Mai J. Atlas of The Human Brain

0_Cover_pdf.qxd 02.09.
2003 15:48 Seite 1

0_Cover_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 15:48 Seite 2
Atlas of the Human Brain - e-Book Version 1.0 (2003)

0_TITLE.QXD 9/2/03 2:14 PM Page 1
Atlas of the
HUMAN BRAIN
Second Edition
1_front_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 13:24 Seite 2
ii
Atlas of the
HUMAN BRAIN
Second Edition
JÜRGEN K. MAI
Heinrich–Heine University
Düsseldorf, Germany
JOSEPH ASSHEUER
Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Köln, Germany
GEORGE PAXINOS
The University of New South Wales
Sydney, Australia
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Elsevier Academic Press

525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright 2004, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, record-
ing, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science &

Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865
843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk.
You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science
homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and
then “Obtaining Permissions.”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Application Submitted.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 0-12-465741-9
For all information on all Academic Press publications

Visit our website at www.academicpress.com
Printed in the United States of America

03 04 05 06 07 08 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
1 Material and Methods 1
1.1 Macroscopic Atlas 1
1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations 1
1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1
1.1.3 MR Images: in vivo / in vitro Correlation 1
1.1.4 Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain 2
1.1.5 Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections 3
1.1.6 Presentation of the Images 4
1.2 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 4

1.2.1 Material 4
1.2.2 Methods 4
1.2.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies 5
1.2.4 Nomenclature 5
1.2.5 Presentation of Images of the Paraffin-Embedded Brain 5
1.2.6 Three-Dimensional Reconstructions 5
1.2.7 Application of a Reference System (Topometry) 5
1.2.8 Standardization 5
1.2.9 Application of the Standardized Microscopic Atlas for Interpretation
of Individual in vivo Brains 5
1.3 References 7
2 Macroscopic Atlas 9
2.1 Horizontal Sections 11
2.2 Coronal Sections 45
2.3 Sagittal Sections 73
3 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 89

3.1 Surface Views of the Brain Prior to Sectioning 90
3.2 Photographs and Diagrams 93
3.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies 232
4 Abbreviations 239
v
vi
Preface
The great neuroanatomists of the first part axis and corresponds to the major ascend- been used in several published articles
of last century determined the structural ing and descending fiber tracts. In each of dealing with the structural and histochem-
plan of the human brain by investigating these series the surface anatomy of the ical organization of the brain. Their suit-
postmortem tissue with classic staining brain is presented, at first, together with a ability for the mapping of neurotransmit-
methods. Recent imaging techniques topometric grid. Further, the sections of ters, neuropeptides, receptors, and func-
allow viewing the structure of the living the entire head are presented together tional data has therefore been tested.
brain and studying the workings of the with the brain in situ.The in situ sections Delineations can be followed from sec-
brain. The ability to anneal the structural ensure that no significant deformation of tion to section enabling 3-D reconstruc-
plan with imaging data led to dramatic the brain occurred and allow correlation tion of their confines and their neighbor-
progress in our understanding of the rela- of bony landmarks, nerves, and blood hood relations. Screen shots of several
tionship between structure and function. vessels. In addition to the representation examples of 3-D reconstructions of sub-
The primary aim of this book is to relate of macroscopic sections radiological cortical structures are also provided.
the information from the classical neu- images (X-ray from the same head and
roanatomical studies to the information MR-images with different imaging Reproduction of Figures by Users
obtained from magnetic resonance imag- parameters from a healthy volunteer) of the Atlas
ing (MRI), thus making available this showing the same plane of the section are Reproduction of any part of this book is
wealth of detailed information to make included. Structures seen in the subject to the usual restrictions of copy-
the most of increasing resolution of imag- skull/brain sections can be correlated with right. However, we can assure researchers
ing modalities. A further aim is to provide those clearly visible in MR-tomography. that our publisher will attend promptly to
a myeloarchitectonic atlas of coronal sec- any written request to reproduce the fig-
tions of the human brain that will be of The Myeloarchitectonic Atlas consists ures in the atlas. For permission please
sufficient detail for the needs of those of 69 serial cross sections from a human contact the publisher at the following
employing sensitive immunohistochemi- brain that served in the past as the refer- address:
cal and autoradiographic methods. Finally ence brain for many structural, immuno-
the atlas shall provide the basis for a 3-D histochemical, and statistical studies. Academic Press Permissions Department
brain model to be transformed to any indi- Altogether, more than 50 publications 6277 Sea Harbor Drive
vidual brain. dealt with the anatomy of this particular Orlando, Florida 32887
brain, some of them are seminal cyto- and Telephone: 407-345-3990
This book consists of two major parts: myeloarchitectonic works (Hassler, Fax: 407-352-4058
(1) The Macroscopic Atlas presents three Brockhaus). In addition, numerous mor-
brains in situ sectioned in cardinal planes phometric analyses of the main structures Please identify the figures you wish to use
and (2) the Microscopic (Myeloarchi- are also available for this particular brain and allow approximately 4 weeks for your
tectonic) Atlas is comprised of 69 serial (all publications are available on the request to be processed. The authors
histological sections of one brain hemi- accompanying CD-ROM in full text would appreciate if users of the atlas
sphere with very detailed delineations. including original illustrations, figures, would send reprints of publications
Both parts feature different aspects of and morphometric data). It represents the (addressed directly to J.K. Mai) in which
brain morphology and topography. The first photographic and diagrammatic atlas the atlas was used and which can shed
surface anatomy of every brain is present- of the human brain that has sufficient light on the organization of regions.
ed in a topometric space (a modified 3-D detail to be of value to the scientific com-
grid system defining the Talairach- munity. Acknowledgements
Tournoux space, see below) together with The authors were fortunate to receive
the exact location of the sections. The photographs are facing line diagrams enduring assistance from a number of col-
showing one entire hemisphere with gyri leagues. We are particularly grateful to L.
The Macroscopic Atlas consists of serial and sulci and all nuclei including subdivi- Lanta, who assisted in the description of
macroscopic sections of three MRI- sions, delineated on the basis of a com- the macroscopic sections, prepared the
scanned human heads. Sectioning was prehensive structural analysis. (Serial sec- corresponding line drawings, and delin-
made in the horizontal, coronal, and sagit- tions between the represented levels used eated the vasculatory territories of brain
tal planes. The coronal section plane was for delineations are made available on the arteries and to H. Lange who made
angulated by –20°, such that the plane of accompanying CD-ROM). Preliminary invaluable contributions to the macro-
the section is parallel to the brain stem versions of the line drawings have already scopic and microscopic delineation of
vii
cortical areas. Significant improvements help in the construction of image files and during the preparation of the first part of
with respect to the definitions and delin- in image processing work. Christine the atlas. Photographs of the archival sec-
eations of particular forebrain structures Opfermann-Rüngeler is to be acknowl- tion material used in this atlas were pre-
were made thanks to the assistance and edged for her illustrations of the surface pared with masterful excellence by A.
substantial contributions by Ferry Forutan views of the atlas brains. Fahnenstich and Hong-Qin Wang.
(Thalamus), Christopher Hartz-Schütt
(Striatum and pallidum), Ioury Our special thanks go to those persons, This long lasting endeavor was only made
Koutcherov (Hypothalamus), Sybille who by their last will provided their bod- possible by the initiatives, continued
Morres (Basal nuclear complex), and ies for educational and research purposes interest, and help of many persons. We
Armin Walter (Septal nuclei). We are (in anatomy). We are grateful to H. Goslar owe special thanks to A. Hopf, former
indebted to U. Longerich and T. Sievert and H. Hartwig for supporting the initia- director of the C. and O. Vogt Institute
for making available their studies on the tive of this study and for their allowance who continuously supported this project
in vivo / in vitro correlation in magnetic to use such cadavers. We are indebted to and together with K. Zilles made possible
resonance imaging. The brilliant work by R. Wedemeier for the preparation and fix- the use of the archive material. We great-
T. Voß and J. Bongartz in converting the ation and for his assistance during sec- ly appreciate the generous financial sup-
atlas data into electronic files is highly tioning the cadaver heads. H. Tödter port for this project, which was provided
appreciated. donated the macrotome, designed and by the C. and O. Vogt Society for Brain
constructed the cryosectioning and photo- Research and also by a grant by the
We are greatly endebted to many individ- graphing devices. This and his endless National Health and Medical Research
uals, particularly Christiane Etzkorn, help together with the invaluable assis- Council of Australia. Finally, we are
Gerrit Sütfels, Bojan Tomov and Dimiter tance of E. Baseler and P. Sillmann were indebted to J. Menzel from Academic
Tzvetkov, for their invaluable and skilled crucial to master the technical problems Press for his assistance and support at
every phase of this edition.
viii
Material and Methods

1.1 Macroscopic Atlas MR Scan Orientations: All heads were sion. The slice thickness was 5 mm with a
scanned in the horizontal, coronal, sagit- matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of
1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations tal, and oblique coronal planes according 250 mm. These images are presented in
to a standardized protocol The corre- Sections 2.1 to 2.3 facing each macro-
Seventeen heads used for this study were sponding section planes were defined by scopic anatomical section.
from bodies donated to the Department of (a) the intercommissural line and verticals
Anatomy, H.-Heine University of intersecting this line in the center of the 1.1.3 MR Images: In vivo / in
Duesseldorf. The studies were performed anterior and posterior commissures, and vitro Correlation
in accordance with established ethical (b) the vertical to the brain stem axis
standards. The cadavers were perfused via In autopsy brains, relaxation times, sig-
(Meynert’s plane). For defining addition-
the radial veins first with physiological nal-to-noise ratio, and contrast are altered
al planes, we used the cantho-meatal line
saline, then with fixative. The composi- due to absence of the flow effect, cessa-
and the orbital axis.
tion of the fixative changed as the study tion of metabolism, and fixation proce-
progressed. The heads were removed MR System and Scan Modes: For in
from the perfused cadavers within 36 vitro imaging and in vivo / in vitro corre- 150
hours after death and were placed in a lation, scans and measurements were per-
140 SE-Seq.
N(H) in-vitro / N(H) in-vivo (%)

130 IR-Seq.
wooden box with ear bars and head hold-

120
formed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductive 110

100
ers to allow exact positioning and fixing magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International).
90
80
for subsequent sectioning. In this way the For in vitro imaging we used a multislice
70
60
coordinates of the position box and the double-echo sequence [spin-echo-

50
40
30
desired plane of anatomic sectioning were sequence (SE) 5000/40/160] with four
20
10
exactly aligned. The three heads present- excitations to render proton (N(H))- and
0
VB WM CP ON GM RN HI OF TM
ed in this atlas were perfused with a fixa- T2-weighted images. The slice thickness
tive containing 10% formalin, glycerol, was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and 1000
and Incidin (Henkel, Duesseldorf). The a field of view of 250 mm, resulting in a
900
in-vivo
in-vitro
800
heads were covered with linen and fixa- pixel size of 0.96 mm2 and a voxel size of 700
tive to prevent the preparation from dry-

T2 in ms
600
4.8 mm3. These scans are presented in the 500
ing out between performance of the MRI pages preceding the atlas figures of the 400
and the freezing process. horizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections

300
200
(Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively). 100
1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance For in vivo/in vitro correlation, we used a

