪/‬ﻜﻥ‬
‫‪4-2‬‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪3.38‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ‪ /‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.21‬‬ ‫‪2.178‬‬ ‫‪2.172‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪3‬‬
‫‪5-3‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪85-65‬‬ ‫‪85-65‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻭﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ (4‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ‪/‬ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫‪100-90‬‬ ‫‪95-83‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪*96‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪90-76‬‬ ‫‪90-77‬‬ ‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬
‫‪74-44‬‬ ‫‪60-47‬‬ ‫‪*65‬‬ ‫‪*69‬‬ ‫‪*67‬‬ ‫‪4.75‬‬
‫‪58-28‬‬ ‫‪52-39‬‬ ‫‪*54‬‬ ‫‪*54‬‬ ‫‪*56‬‬ ‫‪2.36‬‬
‫‪21-5‬‬ ‫‪21-13‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪10-4‬‬ ‫‪7.5-4.5‬‬ ‫‪*3.7‬‬ ‫‪*4.2‬‬ ‫‪*4.32‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬
‫)*( ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ :(5‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪4.8-4.2‬‬ ‫‪*5‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
‫‪min 8‬‬ ‫‪min 8‬‬ ‫‪*7.85‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪/‬ﻜﻥ‬
‫‪4-2‬‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ‪ /‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.279‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪3‬‬
‫‪5-3‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪85-65‬‬ ‫‪85-65‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻭﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬
‫‪900‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (6‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ‪/‬ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ ﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫‪100-90‬‬ ‫‪95-83‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪90-76‬‬ ‫‪90-77‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬
‫‪74-44‬‬ ‫‪60-47‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪4.75‬‬
‫‪58-28‬‬ ‫‪52-39‬‬ ‫‪*38‬‬ ‫‪2.36‬‬
‫‪21-5‬‬ ‫‪21-13‬‬ ‫‪*22‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪10-4‬‬ ‫‪7.5-4.5‬‬ ‫‪*3‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ :(7‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ 3.8‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 3.8‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 4.2‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 4.1‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪ 4.1‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5.7‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5.5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 3.8‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 3.6‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ :(1‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪* Asphalt Institute Manual ES-1, Second Edition.‬‬
‫‪901‬‬

‫‪120‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪٪‬‬ ‫!!"‪!# "#‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪\%‬‬‫‪#‬‬
‫‪٪‬‬ ‫!!‪!# " "#‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪\&#‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪\#! !! "$‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪ 1‬ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻱ‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪#" ! ! #" "#‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪## ! #" "#‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫!‪\#!" "$‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪902‬‬

‫‪120‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫" ‪\ !#! "!"#‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪\ &#‬‬
‫" ‪\ !$ " ##‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪\%‬‬‫‪#‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪\#! "! "%‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫!!‪\ !$ "!"#‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪\ &#‬‬
‫!!‪\ !$ " ##‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪\%‬‬‫‪#‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪\#"!! "%‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪903‬‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻁــﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‬

‫) ﺘﻘﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ( *)‪(Site photograph‬‬
‫‪904‬‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪905‬‬

‫‪906‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،18‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻲ ﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻥ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺠﻭﻨﻲ*‬

‫* ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات‪ ,‬اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‪ /‬ﺑﻐﺪاد‬

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‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻑ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ )‪( Introduction‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬

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9- Republic of Iraq, ministry of 7- AL-Jumaily M.A. (1998). A

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ %‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬ %‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬ %‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬%‫ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ (3‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪4.8-4.2‬‬ ‫‪*4.89‬‬ ‫‪*4.98‬‬ ‫‪*5.14‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ (4‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ‪/‬ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ‬

‫)*( ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ :(5‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ )*(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭ‪%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ‪/‬ﻤﻘﻴﻠﺱ ﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬

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‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻁــﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺎﺀ‬

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‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬

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‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪4.8-4.2‬‬ ‫‪4.89‬‬ ‫‪4.98‬‬ ‫‪*5.14‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻓﺕ‬