RICHARD C.

REGALA
Computer Science Department
College of Engineering and Technology
 Refers to the use of automated measures using simple,
repetitive actions – and computer technology – to
organize and store documents and sometimes to transfer
them from paper to digital format.

 It is the process of collecting data and processing them

to produce meaningful information by using computers,
processing software and standard database tools. It is the
latest technique for processing large chunks of data.

 It is a fast, efficient and reliable technique.

Today…

 EDP (electronic data processing) is an infrequently used

term and now usually called "IS" (information services
or systems) or "MIS" (management information services
or systems)
 Speed – Information stored and managed via EDP can be
retrieved almost instantly on well-maintained internal network or
even the Internet.
 Efficient – Summary documents and related materials such as
invoices, reports, and statements can be automatically and
quickly generated via EDP.
 Economic – Once an EDP system is created and implemented,
overtime it reduced the costs of managing data by a significant
margin.
 Reduced Labor – Duplication of effort and repeated entries due
to mistakes in manual data entry are reduced or eliminated by
EDP.
 Automatic Operation – An electronic computer can carry out
sequence of many data processing operations without human
intervention. The various operation executed automatically by
way of a stored computer program.
 Decision making capability – A computer can perform certain
decision instructions automatically. Here the decision consist of
two steps.
a. Determining whether a certain statement is true or false.
b. Based on the result, choosing one or the other course of
action out of alternatives included in the computer program.
 Compact Storage – EDP systems have the ability to store large
amounts of data in a compact and easily retrievable form.
 Accuracy – High speed processing by computers is accompanied
by high-accuracy results. The electronic circuitry of computers is
such that, when the machines are programmed correctly and
when relatively assured, no other system can operated with as
much accuracy as the electronic system.
 Power failure, computer viruses and hackers are inherent
problems of using computerized systems.

 Once data have been inputted in the system, automatically

the output are obtained. Hence, the data being inputted need
to be validated for accuracy and completeness. Following the
concept of GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out).

 Accounting system not properly set-up to meet the

requirement of the business due to badly programmed or
inappropriate software or hardware or personnel problems
can cause more havoc.

 Danger of computer fraud if proper level of control and

security whether internal and external are not properly
instituted.
There are five (5) basic components/elements in processing
system which uses a computer for processing data.

1. Hardware - All the physical parts which make up a computer

system i.e. all the electronic devices and peripherals which
performs the data processing operations.
2. Software - consists of programs and routines whose
purpose is to make the computer useable for the user.
3. User Program - A program consists of related instructions
to perform operations. A data processing job may require a
number of programs
4. Procedure - The operation of data processing system
requires procedure for use, in preparing data, for operating
the computer, and distributing the output after processing.
5. Personnel - EDP basically needs three kinds of skilled
personnel: a.) System Analyst; b.) Programmer; c.) Operator
All the physical parts which make up a computer system i.e. all
the electronic devices and peripherals which performs the data
processing operations.

What is a COMPUTER?
 Is an electronic device that is design to work with
information. The term computer is derived from the Latin
term “computare”, this means to calculate or programmable
machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program.
The word “Computer” usually refers to the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) plus the internal memory.

 Is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input

from the user and processes these data under the control of
set of instructions (called program) and gives the result
(output) and saves output for future use. It can process both
numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.
What is a COMPUTER?
 Is an electronic machine capable of performing basic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
etc. The computer is also capable of storing information
which can be used later. It can process millions of
instructions in few seconds and at the same time with high
accuracy.

Hence a computer can be defined as an automatic electronic

machine for performing calculations or controlling operations
that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. Computers
are very accurate and save time by performing the assigned
task very fast according to a given program.

COMPUTERS DON’T GET BORED!!!

 FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer system is a tool for solving problems. The hardware

should be designed to operate as fast as possible. The software
(system software) should be designed to minimize the amount
of idle computer time and yet provide flexibility by means of
controlling the operations. Basically any computer is supposed
to carry out the following:

- Accept the data and the program as input

- Store the data and the program and retrieve when
required
- Process the data as per instructions given by the
program and convert it into useful information
- Communicate the information as output
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
(DIAGRAM)
 Software, in its most general sense, is a set of instructions or
programs instructing a computer to do specific tasks.
 Software is consists of programs and routines whose
purpose is to make the computer useable for the user.
 Software refers to set of programs that makes the computer
to do something meaningful. It is the planned, step-by-step
instructions required to turn data into information.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
Software can be classified into two (2) categories:
a) System Software
b) Application Software
 System software consists of general programs written for a
computer. These programs provide the environment to run
the application programs.
 System software comprises programs, which interact with
hardware at the very basic level. They are the basic
necessity of a computer system for its proper functioning.
 System software serves as the interface between hardware
and the user. The operating system, compilers, and utility
programs are example of system software
 Operating System – an integrated set of specialized
programs that is used to manage the overall operations of a
computer (e.g. DOS, Unix, Linux, and Windows)
 Compiler – software that translate the source program (user
written program) into an object program (binary form).
 Utility program – supports the computer for specific tasks
like copying, sorting, linking an object program, etc.
 An Application Software consists of programs designed to
solve a user problem.
 It is used to accomplish specific tasks rather than managing
a computer system.
 An Application Software are in turn, controlled by system
software which manages hardware.
Some typical examples are: Ticketing reservation system, game
programs, word processing software, etc.
Categories of Application Software
 Business Software
( e.g. Financial Software, Accounting Software, etc.)
 Graphic and Multimedia
( e.g. AutoCAD, VLC, Paint. Movie Maker, Photoshop, etc.)
 Home / Personal / Education
( e.g. Google Class, MS Teams, Computer Games, etc.)
 Communication
( e.g. Zoom, Skype, GoToMeeting, Messenger, etc.)

Types of Application Software

 Proprietary - licensed software under exclusive legal rights of owner
 In-house – developed software with the help of company resources
 Off-the-shelf – software being used without any changes expected
 Customized - software developed according to specific user
requirement
Forms of Application Software
 Packaged Software
 Customized Software
 Web Application
 Open Source
 Shareware
 Freeware
 Public Domain Software

Packaged Software - is a collection of programs that

perform similar functions or have similar features.
(e.g. Microsoft Office, Corel Draw, AutoDesk, etc.)
Customized Software - is exactly as it sounds: software
specifically created for the user or a group of users
within an organization. It's also known as "bespoke
software" or "tailor-made software.“ It requires the use
of a Programming Language for development.
(e.g. Sales and Inventory System, School Registration System, etc.)
Types of Programming Languages
 Machine Language - The instructions are written in
binary codes, which can be directly understood by the
computer ( CPU) without translating them.
 Assembly language - The instructions are written using
symbolic instruction code instead of binary codes.
Symbolic codes are meaningful abbreviations such as
SUB is used for substation operation, MUL for multiply
operation and so on. The set of program instructions
written in assembly language are also called as
mnemonic code.
 High Level Languages - The high level languages are
similar to English language. The program instructions
are written using English words, for example print,
input etc. But each high level language has its own rule
and grammar for writing program instructions. These
rules are called syntax of the language.
Types of Programming Languages
 High Level Languages - The program written in high
level language must be translated to machine code
before it runs. Each high level language has its own
translator program
 Fourth Generation Languages – The instructions are
designed to be closer to human language
than any other high-level languages and are accessible
to people without a formal training as programmers.
These allow multiple common operations to be
performed with a single programmer-entered
command. 4GLs are intended to be
easier than any other computer generation language.
Some 4GLs are: FoxPro, LINC, FOCUS, etc.
For Example, a typical 4GL command is:
FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS “SMITH”