0
CSF VB WM CP ON GM RN HI OF TM
Imaging (MRI) single-slice technique with SE and inver-

Pilot MRI Scans: Pilot MRI scans were sion recovery (IR) sequences with the fol- 1000
performed with the heads in the wooden lowing parameters: SE (TR: 200, 800, 900
1548 in-vivo
in-vitro
boxes to determine the effect of fixation 1600, 3200, 6400 ms combined with TE: 800
700
and to detect pathological or artifactual 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 ms) and IR (TR:
T1 in ms
600
changes. Out of 17 heads used for this 620, 1240, 2480 ms combined with TI: 500
400
part of the study, 4 showed severe neu- 32, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 300
ropathological alterations, such as hemor- ms). The slice thickness was 5 mm with a 200
100
rhage, focal lesions or tumor, which were matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 0
VB WM CP ON GM RN HI OF TM
not known before the MRI was per- 250 mm.
formed. Five heads were excluded for For in vivo imaging we used a 1.5 Tesla Figure 1. Comparison of T1 (spin-lattice relax-
technical reasons, namely: artifacts due imager (Vista 2055 HPQ, Picker ation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and
N(H) values for different tissues between in vivo
to incomplete fixation, brain swelling or International) with standard protocols: and in vitro conditions. The N(H) values are calcu-
insufficient image resolution (MR imag- SE 3000/100, resulting in proton- and T2- lated from SE-sequences (red squares) and IR-
ing for this atlas started at 1984). weighted images; and IR 5000/600, sequences (black squares). They are presented as
quotient of in vitro values to in vivo values in %.
Additionally two heads were later dis- resulting in T1-weighted images, and (Data from Longerich, 1989). Abbreviations: CSF:
carded from this study because of prob- multislice partial saturation (PS) cerebrospinal fluid; VB: vitreous body; OF: orbital
fat; ON: optic nerve; HI: hippocampus; WM: white
lems with cutting. sequence, PS 500/10 resulting in T1- matter; GM: gray matter, CP: cerebral peduncle;
weighted images with partial fat suppres- RN: red nucleus; TM: temporalis muscle.
1
dures. To perform comparative analysis

between living and postmortem tissue the
heads of two volunteers and of two cadav-
er heads were scanned with the same
scanning parameters. T1 (spin-lattice)
relaxation times, T2 (spin-spin) relaxation
times, and N(H) (proton density) val-
White Matter ues of the in vivo and in vitro tissues are
represented in Fig. 1. Examples of regres-
sion curves of in vivo / in vitro measure-
ments of signal intensities are shown in
Fig. 2. Compared with the in vivo results,
the in vitro tissues show large, nonlinear
Gray Matter reduction in T1 relaxation times and N(H)
values and small (negligible) changes in
T2 relaxation times. A stable correlation
exists between the in vitro and in vivo
relaxation curves.
Hippocampus The different signal intensities were

measured from the same tissue under in
vitro and in vivo conditions and can be
explained by the biophysical alterations in
the different fractions of water (“three-
fraction model”) (Grösch and Noack,
1976) by temperature, formalin fixation,
Orbital Fat additives to fixation solution, and dura-
tion of tissue fixation (see Longerich,
1989).
These results show that the MR images of

formalin-fixed cadaver heads not only are
Vitreous Body helpful in correlating in vitro tissue with
the in vivo situation by means of structur-
al gradients and contrast, but also can be
used for quantitative image analysis.
Estimation of the signal changes after for-
Temporalis malin fixation may thereby aid character-
Muscle ization of human brain tissue by MRI
before it is laminated and neuropatholog-
ically evaluated. Moreover, the addition
of paramagnetic substances or shift
reagents into the perfusion fluid can
Cerebral increase the regional contrast and demar-
Peduncle cate boundaries of areas that are not evi-
dent in regularly performed scans.
Prussian blue, for example, has been
found to increase the signal in basal gan-
glia structures (see Mai et al., 1997).
Cerebospinal
Fluid 1.1.4 Macroscopic Anatomy and
Correlations between Skull and
Brain
Figure 2. Regression curves of in vivo (open triangles) and in vitro (open squares) signal intensity meas-
urements from 8 different tissues that show dependency of signal intensity (as gray values, Y-axis) from TE Preparation and Photography of 1cm
(in ms, X axis) and TI (in ms, X axis). A and B represent SE sequences with a TR of 200 ms (A) and 5000 Anatomical Sections: Immediately after
ms (B). C represents IR-sequences with a TR of 2500 ms. T1 and T2 relaxation times are calculated from
these curves. the MR scans, the wooden box with the
2
head fixed by plastic ear bars was filled a b

with Styropore and water and then cooled
to -45°C. Both the position box and the
fixed head were sectioned at the desired
plane at 1-cm thickness (cryomacroto-
my). The head sections were then freed
from the surrounding material, cleaned,
and photographed together with a scale
bar. Then the sections were transferred
into preservation fluid.
Radiographs and Visualization of

Blood Vessels with Radiopaque
Material: From the head slices, radi-
ographs were prepared from single sec-
tions and from stacks of sections.
Contrast media were then injected into cut
ends of larger blood vessels and the radi-
ographs were repeated. c d
Staining: After photography and radio-
logic examination, the sections were
block-stained in either Sudan red or
Sudan black B. Sections were incubated
in 1% stain solution in 70% alcohol and
differentiated on average of 3 months.
Dissection of Anatomical Slices and

Interpretation of Cortical Gyri: Before
dissection of the head and neck structures,
the brain slices were removed from the
skull. The single brain sections were
mounted according to their in vivo situa-
tion and photographs were then made to
document the gyrification pattern. After
the individual gyri and sulci were named,
the brain was represented diagrammati- Figure 3. (a) Cryosectioning device consisting of the Tetrander (“Pantomikrotom“) (see Vogt, 1905), freez-
ing table, photograph stand, and tube holder for dry ice. (b) Frozen tissue block with matrix for perpendi-
cally, taking into account the loss of tissue cular orientation of canulas used for punch marking. (c) Fixed slice of the hemisphere (represented in
due to cutting. Section 2.2) embedded in methylcellulose and showing section surface with scales and punchmarks (fidu-
cial marks used later for topographic adjustment of sections). (d) Reconstruction made from serial sections
of one slice.
Documentation of Gross Morpho-
brought in a mold to a freezing table, 30 x were mounted. Cells were stained with
logical Features: Drawings were based
20 cm in size. The mold, containing one either toluidine blue or cresyl violet;
on enlarged photographs of the anatomi-
single brain slice, was then filled with myelinated fibers were demonstrated with
cal slices. Additional information
methylcellulose (dissolved in water and hematoxylin (procedures of Weigert or
revealed by the radiographs and during
stained with various chromogens) and Spielmeyer) or with Sudan black B.
the process of dissection were later incor-
cooled down to -20°C. Before sectioning
porated.
fiducial marks were made (Fig. 3b). Within each section the outlines of the
Every section was photographed together area encompassing the basal ganglia
1.1.5 Preparation of 100 µm
with a scale bar (Fig. 3c). together with the contours demarcating
Thick Frozen Histological Brain
major nuclei were drawn on a transparent
Sections
The sections were then transferred into sheet using a projection device with a
After removal from the skull case and individual containers filled with phos- magnification of x6.5. By means of fidu-
photography of the assembled brain phate-buffered saline (plus 30% sucrose). cial marks the single sections were com-
slices, the slices were immersed for 48 Photographs taken from each section dur- piled in a sequence from rostral to caudal.
hours in a fixative containing 4% forma- ing the sectioning aided mounting of the 3-D reconstructions were made from such
lin and 30% sucrose. Each slice was then sections. For some brains all sections delineations (Fig. 3d).
3
1.1.6 Presentation of the Images have analyzed and reported on its struc- pared. Most were stained with either cre-
ture in the last 60 years (see Section 3.3). syl violet or hematoxylin. Some addition-
All head and brain slices (Sections 2.1 to
al sections were stained according to the
2.3) are mounted in the same way. Each
1.2.2 Methods technique of Holzer or remained
series of sections begins with in vitro MR
unstained. Some of these unstained sec-
images of the unsectioned head. To pro- Histological Procedures: The brain was
tions were used for immunohistochem-
vide a comprehensive view of the head, cut into blocks oriented vertically to the
istry (e.g., substance P) (see Mai et al.,
MR images are shown in all three orthog- intercommissural plane (Fig. 4a) and
1986). Since the first and last paraffin sec-
onal planes. This allows a better orienta- embedded in paraffin. The values of some
tions of each block were only partially
tion in the 3-D space and aids in recogni- linear measurements are given in Fig. 4b.
recovered, we have drawn the approxi-
tion of the topography of selected struc- Serial frontal sections of 20 µm were pre-
mate outlines of these sections by using
tures. Furthermore, comparisons between a photographs of the surface of the individ-
these in vitro and in vivo images present-
ual blocks, which were taken before sec-
ed next to the head and brain slices can be
tioning.
made. The following two pages within
each series present surface views of the
Estimates of Volume Changes: Volume
brains showing their gross morphology
changes in paraffin sections provide
together with the delineation of the main
major obstacles in comparing these sec-
gyri. Coloring on this page distinguishes
tions with the in vivo condition.
between surface areas and differs from
Therefore, some efforts have been made
that applied in the sections. The drawings
b to estimate tissue shrinkage and to trans-
of the midsagittal views additionally pro-
form the dimensions of this brain to the
vide the Talairach proportional grid sys-
standard dimensions proposed by
tem (Talairach and Szikla, 1967;
Talairach.
Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). Every
brain structure shown in the following
The volume changes due to formalin fix-
sections can thus be adjusted to a spatial
ation could not be determined because the
coordinate system. The main part of each
fresh volume is not known. Many
macroscopic atlas section represents head
researchers agree that the brain volume at
and brain slices. These are mounted to
an approximate fixation time of 3 to 4
show every section from both sides which c
weeks, the time when this specific brain
allows visualization of any structure of
became embedded, corresponds to the
interest throughout the series of sections.
values determined at autopsy (see
These figures are accompanied by the
Longerich, 1989). It is therefore reason-
radiograph of the real section and the vas-
able that the dimensions of the formalin-
culatory territory within the brain and by
fixed brain (Fig.4b ) represent the in vivo
two MR images from a healthy, 25-year-
situation.
old volunteer in the corresponding plane.
The volume deficit due to the histological
1.2 Microscopic preparation could be calculated. At the
Figure 4. (a) Mediansagittal view of the right
(Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas hemisphere of the brain used for the Myelo- time this brain was processed, no efforts
architectonic Atlas. The baseline shows the posi-
tion where this hemisphere was cut into blocks (R1 were made to control the morphometric
1.2.1 Material
- R5) before embedding. (b) Diagram showing the situation of the material during the proce-
The Microscopic Atlas is based on the midsagittal view of the right hemisphere (A58) in
the Talairach space. The measurements shown
dure. A separate determination of the
right hemisphere of a 24-year-old male were taken from 1:1 photographs of the formalin- degree of shrinkage that occurred during
(* 1905; + 1929). This brain belongs to fixed brain. The cerebral space is defined by dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting,
orthogonal horizontal, sagittal, an d verticofrontal
the Vogt-collection in Duesseldorf (brain reference planes. The intercommisural line (ICL) and mounting of the sections therefore
weight at autopsy: 1383 g; fresh volume: passes through the center of the anterior and poste- could not be made. The overall volumet-
1316.3 cm3; cause of death: hypovolemic rior commissure respectively. The vertical line
(VCA) passes through the center of the anterior
ric changes, however, could be calculated
shock; death to fixation interval: 3 hours). commissure. (c) Graphic representation of the from differences in linear dimensions
The external morphology of the formalin- Talairach standard proportional grid system. The between the fixed, unembedded hemi-
intercommisural line (ICL, CA-CP-line) passes
fixed brain was well documented (see through the superior edge of the anterior commis- sphere (scaled photographs) and the seri-
pages 90 and 91; photographs of the brain sure and the inferior edge of the posterior commis- ally sectioned hemisphere. Lange and
were also published by Schulze, 1960). sure. The vertical line (VCA) passes through the
posterior margin of the anterior commissure.
Thörner (1974) and Sievert (1992) made
This brain was selected for presentation in Reference points are thus slightly different between such calculations available.
this atlas because numerous researchers figures b and c with consequences for the distance
values between both commissures.
4
1.2.3 Past Histological, Morpho- tance from the center of the anterior com- coordinates (fronto-occipital) (Fig. 5).
metric, and Immunohistochemi- missure (point zero). Scaling of the photographs and accompa-
cal Studies nying diagrams is accordingly provided in
For the delineations in the diagrams we metric coordinates.
Numerous descriptive and quantitative
have always considered the results from
studies were performed on sections from
the numerous cyto- and myeloarchitec-
the brain represented in the Microscopic
tonic studies that were previously per-
Atlas. The relevant morphometric data
formed on the represented brain (see sec-
(fresh volume, volume of serial sections,
tion 3.3) and we have used as often as
numeric cell density, volumetric cell den-
possible the original delineations provid-
sity, and absolute cell numbers) have been
ed by these earlier workers. Generally, the
compiled and are listed together with the
consistency of the drawings, section-to-
references in Section 3.3.
section, was of higher importance than a
precise correspondence between the pho-
1.2.4 Nomenclature
tographs and the drawings. Nevertheless,
It is difficult to incorporate the current several revisions of our delineations were Figure 5. Metrically defined grid system with stan-
dard dimensions. The topography of image data
terminology into a logical hierarchical made since the last edition. Some revi- within the brain space is defined by (stereotaxic)
system. In the most commonly used sions were made in order to simplify the coordinate points. X, Y, Z -zero is located in the
nomenclature (Paxinos and Mai, 2003), schemata, others derived from the analy- midpoint of the anterior commissure (AC-0,0,0).
This grid model includes the advantage of (nonlin-
abbreviations often start with attributes sis of developing human brains (Mai and ear) correlation of multiple image points because of
(anterior, superficial, magnocellular, etc.) Ashwell, 2003). metric scaling.
that are already specific or that might des-
ignate parcellations not in common use. 1.2.6 Three-Dimensional (3-D) 1.2.8. Standardization
To alleviate the problem, we have listed Reconstructions For application as a reference brain,
all our abbreviations in the index (Section
“Contour-lines” defining pial and ventric- interindividual variability and shrinkage
4).
ular surfaces, borderlines around distin- artifacts are the foremost variables that
guished nuclei and their subdivisions must be considered. The degree of shrink-
1.2.5 Presentation of Images of
(striatum, amygdala, basal nuclear com- age artifacts could be determined by cor-
the Paraffin-Embedded Brain
plex, and thalamus), and delineations of relating 1:1 scaled photographs of the
(Microscopic Atlas)
some compact fiber tracts (optic tract, fixed brain with the histological sections
Photographs of Hematoxylin Stained anterior commissure) from 240 sections (Sievert, 1992). Transformation of the
Sections and Accompanying Diagrams: of one hemisphere were used for 3-D histological sections according to the
The photographs show the whole hemi- analysis. A few reconstructions are shrinkage calculated revealed no appre-
sphere at section levels where no relevant included in the printed version of the ciable nonlinear changes; therefore, we
subcortical structures are recognized atlas. have directly transformed our image data
(magnification x4.63). The main body of to the dimensions of the Talairach space
the photographs depicts subcortical struc- 1.2.7 Application of a Reference (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The
tures (magnification x7.9). The diagrams System (Topometry) resulting transformed photographs and
always show one entire hemisphere. The corresponding drawings can then be
As stated earlier (Section 1.2.5), every
linear anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directly correlated to “normalized” in vivo
section - and thus every brain structure -
dimensions of the brain correspond to val- sections.
was adjusted into a defined spatial coordi-
ues of the Talairach grid system. The ver-
nate system. Our atlas uses the reference
tical dimension was, however, reduced
system of Talairach (Talairach and Szikla,
1.2.9. Application of the
(compare Figs. 4b and 4c). Therefore, we
1967; and Talairach and Tournoux, 1988),
Standardized Microscopic Atlas
transformed the photographs and the dia-
with the modifications that (a) the inter-
for Interpretation of Individual
grams into the vertical dimension of the
commissural line (ICL) passes through
in-vivo Brains
Talairach space as described in Section
the centers of the anterior and posterior It is desirable that the atlas plates do not
1.2.8. The vertical extension of the histo-
commissures and (b) the brain space is serve only as a template for comparison
logical sections and drawings in the plates
defined metrically with the point zero (= of structures identified either by their
of the Macroscopic Atlas does therefore
point 0/0/0) for all three dimensions being structural properties or their relationship
not provide the actual dimension of the
the center of the anterior commissure to identifiable landmarks in two dimen-
paraffin section, but the calculated dimen-
(Fig. 4b). The morphologic data of the sions. Therefore, the 3-D organization of
sions of the Talairach space. The position
hemispheres therefore are handled as the major structures has to be considered
of every section along the anterior-poste-
coordinate points in this 3-D (metric) grid and landmarks have to be defined which
rior extension of the brain (Z-axis) is
as X- (mediolateral), Y- (vertical), and Z- are suited as fulcrum for nonlinear trans-
shown diagrammatically and also as dis-
5
formation. Selection of such landmarks

will most probably derive from studies of
developing brains. It is already possible to
define in the developing human brain
components and divisions which differen-
tiate depending upon their spatial coordi-
nates within the embryo. Such differenti-
ation and maturation areas can be delin-
eated by expression patterns of regulatory
genes. Likewise migratory pathways of
neurons can be followed from the prolif-
eration area in the (sub-) ventricular zone
to their homing area in the differentiating
nuclei (see Mai and Ashwell, 2003).
Border regions between differentiation
areas and trajectories of migratory neu-
rons are correlated with fundamental divi-
sions of the brain. Demonstrations of such
features will serve as useful landmarks for
3-D transformation procedures.
In summary, for the structural analysis of

an individual (e.g., patient) brain we are
not aiming at a probabilistic or statistical
approach because it lowers the spatial res-
olution of the images. Instead we work on
a transformation of the 3-D dataset of this
atlas (model brain). The model brain is to
be transformed interactively to the
patient’s brain using developmentally rel-
evant landmarks. The fusion of the image
sets will leave the patient’s brain in its
individual shape maintaining the high
original resolution by MRI. The trans-
formed image matrix from the model
brain can be visualized and manipulated
in an overlay fashion (Fig. 6). As the pro-
Figure 6. Concept of interpretation of an individual

MR-based 3-D brain image data set by the integra-
tion with the recource provided by the Atlas of the
Human Brain. (a) Serial sequence of a (patient)
MR image data set. (b) Display of orthogonal sec-
tions in a web environment (upper row and lower
right quadrant) and selection of a DICOM image of
interest (here a coronal section, shown in the lower
left quadrant). The DICOM image is embedded in
the Web page using a Java Applet. Center and
width are adjusted by moving the cursor over the
DICOM image. (c) DICOM image with markings
and annotations (left side). On the right side links
to the image reference and interpretation sources,
symbolized in d to f are shown. (g) DICOM image
with region of interest indicated by the reticule. (h
and i) Corresponding templates from the Atlas of
the Human Brain fitting to the plane of sectioning.
j to l Matching of high-detail diagrams. (m) The
term of the marked subnucleus (here, La = lateral
amygdaloid nucleus) is shown after clicking in the
region of the reticule. (n) Indication of the position
of the selected nucleus in the hierarchical level of
categorization. (o) Portal to a database.
6
jection of the splines on the correspon- 1.3 References Mai, J.K., P. Stephens, A. Hopf, and A.C.
ding MR slices can be visualized as over- Cuello. Substance P in the human
lay, the degree of fitting becomes directly Grösch, L., and F. Noack. NMR relax- brain. Neuroscience. 17, 709–739
evident and can, if necessary, be adjusted. ation investigation of water mobility (1986).
If the matching of patient images with the in aqueous bovine serum albumin Paxinos, G., and J.K. Mai. The Human
atlas templates has occurred, the location solutions. Biochem Biophys Acta Nervous System, 2nd ed. Academic
of any region of interest (ROI) (e.g., a 453:218–232 (1976). Press, San Diego, 2003.
focal lesion) can be mapped interactively. Lange, H., and G. Thörner. Zur Neuro- Schulze, H.A. Zur individuellen cytoar-
The area coordinates of the ROI in the anatomie und Neuropathologie des chitektonischen Gestaltung der linken
patient MRI brain (Figs. 6a,b) are then Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und und rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulus
mapped to the atlas coordinate system. Nucleus subthalamicus beim Men- parietalis inferior. J Hirnforsch 4,
There the terms of affected structures and schen. Thesis, University Duesseldorf 486–534 (1960).
the database information can be interac- (1974). Sievert, T. Topometrie des menschlichen
tively retrieved. Location, neighborhood Longerich, U. MRI-Untersuchungen an Gehirns: Evaluation eines Verfahrens
relations, annotations, etc. are then speci- in-vivo und in-vitro Gehirngewebe: zur Integration morphologisch-funk-
fied and can, if applicable, be transmitted Einfluß von Fixierung und Tem- tioneller Daten aus histologischen
together with the relevant patient images. peratur auf das Relaxationsverhalten, Schnitten in die klinische Diagnostik.
die Protonendichte und das Kontrast- Thesis, University of Duesseldorf
verhalten. Thesis, University of (1992).
Duesseldorf (1989). Talairach J., and G. Szikla. Atlas d’
Mai J.K., and K.W.S. Ashwell. Fetal Anatomie stereotaxique du Telen-
Development. In: The Human cephale. Masson & Cie. Paris,
Nervous System, 2nd ed., G. Paxinos (1967).
and J.K. Mai, eds. Academic Press, Talairach J., and P. Tournoux. Co-planar
San Diego, pp. 49-94, 2003. Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain.
Mai, J.K., J. Assheuer, and G. Paxinos. G. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York
Atlas of the Human Brain. Academic (1988).
Press, San Diego, 1997.
7
2_HORIZ_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 12:32 Seite 1
Macroscopic Atlas
Horizontal Sections:
Coronal Sections:
Sagittal Sections:
9
Presentation of the Images
All representations of anatomical ges presents two surface views of the pursuit of any structure of interest
head and brain slices (chapters 2.1 to brain which has been sectioned with throughout the series of sections.
2.3) are mounted in the same way. I) the placement of sections indicated. These representations are faced with
Each series of sections is headed by III) The next page provides surface two MR-images of the corresponding
in-vitro MR-images of the head which views of the brain with the most plane and (normally) two images sho-
were taken prior to sectioning. To pro- important gyri and sulci delineated. wing the real section, the radiograph
vide a comprehensive view of the The midsagittal views depict the brain of the real section and/or the vascula-
head, MR-images are shown in all with the Talairach space. IV) The tory territory within the brain section.
three orthogonal planes. This allows a main part of each topographic and MR-images were performed from a
better orientation in the three-dimen- topometric atlas represents anatomi- healthy, 25 year old volunteer. The
sional space and helps to recognize cal head and brain slices. These are MR-images differ with respect to T1,
the topography of selected structures. mounted such that every section is T2 and proton density (N(H)) con-
II) The page following the MR-ima- seen from both sides. This allows the trast.
10
Horizontal Sections
11
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-images of the head shown on view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thik- the middle and lower panel. As can be
the following pages. kness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: seen the angle of sectioning of the two
5000/40. The contrast of these images latter panels is about 45° tilted against
The head whose horizontal sections is poor since they are highly proton- the plane of sectioning for the anato-
are depicted on pages 15-44 was ima- density (N(H)) weighted. The top mic slices. This was aimed to provide
ged before sectioning. Parameters: panel presents the sagittal MRIs and a more comprehensive view of the
0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of specifies the planes of sectioning of head.
Surface views of the right hemisphe- ted. The drawing of the lateral aspect section levels between convexity and
re of the brain which has been sectio- has been mirror-imaged in order to midline structures.
ned in the horizontal plane as indica- demonstrate the correspondence of
13
VCA VCA
ICL
Surface views of the brain which is The midsagittal views depict the brain vertical to the intercommissural line
shown in the subsequent pages. The with the Talairach space (ICL: inter- at the level of the anterior commis-
most important gyri are delineated. commissural line, VCA: plane which is sure).
1
(dorsal view)
MFG medial frontal gyrus

PoG postcentral gyrus
PrG precentral gyrus
SFG superior frontal gyrus
SPL superior parietal lobule
10 mm
SFG
SFG SFG
MFG
PrG
PrG
PoG
PoG
SPL
SPL
SPL
15
1
(ventral view)
SE 3000/100 10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
PrG
IR 5000/600 SFG
PoG
SPL
SPL
acer
2
(dorsal view)
acer anterior cerebral artery

PCL paracentral lobule
10 mm
SFG
MFG SFG
MFG
PrG
PrG
PoG PoG
PoG PoG
SPL
SPL
17
2
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
PrG
PoG
PrG
PCL
PoG SPL
AnG
AnG SPL
mcer
acer
3
(dorsal view)

AnG angular gyrus
mcer middle cerebral artery
OcG occipital gyri
SMG supramarginal gyrus
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
MFG
MFG
SFG
PrG SFG
PrG
PoG
PoG
SMG SMG
SPL
SPL
AnG
SPL
AnG SPL
SPL
SPL
OcG
OcG
19
3
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG
MFG
SFG
PrG
CG
CG PoG
PrG
PoG SFG
PCL
SMG PCL SPL

SPL
SPL
IPL SMG
SPL
AnG AnG
mcer
IPL
OcG
OcG
PCun
acer
4
(dorsal view)
17 striate area
AnG angular gyrus
CG cingular gyrus
IFG inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
IPL inferior parietal lobule
MFG middle frontal gyrus
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
STG superior temporal gyrus
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
SFG
SFG
MFG
PrG MFG CG
CG IFG
PoG CG
PrG PoG
SFG
SPL PCL SMG
PCL
CG SPL
STG
IPL
SMG SPL AnG
SPL
SPL
OcG
AnG IPL
OcG
OcG
17
21
4
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG SFG
MFG PrG
IFGTr CG
MFG
IFGOp CG
PoG
PrG
PoG
LV
SPL
acer SPL CG
SMG
STG
SPL SPL SMG
IPL
mcer AnG OcG

OcG
IPL
17
pcer
5
(dorsal view)
17 striate area
AnG angular gyrus
CG cingular gyrus
IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part
LV lateral ventricle
MTG middle temporal gyrus
OcG occipital gyri
pcer posterior cerebral artery
10 mm
SFG SFG
MFG MFG
SFG
SFG
MFG MFG
IFGTr
CG
IFGOp CG
IFGTr
PrG IFGOp
MFG
PoG PrG
LV PoG
SMG CG CG
SMG
AnG
STG
AnG
IPL SPL
SPL
IPL
AnG
MTG IPL
OcG
OcG
17
23
5
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
IFGTr
CG IFGOp
IFGTr
PrG
IFGOr
LV
PrG PoG
FrOp
PoG PaOp
PaOp Th
IPL
Ins
SMG
Pte
LV TTG
acer CG
Pte
STG Pcun
Pcun
STG
mcer
MTG
17 MTG
OcG
pcer Cun
OcG
17
6
(dorsal view)
3V third ventricle
17 striate area
CG cingular gyrus
chp choroid plexus
Cun cuneus
FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle
fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum
fmj forceps major of the corpus callosum
FrOp frontal operculum
fx fornix
gcc genu of the corpus callosum
HCd head of caudate nucleus
IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part
Ins insula
10 mm MFG middle frontal gyrus
MTC medial temporal gyrus
OcG occipital gyri
OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle
PaOp parietal operculum
PCun precuneus
SFG PoG postcentral gyrus
IFGTr SFG PrG precentral gyrus
PTe planum temporale
scc splenium of the corpus callosum
MFG SFG superior frontal gyrus
MFG IFGOr
CG CG sof superior occipitofrontal fascicle
st stria terminalis
IFGTr IFGTr STG superior temporal gyrus
FLV fmi TCd tail of caudate nucleus
sof gcc Th thalamus
tsv thalamostriate vein
IFGOp
TTG transverse temporal gyri
HCd IFGOp
PrG PrG
Ins Ins
FrOp fx Tsv
PoG PoG
Ins
Th
FrOp
SMG 3V
st SMG
TTG TTG
PTe scc PTe
TCd
STG OLV CG chp STG
MTG
PCun CG
STG
OcG fmj MTG
MTG PCun 17
17
OcG 17 OcG
MTG OcG
OcG
17
OcG
17
25
6
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG
MFG
IFG
IFG CG
Ins IFGOr
IFGOr
Ins
LV
IFGOp
PrG
PrG
PoG
PoG
PTe
TTG
PTe Th
3V
STG
acer
STG Hi Hi
LV MTG
cha PHG
MTG
mcer
OcG ITG
ITG
OcG
pcer
17
7
(dorsal view)
3V third ventricle
17 striate area
aic anterior limb of the internal capsule
ATh anterior thalamus
CG cingular gyrus
cha choroid artery
chp choroid plexus
Cl claustrum
ec external capsule
exc extreme capsule
fi fimbria hippocampi
FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle
FuG fusiform gyrus
fx fornix
gic internal capsule, genu
GP globus pallidus
Hb habenular nuclei
10 mm Hi hippocampus
IFG inferior frontal gyrus
IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part
Ins insula
ITG inferior temporal gyrus
SFG
SFG
MFG MFG middle frontal gyrus
MFG
OcG occipital gyri
IFG OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle
IFG
or optic radiation
CG
CG pcer posterior cerebral artery
PCun precuneus
IFGOr
FLV PHG parahippocampal gyrus
IFGOr Cl Pi pineal gland
gcc exc
pic posterior limb of the internal capsule
IFGTr
PrG HCd ec PoG postcentral gyrus
Ins fx PrG precentral gyrus
PoG IFGOp PTe planum temporale
Pu aic Ins
Pu putamen
PrG Pul pulvinar thalami
gic GP PoG
3V
ATh SFG superior frontal gyrus
PTe
sm stria medullaris of thalamus
TTG st stria terminalis
Th pic
STG TTG sm STG superior temporal gyrus
TCd tail of caudate nucleus
Hb
chp Th thalamus
Pul Pi fi st SFG TTG transverse temporal gyri
CG TCd Ver vermis of cerebellum
MTG
Hi CG CG
PCun
OLV
MTG
FuG
or
MTG
ITG
ITG Ver 17
OcG OcG
OcG
17
27
7
(ventral view)
10 mm
OrG OrG
IFG IFG
IFGOp CG IFGOp
STG
STG Ins
Ins
3V
PTe
Hy
ipf
SN
opt R MTG
Ent Hi
LV
Hi
acer
MTG PHG
mcer OcG PHG
ITG
ita
OcG
pcer OcG
sca
ITG
17
8
(dorsal view)
3V third ventricle
17 striate area
APS anterior perforated substance
Aq aqueduct
CG cingulate gyrus
chp choroid plexus
Cl claustrum
cosi confluence of sinuses
cp cerebral peduncle
DG dentate gyrus
Ent entorhinal cortex
Fro frontal bone
FrS frontal sinus
FStr fundus striati
gapo epicranial aponeurosis
(galea aponeurotica)
Hi hippocampus
Hy hypothalamus
Ins insula
10 mm ipf interpeduncular fossa
ita inferior temporal artery
lds lamboid suture
Fro
suorb LTer lamina terminalis
Frs LV lateral ventricle
MB mammillary body
OrG Occ occipital bone
OrG occ occipital artery, vein and nerve
OcG occipital gyri
OrG OrG OrG opt optic tract
OrG orbital gyri
ParB parietal bone
TempM pcer posterior cerebral artery
tf OrG PHG parahippocampal gyrus
acer
PTe IFGOp IFGOp PTe planum temporale
R red nucleus
Ins S subiculum
Temp Cl Ins sca superior cerebellar artery
APS FStr
sta SN substantia nigra
STG mcer 3V sta superficial temporal artery and vein
LTer STG
tempv Hy STG superior temporal gyrus
opt
Temp temporal bone
MB tempv temporal veins
ipf
cp tf temporal fascia
SN chp
fi
DG MTG
MTG S
Hi Aq S
Hi
Ent
ParB Ent
MTG
ITG
OcG OcG
ITG
ITG
lds
ParB
OcG
cosi
occ
Occ
gapo 29
8
(ventral view)
10 mm
sutr
FroN CSCil
LPal FroO
OrG
sophv GR opha
SReM
sophv OcFrF
LacG fr5
5 lac TempM
SphB
olf TmP
TmP OrG 2n sphp
olf MTG
ox
tv
ictd
MTG LV sta
Amg pcoma
LV pcer
Hi
Temp
Hi ITG
bas Ent
MTG
Ent OTG
ITG
ITG OTG
acer
4V
ITG pauv
mcer MTG sigs

cha ITG
lds
ParB sigs Cerebellum
pcer
sca
occs
aica occ
pica
SSpCaM Occ
9
(dorsal view)
2n optic nerve
3n oculomotor nerve
4n trochlear nerve
4V fourth ventricle
5n trigeminal nerve
5lac lacrimal nerve
aica anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Amg amygdala
ang angular vein
bas basilar artery
cav cavernous sinus
CCil corrugator supercilii muscle
CGal crista galli
cha choroid artery
Ci cistern
CSCil corrugator supercilii muscle
frn frontal nerve
FroN frontal bone, nasal part
10 mm FroO frontal bone, orbital part
GR gyrus rectus
Hi hippocampus
ictd internal carotid artery
FroN CCil OOM
ang LacG lacrimal gland
sutrv LPal ld lambdoid suture
sutrn
LPal levator palpebrae superioris muscle
SReM LV lateral ventricle
eye FroO mcer middle cerebral artery
OrG CGal eye
mmf middle meningeal a., frontal branch
RG RG SObM LacG MTG middle temporal gyrus
ophv OrG Occ occipital bone
ophv occ occipital artery, vein and nerve
OOM
occs occipital sinus
frn LPal SphB
SReM OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly
mmf sphzg olf olfactory tract
TmP OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
2n TmP TempM
sphp
opha/v ophthalmic artery / vein
ictd OrG orbital gyrus
MTG
OTG occipito-temporal gyrus
cav Pit ox optic chiasm
3n ParB parietal bone
TLV MTG
tv Amg pauv posterior auricular vein
Hi 4n bas SphB pcer posterior cerebral artery
Hi
sta ITG Ci pcoma posterior communicating artery
Ent Ent ITG pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery
mmf
Pit pituitary gland
OTG Pons
5n OTG MTG Pons pons
OTG MTG RG rectus gyrus
ITG sca superior cerebellar artery
sigs sigmoid sinus
4V ITG ITG SObM superior oblique muscle
sophv superior ophthalmic vein
SphB sphenoid bone
sigs sphp sphenoparietal sinus
sphzg spheno-zygomatic suture
pauv Temp SReM superior rectus muscle
SSpCaM semispinalis capitis muscle
sta superficial temporal artery
ld sutr supratrochlear artery and vein
sutrn supratrochlear nerve
Occ sutrv supratrochlear vein
Temp temporal bone
occ TempM temporal muscle
TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle
TmP temporal pole
SSpCaM
tv temporal vein
31
9
(ventral view)
10 mm
DpSCil
angv frs OOM
MReM
LReM
3ni TempM
IReM
EthS
mm
sphs
sphp 5ophth cav
5Gn
ictd sta
bas
7n
7n, 8n
sigs
POrbM
pauv
SpCaM
occ
SSpM
10 (dorsal view)
3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)

4V fourth ventricle
5Gn trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri)
5mx maxillary nerve
5ophth ophthalmic nerve
7n facial nerve
8n vestibulo-cochlear nerve
ang angular artery and vein
angv angular vein
bas basilar artery
BasCi basilar cistern
CAnT common anular tendon
cav cavernous sinus
CilM ciliaris muscle
DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle
emi emissary vein
EthS ethmoidal sinus (cells)
eye eyeball
frs frontal sinus
gocn greater occipital nerve
gpetn greater petrosal nerve
ipets inferior petrosal sinus
IReM inferior rectus muscle
lacv lacrimal vein
LReM lateral rectus muscle
mm middle meningeal artery
MReM medial rectus muscle
Na nasal bone
nuf nuchal fascia
Occ occipital bone
occ occipital artery, vein and nerve
10 mm ocm occipito-mastoid suture
OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
ophv ophthalmic vein
pauv posterior auricular vein
POrbM posterior orbicularis muscle
DpSCil
sca superior cerebellar artery
sigs sigmoid sinus
ang Na
SpCaM splenius capitis muscle
SphB sphenoid bone
OOM
sphp spheno-parietal sinus
eye CilM sphs sphenoid sinus
ZygB lacv SSpM semispinalis capitis muscle
sta superficial temporal artery and vein
MReM TempM temporalis muscle
IReM LReM TempP temporal bone, petrosal part
ophv TempS temporal bone, squamous part
3ni tf temporalis fascia
mm EthS
TL temporal lobe
TempM tv temporalis veins
CAnT tf TyC tympanic cavity
5ophth sphs sphp ZygB zygomatic bone
TempS
ictd
5Gn
SphB TL
5mx BasCi
sta
bas
tv
ipets Pons
gpetn TempP
sca
7n 8n
TyC
sigs 4V
pauv
ocm
emi
SpCaM
occ
Occ
nuf
SSpM
gocn
33
10(ventral view)
10 mm
DpSCil
NasM
ang OOM
IObM IReM
3ni
5inf
maxs spa dta
SphP
mx TempM
5mo
bucn
LPtgL aute Cond
LgCaM ling
Disc LPtgM
sta
Sty
ictd
LgCoM
7n
12n vert
rapx
9,10,11n
sigs
StMT
DiM
occ
SpCaM
PMiRe
SSpM
gocn
11 (dorsal view)
3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)

5inf infraorbital nerve
5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve
7C facial nerve and canal
7n facial nerve
9n glossopharyngeal nerve
10n vagus nerve
11n accessory nerve
12n hypoglossal nerve
ang angular artery and vein
AReCaM anterior rectus capitis muscle
aute auriculotemporal nerve
bucn buccal nerve
Cond condylar process of mandible
Cor coronoid process of the mandible
cty chorda tympani
DIM digastric muscle
Disc articular disc of temporo-mandibular
joint
DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle
dta deep temporalis artery
ialvn inferior alveolar nerve
ijugv internal jugular vein
infa infraorbital artery
IObM inferior oblique muscle
IObMT inferior oblique muscle, tendon
IReM inferior rectus muscle
LgCaM longus capitis muscle
LgCoM longus colli muscle
ling lingual nerve
10 mm LPtgL lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly
LPtgM lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly
MasM masseter muscle
Max maxilla
maxs maxillary sinus
DpSCil Na
Md medulla oblongata
MiPRe minor posterior rectus capitis muscle
ang
NasM
mx maxillary artery
OOm NSpt mxs maxillary sinus
Na nasal bone
nlac NasM nasalis muscle
IObM
IObMT nl nuchal ligament
Max nlac nasolacrimal duct
IReM
NSpt nasal septum
infa nuf nuchal fascia
mxs
5inf Occ occipital bone
dta
Zyg TempM occ occipital artery and vein
ptgpal
occa occipital artery
spa
occv occipital vein
tf Cor 5mo OOm orbicularis oculi muscle
MasM mx papx parotid plexus
Vomer
bucn Par parotid gland
ptgpx PMiRe posterior minor rectus capitis muscle
ialvn SphB ling
Disc LPtgM sta ptgpal pterygopalatine ganglion
Cond LgCaM aute ptgpx pterygoid plexus
Par cty
rapx retroarticular (venous) plexus
sta Sty AReCaM rapx sigs sigmoid sinus
10n papx spa sphenopalatine artery
Occ 7C SpCaM splenius capitis muscle
12n ijugv
vert SphB sphenoid bone
ictd SphP pterygopalatine ganglion
Temp
sigs
SSpM semispinalis capitis muscle
sta superficial temporal artery and vein
Md StMM sternomastoid muscle
DiM StMT sternomastoid muscle, tendon
StMM Sty styloid process
occv
Temp temporal bone
TempM temporalis muscle
SpCaM Occ occa tf temporalis fascia
TzM trapezius muscle
MiPRe
vert vertebral artery
gocn Vomer vomer
nl Zyg zygamatic bone
nuf SSpM
TzM
35
11
(ventral view)
10 mm
NasM
ang LLbM
LLb
OOm
MZgM
infa
GZgM
dpal
TempM
mx
spaa
MasM
Man MPtgM
Ptg SCM TeVePa
LeVePa LPtgM
asa
mx tfa
ictd
LgCaM
12n sta
Par Sty LReCaM

StMM
DiM
SObM
vert
LgsCaM
occ
PMiRe PMjRe
SpCaM
gocn
dpc
SSpM
TzM
12 (dorsal view)

10n vagus nerve
11n accessory nerve
AMjC ala major cartilage
apal ascending palatine artery
Atlas atlas
AtOc atlanto occipital joint
BucM buccinator muscle
bucn buccal nerve
cern2 cervical nerve 2
DAx dens axis
DiM digastric muscle
dpc deep cervical artery and vein
ectd external carotid artery
fac facial artery
facv facial vein
GNaC greater nasal cartilage
GZgM greater zygomatic muscle
HPtg hamulus of the pterygoid bone
ialv inferior alveolar artery, vein and
nerve
IObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscle
ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus
LAngO levator anguli oris muscle
LeVaPa levator veli palatini muscle
10 mm LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle
ling lingual nerve
LLb levator labii sup. muscle
lObM inferior oblique capitis muscle
GNaC Man mandible
SeC MasM masseter muscle
NasM MiZgM minor zygomatic muscle
ang MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscle
LLbM MScal medial scalenus muscle, insertion of
facv OOM levator scapulae muscle
Mx maxilla
MiZgM NasM nasalis muscle
Mx LLb nl nuchal ligament
Zyg
npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal
infa LAngO occ occipital artery and vein
GZgM
5inf INaCo pal greater palatine artery and vein
TempM
psan PalG palatine glands
dpal
MPtgM Par parotid gland
bucn
Vomer TeVePa
pau posterior auricular artery and vein
Man MasM PMiRe posterior minor rectus capitis muscle
CAT LPtgM PMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscle
SCM ptdd parotid duct
SalPhM
ling Ptg Ptg pterygoid process
Uv
ialvn pvf prevertebral fascia
apal LeVePa rmv retromandibular vein
Par pvf ictd
LgCaM SalPhM salpingopharyngeus muscle
9,11,12n AReCaM
tfa mx SArS subarachnoid space
SCM superior constrictor muscle
sta 10n DAx StyPhM
Sty SeC septal cartilage
ijugv
7n SNaC septum nasi cartilage
LReCa tla SobM superior oblique muscle
Occ
SpAx spinous process of axis
StMM SpCaM splenius capitis muscle
vert AtOc SObM Spinal spinal cord
Atlas
StMM sternomastoid muscle
occ PMiRe Sty styloid process and styloglossus,
PMjRe LgsCaM stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid muscles
StyGlM styloglossus muscle
StyHyM stylohyoid muscle
SpCaM
dpc StyPhM stylopharyngeus muscle
gocn
TeVePa tensor veli palatini muscle
nl TempM temporalis muscle
SSpM
TempT temporalis muscle (tendon)
nuf
TrPAt transverse process of the atlas
TzM
Uv uvula
Vomer vomer 37
12(ventral view)
10 mm
AMjC
NasM fac
MiZgM
5inf
LAngO GZgM
facv
Vomer
pal
BucM MasM
bucn
TempM
ling
SCM TelePa
ialv
MPtgM
9n
apal 11n ectd
ictd LgCaM Sty
ijugv rmv
9,10n pau
12n DiM
TrPAt vert
occ
StMM Atlas
LgsCaM IObCpM
SpCaM
gocn
PMjRe
dpc
SSpM
TzM
13 (dorsal view)

10n vagus nerve
11n accessory nerve
AMjC alar major cartilage
apal ascending palatine artery
Atlas atlas
bucn buccal nerve
fac facial artery
facv facial vein
ialv inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve
IObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscle
LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle
ling lingual nerve
LLb levator labii sup. muscle
Man mandible
10 mm MiZgM minor zygomatic muscle
MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscle
MScal medial scalenus muscle, insertion of
levator scapulae muscle
Mx maxilla
NasM nasalis muscle
SNaC nl nuchal ligament
Mx
LLb npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal
NasM
occ occipital artery and vein
fac pal greater palatine artery and vein
LAngO MiZgM PalG palatine glands
Par parotid gland
GZgM pau posterior auricular artery and vein
facv ptdd PMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscle
ptdd parotid duct
npal
BucM rmv retromandibular vein
pal SArS subarachnoid space
bucn SCM superior constrictor muscle
MasM SNaC septum nasi cartilage
HPtg
PalG TempT Spinal spinal cord
ling Man SSpM semispinalis capitis muscle
Uv MPtgM StMM sternomastoid muscle
ialv apal SCM
12n
Sty styloid process and styloglossus,
Par StyPhM
ictd LgCoM StyGlM stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid muscles
ectd StyGlM styloglossus muscle
LgCaM
rmv 9,10n StyHyM stylohyoid muscle
pau StyHyM
ijugv MScal StyPhM stylopharyngeus muscle
vert
11n DiM TelePa tensor veli palatini muscle
occ TrPAt ivvpx TempT temporalis muscle (tendon)
TrPAt transverse process of the atlas
StMM
Atlas TzM trapezius muscle
cern2 SArS Spinal Uv uvula
LgsCaM
SpAx lObCaM Vomer vomer
SpCaM gocn
dpc PMjRe
SSpM
nl
TzM
39
13(ventral view)
10 mm
fac OOrM
GZgM LAngO
Max
facv pal
BucM
ptdd
BucM
bucn
MAsM
PalG
ling
MPtgM apal ialn
Uv
Man aph SCGn
9n ictd *
SCM * ectd
LgCaM *
rmv 10n
ScalM
12n LgCoM DiM
Par InTrM
Vert3
11n
ijugr
vert SpCeM
LgsCeM LScM
MScalM
gocn LgsCaM
dpc
MulM
SpAx SSpM
SpCaM
TISM
TzM
GZgM
facv
LAngO
OOrM
IncC pal
Max
fac 14 15
(dorsal view) (dorsal view)
tongue
SCM
bucn
PlGl
StyGl Uv MPtgM
9n
StyPh
SCGn all
LgCaM LgCoM SCGn
occ StyHy * styloglossus, stylohyoideus, stylo-
12n
Par DiM 10n pharyngeus muscles
10n
vert Axis 12n 9n glossopharyngeal nerve
10n vagus nerve
ScalM
11n accessory nerve
StM SpCeM 11n
LgsCeM v all anterior longitudinal ligament
InTrM apal ascending palatine artery
Vert3 aph ascending pharyngeal artery
LScM LgsCaM Axis axis
Mult
LgsCaM SSpCe BucM buccinator muscle
LScM bucn buccal nerve
SpCaM SpM dpc dpc deep cervical artery and vein
SSpM fac facial artery
facv facial vein
TzM HyGl hyoglossus muscle
ialn inferior alveolar artery
IncC incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery
InTrM intertransversarii muscles
ISM interspinalis muscle
LgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscle
LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle tendon
ling lingual nerve
LScM levator scapulae muscle
GZgM Man mandible
MAsM masseter muscle
BucM Max maxilla
HyGl MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscle
ialv MScalM medial scalenus muscle
MasM MulM multifidus muscle
MyHy Man Mult multifidus muscle
StyGl MyHy mylohyoid muscle
apal nuf nuchal fascia
occ occipital artery
SMGl
OOrM orbicularis oris muscle
StyHy pal palatine artery
fac S/MCM
Plat 9n ectd PalG palatine glands
Ly 12n aph
Ly papx parotid plexus
LgCo sln Par parotid gland
ictd
Vert3 Plat platysma
10n
ScalM PlGl palatoglossus muscle
ijugv
StM Symp ptdd parotid duct
SpCeM rmv retromandibular vein
InTrM 11n
S/MCM superior / middle constrictor muscle
SpCeM ScalM scalenus muscle
Vert4 LScM
SSpM SCGn superior cervical ganglion
LScM Mult SCM superior constrictor of the pharynx
ISM LgsCaM LgsCeT sln superior laryngeal nerve
SMG submandibular gland
LgsCaM
SSpCe
SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle
SpCaM sphn superior pharyngeal nerve
SpM spinalis muscle
SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle
StM sternomastoid muscle
StyGl styloglossus muscle
Vert3 vertebral 3
41
14 15
OOrM
GZgM
fac
(ventral view) (ventral view)
BucM
MasM
StyGl
MyHy
MPtgM
PlPh
apal fac
StyPh StyHy Plat

aph DiT
SCGn v
12n SCGn 12n
9n glossopharyngeal nerve v 10n Par
10n vagus nerve ictd all
LgCoM ijugv
11n accessory nerve Ly ectd LgCaM
12n hypoglossal nerve 11n
Vert4 ScalM
all StM
apal ascending palatine artery InTrM
aph ascending pharyngeal artery SpCeM
bucn buccal nerve Ly LScM
DiM digastric muscle Mult
DiT digastric muscle, tendon
DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle
dpc deep cervical artery and vein ISM LgsCaM
LgsCeT
ectd external carotid artery SSpCe
fac facial artery and glandular branches
GGM genioglossus muscle SSpM
GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone SpM
HyGl hyoglossus muscle SpCaM
ialv inferior alveolar artery and nerve
ijugv internal jugular vein TzM
InTrM intertransversarii muscles
LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon
ling lingual artery
LScM levator scapulae muscle DpAO
RisM
Ly lymph node
MPtgM medial pterygoid muscle
Mult multifidus muscle ialv GGM HyGl
MyHy mylohyoid muscle
Par parotid gland
Plat platysma
PlPh palatopharyngeus muscle ling
RisM risorius muscle
rmv retromandibular vein SMGl
9n SMGl
S/MCM superior and middle constrictor of
rmv
the pharynx v
ScalM scalenus muscle DiM fac
Par
SCGn superior cervical ganglion GHHy 12n
sln superior laryngeal nerve v ectd
Ly Par
SMGl submandibular gland vert sln
SpCaM splenius capitis muscle LgCoM S/MCM
SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle ijugv 10n LgCoM ictd
SpM spinalis muscle
SSpM semispinalis capitis muscle 10n
symp Vert4
SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle ScalM ijugv
StM sternomastoid muscle ivvpx
StyGl styloglossus muscle 11n
LgsCeM
StyHy stylohyoid muscle
StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle
symp sympathetic trunk
TzM trapezius muscle dpc
v vein
Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra
DpAO
ilab
HyGl
OOrM
LgGl
SLGl
RisM
16 17
(dorsal view) (dorsal view)
smd
fac
BucM ling
Plat
GGM
MyHy
StyHy
SMGl
myhy
glda
Ly DiM
ling
fac
Ly
ectd sln
S/MCM
GHHy ancer 10n vagus nerve
cplx
11n accessory nerve
ictd LgCaM ancer ansa cervicalis
vert3 10n
LgCoM
11n BucM buccinator muscle
ijugv
vert4 cern ijugv StM cctd common carotid artery
Symp cern cervical nerve
cplx carotid plexus
ScalM DiM digastric muscle
LgsCeM DiT digastric muscle (tendon)
SpCeM DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle
Mult
dpc
LScM ectd external carotid artery
ISM fac facial artery
SSpCe GGM genioglossus muscle
LgsCaM GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone
glda glandular branches of facial artery
HyGl hyoglossus muscle
SSpM SpM ICM inferior constrictor of the pharynx
TzM ilab inferior labial artery and vein
ling lingual artery
LgGl anterior lingual gland
Ly lymph node
Man mandible
MCM middle constrictor of the pharynx
Mult multifidus muscle
myhy mylohyoid nerve
SLGl
GGM OOrM orbicularis oris muscle
Plat platysma
Man RisM risorius muscle
S/MCM superior and middle constrictor of
ling
MyHy the pharynx
HyGl
fac ScalM scalenus muscle
DiT SHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilage
StyHy SLGl sublingual gland
glda
SMGl sln superior laryngeal nerve
smd submandibular duct
ThHyMe GHHy SMGl submandibular gland
MCM ThHy SpCaM splenius capitis muscle
ICM SHThC SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle
sthy SpM spinalis muscle
cctd SSpM semispinalis capitis muscle
LgCoM SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle
vert4 StM
ijugv sthy superior thyroid artery
ScalM vert5
v StyHy stylohyoid muscle
Symp sympathetic trunk
Symp ThHy thyrohyoid muscle
ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane
LgsCeM v vein
SpCeM
Vert3 third cervical vertebra
LScM Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra
SpCaM
TzM
43
16 17
OOrM
BucM
DpAO
SLGl
GGM
(ventral view) (ventral view)
ManC
smd
MyHy
fac
HyGl ling
DiM
GHHy
StyHy fac
gld
Plat ling
sthy
sln
SHThC
10n vagus nerve cctd StM

ancer ansa cervicalis LgCoM 10n
BHy body of hyoid bone LgCaM
BucM buccinator muscle ijugv TrP4
cctd common carotid artery Vert4
cern cervical nerve Symp
DiM digastric muscle Symp
DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle Vert5
dpc deep cervical artery and vein ScalM
DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle dpc
fac facial artery LgsCeM
Mult
facv facial vein
GeHy geniohyoid muscle LgsCaM
GGM genioglossus muscle ISM LScM
GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone SSpCe
SpM
gld glandular branches of facial artery SpCeM
ICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscle SpCaM
ICM inferior constrictor of the pharynx
ilab inferior labial artery and vein TzM
MentM ilab
ling lingual artery DpLb
Ly lymph node
ManC mandibular canal with inferior
alveolar artery and nerve
MasM masseter muscle GeHy
MCM middle constrictor of the pharynx
MentM mentalis muscle
MyHy
DiM
OmHy omohyoideus muscle BHy
facv
Plat platysma StHy
HyGl
ScalM scalenus muscle OmHy SMGl
SHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilage ThHy
SLGl sublingual gland
ThHyMe
sln superior laryngeal nerve ThC
SMGl submandibular gland v
SpCaM splenius capitis muscle MCM
SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle Ly ancer
ICM
SplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscle cctd
SpM spinalis muscle StM v
SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle ijugv LgCoM 10n
LgsCa
SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle Vert5 ijugv
cern
sthy superior thyroid artery Ly
StM sternomastoid muscle ICCe
StyHy stylohyoid muscle Symp
Symp sympathetic trunk v Vert6 ScalM
ThC thyroid cartilage ICCe
ThHy thyrohyoid muscle
Vert5
ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane LgsCaM LgsCe
TrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebra
TzM trapezius muscle LScM
v vein
vert vertebral artery SSpCe
Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra
Vert5 fifth cervical vertebra SpM SSpCa
Vert6 sixth cervical vertebra SplM
3_CORON_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 11:50 Seite 1
Coronal Sections
45
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-images of the head which is heavy T2 weighted images highlight lower panel corresponds to the plane
represented on the following pages. fluid-containing structures. Note that of cryo-sectioning of the head and
artificial fluid collections are visible in direct comparisons can be made with
The head whose sections are depicted the nasal and paranasal cavities. The photographs and diagrams of the follo-
on the following pages was imaged in top panel presents the sagittal MRIs wing pages. The middle panel pre-
three orthgonal planes using the follo- and specifies the planes of sectioning sents the horizontal MRIs from top to
wing parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix of the middle and lower panel. the bottom.
256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi- Orientation of these MRIs was based
slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excita- on the brainstem axis. Therefore the
tions, sequence: 5000/160. These orientation of the coronal MRIs in the
Surface views of the left hemisphere as indicated. The drawing of the midsa- which lie in the same plane of sectio-
of the brain which has been sectioned gittal view has been mirror-imaged in ning with regard to the lateral and
in the coronal plane (-20° angulation) order to help identifying structures median view.
VCA VCA
ICL
Surface views of the brain which is The most important gyri are delinea- brain with the Talairach space.
shown in the subsequent pages. ted. The midsagittal views depict the
4
OcFrF
FroO
FroC
(anterior view)
FxC
OOM
LPal CGal frs suorba
SOb
SRec LacG
oph
eye EthBu pap
MRec
LRec
IOb IRec OFat
Zyg PeP
MNaC
IOC 5inf
infa
NSpt Cerebral structures:
mxs
FrP frontopolar cortex
psa
INaCo GRe gyrus rectus
Vom BFat iFG inferior frontal gyrus
facv
gp MFG medial frontal gyrus
PalG MasM
OFG orbitofrontal gyri
Alv
tfa GZgM SFG superior frontal gyrus
SRoG superior rostral gyrus
BucM
Peripheral structures:
12n hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch)

SlPl 5inf infraorbital nerve
smd dlg dlg HyGl
fac Alv alveolar process of maxilla
fac BFat buccal fat pad
LgSpt SLGl BucM buccinator muscle
GGM CGal crista galli
ManC 12n DiM digastric muscle, ant. belly
sublgv
slg MyHy sma dlg deep lingual artery and vein
sma EthBu ethmoidal bulla
GeHy
DiM fac facial artery
facv facial vein
Platysma
FroC frontal bone, crest
FroO frontal bone, orbital part
frs frontal sinus
FxC falx cerebri
GeHy geniohyoid muscle
GGM genioglossus muscle
gpa/n/v greater palatine artery, nerve, vein
INaCo inferior nasal concha
IOb inferior oblique muscle
IOC infraorbital canal
IRec inferior rectus muscle
LacG lacrimal gland
LgSpt lingual septum
LRec lateral rectus muscle
ManC mandibular canal
MNaC middle nasal concha
SRoG MRec medial rectus muscle
SFG mxs maxillary sinus
MFG SFG MyHy mylohyoid muscle
MFG
NSpt nasal septum
IFG OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly
OFat orbital fat pad
IFG OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
FrP oph ophthalmic artery
FrP PalG palatine glands
OFG pap optic papilla
FrP
PeP perpendicular plate
psa posterior superior alveolar artery
OFG slg sublingual artery and vein
SLGl sublingual gland and duct
sma submental artery
OFG smd submandibular duct
SOb superior oblique muscle
GRe
SRec superior rectus muscle
sublgv sublingual vein
suorba supraorbital artery
tfa transverse facial artery
Vom vomer
Zyg zygomatic bone
49
4
(posterior view)
SE 3000/100
10 mm
IR 5000/600 MFG
SFG SFG
FrP
mcer mcer MFG
SFG SRoG IFG
FrP
acer
OFG FrP
OFG
IRoG
IRoG
GRe
5
OcFrF
sss FroSq
(anterior view)
FL
5fr frs
SOb OB CGal LPal lac

SRec oph
2n
LRec MRec
cret
OFat IRec eths 5inf Cerebral structures:
TempM dta
IOC acer anterior cerebral artery
mxs FrP frontopolar cortex
ZygA infa
NSpt
FL frontal lobe
GRe gyrus rectus
psa IFG inferior frontal gyrus
paln
IRoG inferior rostral gyrus
dpal
GPalF OB olfactory bulb
ptdd PalG OFG orbitofrontal gyri
MasM
tfa SFG superior frontal gyrus
BucM SRoG superior rostral gyrus
Tongue
ManC 2n optic nerve
facv BMan
5fr frontal nerve of trigeminus
smd 5inf infraorbital nerve
ialv SLGl 12n hypoglossal nerve or its root
GGM lga BMan body of mandible
fac
12n BucM buccinator muscle
MyHy HyGl
Ly cret central artery of retina
sma lgv DiM digastric muscle, ant. belly
GeHy dpal descending palatine artery
dta deep temporal artery (arteries)
eths ethmoidal sinus (cells)
DiM fac/v facial artery / vein
StHy FroSq frontal bone, squamosal part
Plat
frs frontal sinus
GeHy geniohyoid muscle
GGM genioglossus muscle
GPalF greater palatine foramen
IOC infraorbital canal
lac lacrimal artery
lga/lgv lingual artery / vein
Ly submental lymph node
ManC mandibular canal
MFG SFG MRec medial rectus muscle
MFG mxs maxillary sinus
SFG
IFG MyHy mylohyoid muscle
SFG NSpt nasal septum
OB olfactory bulb
SRoG OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly
FrP OFat orbital fat
SRoG
FrP oph ophthalmic artery
IFG PalG palatine glands
IRoG OFG paln palatine nerve (s)
OFG IRoG
Plat platysma
psa posterior superior alveolar artery
ptdd parotid duct
SLGl sublingual gland
sma submental artery
GRe smd submandibular duct
SOb superior oblique muscle
SRec superior rectus muscle
sss superior sagittal sinus
StHy sternohyoid muscle
tfa transverse facial artery
ZygA zygomatic arch
51
5
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG
MFG
IFG
acer
mcer mcer FLA
SRoG SRoG IFG
IRoG
OFG
IRoG
OFG
GRe
FxC 6
(anterior view)
staf
LPal
olf ophv
SRec SOb
LRec sphs oph
2n
MRec
TmP
IRec
eths
ptpf Cerebral structures:
SphP TempM
ZygA mxs 5inf sphpl
pna pna acer anterior cerebral artery
dpal Vom dta CG cingulate gyrus
dta infa
infa MLPt FLA frontal limbic area
mx dpal mx FuG fusiform gyrus
GRe gyrus rectus
LPtg IFG inferior frontal gyrus
BFat LLPt IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
TeVePa IRoG inferior rostral gyrus
tfa tfa
Man soft palate mcer middle cerebral artery
MPtg ptdd
5lg MasM MFG medial frontal gyrus
ManC MTG medial temporal gyrus
HPtg
ialva OFG orbitofrontal gyri
Uvula myhy olf olfactory tract
5alv LgGl SFG superior frontal gyrus
StyGl SRoG superior rostral gyrus
9n STG superior temporal gyrus
fac TmP temporal pole
facv 12n smd
lgv lg
shl DiT
2n optic nerve
SMGl Hyoid 5alv inferior alveolar nerve
HyGl 5inf infraorbital nerve
Platysma
5lg lingual nerve
ThHy 9n glossopharyngeal nerve
ThC
OmHy
vl BFat buccal fat pad
StHy DiT digastric muscle, tendon
dpal descending palatine artery
dta deep temporal artery (arteries)
eths ethmoidal sinus, labyrinth and air cells
fac/v facial artery / vein
FxC falx cerebri
Hyoid hyoid bone
ialva inferior alveolar artery
lg/lgv lingual artery / vein
SFG LgGl lingual gland
SFG LLPt lateral lamina of pterygoid process
MFG MFG LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
SFG
IFG Man mandible
SFG ManC mandibular canal
IFG MasM masseter muscle
CG MLPt medial lamina of pterygoid process
IFGOp CG MPtg medial pterygoid muscle
FLA
SRoG MRec medial rectus muscle
mx maxillary artery
SRoG
IRoG IFGOp mxs maxillary sinus
myhy mylohyoid nerve
STG IRoG OFG OmHy omohyoid muscle
OFG
oph/v ophthalmic artery / vein
STG
pna posterior nasal artery
GRe ptdd parotid duct
TmP GRe olf
ptpf pterygopalatine fossa
TmP MTG shl stylohyoid ligament
ITG FuG
SMGl submandibular gland
ITG SOb superior oblique muscle
Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations
53
6
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
FLA FLA
IFG Ins
CG CG IFG
acer IFGOp
IFGOp SRoG SRoG
mcer
mcer IRoG IRoG
OFG
STG
STG OFG
PTe
TmP PTe GRe TmP

MTG
FuG ITG
ITG TmP
7
sss
(anterior view)
FLV
acer
TempM
olf staf
2n
3n
TL
ictd 4n
oph
cav 6n
5mx Cerebral structures:
sphs mmf
ZygA PtgC
ptgpx CG cingulate gyrus
TeVePa FLA frontal limbic area
mx ptgpx mx FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle
LPtg FuG fusiform gyrus
GRe gyrus rectus
tfa LVePa Aud IFG inferior frontal gyrus
rmv 5lg phar 5lg IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
inav
5ialv IRoG inferior rostral gyrus
PlPh myhy Ins insula
ptdd ialva
SPal MPtg ITG inferior temporal gyrus
sphml mcer middle cerebral artery
PtT MFG medial frontal gyrus
MasM
StyGl MTG medial temporal gyrus
Uv
shl PTe planum temporale
fac
fac DiM smv rcc rostrum of corpus callosum
shl facv
facv 9n SFG superior frontal gyrus
StyHy
smv 12n MCM SRoG superior rostral gyrus
12n STG superior temporal gyrus
lg lg
lgv TmP temporal pole
SMGl Hyoid
lgv EGl
sthy
PirR sthyv 2n optic nerve
ThHy
3n oculomotor nerve or its root
AryE 4n trochlear nerve or its root
5ialv inferior alveolar nerve
OmHy 5lg lingual nerve
5mx maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
6n abducens nerve or its root
12n hypoglossal nerve or its root
AryE aryepiglotticus muscle
Aud auditory tube
cav cavernous sinus
DiM digastric muscle, post belly
SFG EGl epiglottis
SFG Ent entorhinal cortex
fac/v facial artery / vein
MFG Hyoid hyoid bone
FLA ictd internal carotid artery
FLA MFG lg/lgv lingual artery / vein
LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
CG IFG LVePa levator veli palatini muscle
IFGOp MasM masseter muscle
IFG rcc
Ins FLV FLV Ins MCM medial constrictor muscle
mmf middle meningeal artery
IFGOp MPtg medial pterygoid muscle
SRoG CG
CG SRoG mx maxillary artery
Ins myhy mylohyoid nerve
IFGOp STG
STG OFG OmHy omohyoid muscle
PTe GRe phar pharyngeal branches
MTG OFG PirR piriform recess
GRe
TmP 2n Ent
PTe PlPh palatopharyngeus muscle
Ent 2n MTG ptdd parotid duct
ITG TmP PtgC pterygoid canal
ptgpx pterygoid plexus
FuG ITG PtT palatine tonsil
FuG
55
7
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG FLA MFG
FLA
IFG
CG
IFG
acer IFGOp
mcer mcer IFGOp

Ins
ic
Ins Pu
SCA SCA Cl
STG PTG Acb STG
PTe
Pir Pir PTe
AO GRe AO Tu
Tu ox
SLG opt AG SLG
AG
cha MTG
MTG
Ent
Ent
ITG FuG ITG
FuG
8
(anterior view)
stap
acer
mcer
ox
InfS DS
ictd 3n stam
TempM Pit cav
Cerebral structure:
sphs
5Gn Acb accumbens nucleus
ictd
LPtg AG ambiens gyrus
Con PhRe mm TMD AO anterior olfactory nucleus
LVePa
CG cingulate gyrus
cha choroid artery
Otic Cl claustrum
Sty phar LgCaM mx DB diagonal band nucleus
mxv
tfa rmv Ent entorhinal cortex
StyGl StyPh StyGl FLA frontal limbic area
pau tfv FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle
9n
mx FuG fusiform gyrus
StyHy mx GRe gyrus rectus
StyPh Par ic internal capsule
StyHy aph IFG inferior frontal gyrus
DiM
DiM rmv
rmv InfS infundibular stalk
occ facv
MCM smv Ins insula
12n
hyoid ITG inferior temporal gyrus
ectd
smv fac MFG medial frontal gyrus
facv
MTG medial temporal gyrus
ICM OFG orbitofrontal gyri
ox optic chiasm
StM
rcc rostrum of corpus callosum
sthy cctd
Pir piriform cortex
Pit pituitary gland
PTG paraterminal gyrus
Pu putamen
SCA subcallosal area
SLG semilunar gyrus
TmP temporal pole
Tu olfactory tubercle
SFG Un uncus
SFG Peripheral structures:
MFG 5Gn trigeminal ganglion

FLA
MFG
IFG 3n oculomotor nerve
aph ascending pharyngeal artery
IFGOp cav cavernous sinus
IFG cctd common carotid artery
IFGOp
SptP Con condylar process of mandible
DiM digastric muscle, post belly
IFG
DS diaphragma sellae
CG Pu ectd external carotid artery
Ins
Cl Ins fac/v facial artery / vein
PTe PTe ICM inferior constrictor m. of pharynx
STG STG
Pir Pir ictd internal carotid artery
Tu DB PTG DB Tu LgCaM longus capitis muscle
SLG ox SLG LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
AG AG
Un MTG LVePa levator veli palatini muscle
MCM medial constrictor m. of pharynx
MTG Ent mm middle meningeal artery
Ent
mx/v maxillary artery / vein
ITG ITG occ occipital artery
FuG FuG Otic otic ganglion
Par patotid gland
pau posterior auricular artery

8
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
FLA FLA
MFG
CG
bcc
IFG
acer IFGOp HCd
CLV IFG
ic
PrG
Pu afx SB
mcer mcer
Ins IFGOp
Cl EGP ac
STG PTe Ins PTe
IGP 3V TTG STG
cha Hy PTe
opt
MTG Amg
Un Un
Hi Hi TLV MTG
pcer pcer S S
Ent Ent
FuG
ITG
ITG FuG
9
(anterior view)
iss
mcer
3n
TL pcer Cerebral structures:
sca
Temp 5n aica spets 3V third ventricle
mmp ac anterior commissure
bas
aau mm acer anterior cerebral artery
PoCi 7gp Amg amygdala
TenT
ATh anterior thalamic nucleus
ictd ipets bcc body of corpus callosum
stempv bfx body of fornix
Cd caudate nucleus
9,10,11n ce central sulcus
CG cingulate gyrus
7n
7n cha choroid artery
ijugv Atlas LReCa Cl claustrum
Par
EGP external globus pallidus
ACeIT Ent entorhinal cortex
DiM Axis pau
FLA frontal limbic area
occ
CLV centrall part of lateral ventricle
FuG fusiform gyrus
Hi hippocampus
cern2 ic internal capsule
ijugv
Vert3 IFG inferior frontal gyrus
vert Ly IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
10n cern3 IGP internal globus pallidus
ejugv Ins insula
StM cerpx ejugv
ipf interpeduncular fossa
Vert4
iss inferior sagittal sinus
LgCaM ITG inferior temporal gyrus
ancer ScalM MB mamillary body
cctd
Vert5 mcer middle cerebral artery
opt optic tract
PoCi pontine cistern
Pons pons
PPo planum polare
SFG PrG precentral gyrus
SFG PTe planum temporale
MFG PTG paraterminal gyrus
Pu putamen
MFG S subiculum
FLA SB striatal cell bridges
sca superior cerebellar artery
CG
SLG semilunar gyrus
IFG IFG
PrG bcc STG superior temporal gyrus
ce SB TCd tail of caudate nucleus
HCd IFGOp PrG
TL temporal lobe
PoG Pu
IFGOp TTG transverse temporal gyri
PTe ic bfx Cl TTG Un uncus
Ins EGP
TTG ac ATh Ins STG
IGP Peripheral structures:
3V PTe
PPo
STG opt cp MTG 3n oculomotor nerve or its root
MB TCd 3V third ventricle
Amg
MTG 3n
ipf 5n trigeminal nerve
TLV Hi Hi ITG 7gp greater petrosal nerve
S 7n facial nerve
Pons Ent 9,10,11n glossopharyngeal, vagus and
ITG FuG accessory nerves
FuG Ent 5n
10n vagus nerve
aau anterior auricular artery
ancer ansa cervicalis

9
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
FLA
IFG
CG
PoG PrG
IFGOp
PrG
IFG CLV
st bfx Cl
TTG Rt
ATh ic PoG
Pu IFGOp
acer
mcer VL MD
mcer STG Ins
GP TTG PTe
PPo STh CM
Amg opt
TCd SN R STG
PPo
MTG TLV
pcer pcer
cha cp S Hi MTG
ITG FuG Ent
Ent mcp FuG ITG
Pons
sss
dip
stempv
10
(anterior view)
pauv
iss
TempM
mcer
Cerebral structures:
TLV pcer
sca TCb 3V third ventricle
ac anterior commissure
7n,8n aica spets aica anterior inferior cerebellar artery
SCC MaA Amg amygdala
ATh anterior thalamic nucleus
9n ijugv bfx body of fornix
ijugv pau
sigs 10n pica cc corpus callosum
CG cingulate gyrus
AtOcJ vert CH cerebellar hemisphere
pauv
SObCa SObCa cha choroid artery
AtOcJ DiM
Mst chp choroid plexus
ivvpx
Atlas Cl claustrum
dr2 CM central medial thalamic nucleus
IObCa
occ
dip diploic vein
Axis 11n cern2 GP globus pallidus
occ LScM FLA frontal limbic area
vr4 CLV central part of lateral ventricle
Vert3 StM FuG fusiform gyrus
Hi hippocampus
ic internal capsule
ScalM IFG inferior frontal gyrus
Vert4
ScalM IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
ijugv internal jugular vein, bulbus
LgsCaM Ins insula
IO inferior olive
iss inferior sagittal sinus
LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
MB mamillary body
mcp middle cerebellar peduncle
MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
SFG SFG
opt optic tract
SFG MFG pcer posterior cerebral artery
pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery
MFG
CG
PrG PPo planum polare
IFG PrG precentral gyrus
CG
PrG PTe planum temporale
PrG Pu putamen
Cl cc SB PoG
chp py pyramidal tract
PoG CLV
Rt R red nucleus
IFGOp LD bfx Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
IFGOp
Ins VL S subiculum
TTG Ins SB striatal cell bridges
Pu MD
CM TTG sca superior cerebellar artery
GP ic PTe
PTe 3V SCC semicircular canals
STG STh STG
Amg SFG superior frontal gyrus
MTG PTe R opt
TCd Hi S MTG sigs sigmoid sinus
SN Hi
TLV S cp Ent SLG semilunar gyrus
FuG SN substantia nigra
Ent ITG spets superior petrosal sinus
ITG FuG sss superior sagittal sinus
Pons mcp STG superior temporal gyrus
STh subthalamic nucleus
TCb tentorium cerebelli
CB IO TCd tail of caudate nucleus
IO
py
VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus

10
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG SFG
PrG PrG
CG
CG
PoG BCd CG PoG
LV
IFGOp bcc tsv PTe
SB
Ins bfx IFGOp
TTG TTG
3V TTG TTG
acer
Pul
STG
TCd Rt
STG
mcer mcer MTG Hi Ent Tec
TLV
cha Ent MTG
Pi Ent
pcer pcer OcG
ITG Ver
FuG FuG ITG
scp
SMV 4V
OcG
CH
argr
11
(anterior view)
icv
TempM
pcer Cerebral structures:

QuPl
sca
3V third ventricle
TCb
argr arachnoid granulations
bfx body of fornix
mmp CG cingulate gyrus
sigs CH cerebellar hemisphere
cha anterior choroidal artery
emi Ent entorhinal cortex
FuG fusiform gyrus
occs pauv fx fornix
GrCi great (cerebellomedullary) cistern
Hi hippocampus
ivvpx GrCi icv internal cerebral vein
SObCa IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
LgsCaM
Atlas occ Ins insula
IObCa IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
vert
SpCaM ITG inferior temporal gyrus
Axis
LScM MTG medial temporal gyrus
SSpM occs occipital sinus
Vert3
OcG occipital gyri
Vert4 StM
ScalM PCL paracentral lobule
Mult Pi pineal gland
Pul pulvinar thalami
QuPl quadrigeminal plate
Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
S subiculum
SFG
SB striatal cell bridges
MFG scc splenium of corpus callosum
SFG scp superior cerebellar peduncle
PCL
MFG sigs sigmoid sinus
PrG
st stria terminalis
CG STG superior temporal gyrus
PrG
PrG TCd tail of caudate nucleus
CG TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle
PoG CG TTG transverse temporal gyri
PoG
scc Peripheral structures:
IFGOp scc LV
PTe st IFGOp
fx Ins Atlas atlas (C1 vertebra)
Rt TTG Axis axis (C2 vertebra)
TTG TTG TTG
emi emissary vein, (mastoid)
Pul STG ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus
Pi LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle
STG TCd LScM levator scapulae muscle
MTG S S Hi MTG mmp middle meningeal artery,
Hi QuPl Ent
TLV parietal branch
OcG OcG Mult multifidus muscle
FuG ITG pauv posterior auricular vein
FuG FuG
ITG ScalM scalenus muscle
ITG SObCa superior oblique capitis muscle
CH
SSpM semispinal capitis muscle
Vert3 vertebra 3
Vert4 vertebra 4 63
11
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG SFG
SFG
PrG
PCL
PoG
PrG PoG
PCL PCL
PrG
PrG
PaOp SMG
PaOp
SMG CG TTG
TTG Ins TrLV PTe
acer PTe TTG TTG PaOp
chp
TTG
mcer mcer STG FG STG
scc CG MTG
MTG CG
pcer pcer
OcG
FuG OcG FuG ITG
Ver
ITG
Dt
CH
12
(anterior view)
TempM
ss Cerebral structures:
CG cingulate gyrus
CH cerebellar hemisphere
chp choroid plexus
FG fasciolar gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
Ins insular gyri
sigs MTG medial temporal gyrus
OcG occipital gyri
pica PaOp parietal operculum
emi PCL paracentral lobule
occs pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery
SObCa PrG precentral gyrus
PMiRe
occ occ
PMjRe sigs sigmoid sinus
LgsCaM STG superior temporal gyrus
IObCa StM TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
SpAx TTG transverse temporal gyrus (1,2,3)
SSpM Ver vermis of cerebellum
SSpCe Peripheral structures:
SpCaM
CISM CISM cervical interspinal muscle
emi emissary vein, (mastoid)
Vert3 IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
PMiRe post. minor rectus capitis muscle
PMjRe post. major rectus capitis muscle
SObCa superior oblique capitis muscle
SFG PrG PrG
PCL
PrG ss straight sinus
PCL
SSpCe semispinal cervicis muscle
SFG
PoG StM sternomastoid muscle
PoG
PCL Vert3 vertebra 3
SMG CG
CG PoG
PaOp SMG
PaOp
CG TTG
PTe STG
TTG TTG TTG
STG
TrLV
CG
FuG
MTG
OcG
FuG OcG FuG ITG MTG

ITG
65
12
(posterior view)
10 mm
PrG
PrG
PCL
PoG PoG PoG
PCL
SMG CG SMG
CG CG
acer SMG
mcer mcer STG

SMG
PCun PCun STG
OLV
PCun
PCun OcG
pcer pcer MTG
OcG MTG
OcG
ITG
FuG FuG
ITG
sss
13
(anterior view)
OLV
ss AnG angular gyrus
CG cingulate gyrus
Cun cuneus
FuG fusiform gyrus
trs
OcG occipital gyri
occs
PCun precuneus
occv occv PoG postcentral gyrus
occ occ PrG precentral gyrus
PMiRe SPL superior parietal lobule
StM STG superior temporal gyrus
PMjRe
SSpM occ occipital artery

SpCaM
occv occipital vein
PMiRe post. minor rectus capitis muscle
PMjRe post. major rectus capitis muscle
ss straight sinus
trs transverse sinus
PoG
PoG
PrG
PCL
SPL PoG
PoG
PCL
PCun
CG SPL
SMG SMG
SPL
SMG
CG
SMG CG
PCun
PCun STG
STG
AnG
Cun MTG
Cun
MTG
OLV
MTG OcG
ITG MTG
FuG OcG
ITG FuG
OcG
67
13
(posterior view)
10 mm
PrG
PoG
PCL PoG
PCL
SPL SMG
SPL
PCun
SPL
PCun
AnG AnG
SMG
PCun AnG
acer STG
mcer mcer PCun
AnG
MTG Cun
MTG Cun STG
OcG AnG
OLV OcG
OcG MTG
OcG OcG
pcer pcer ITG FuG
OcG OcG ITG

14
(anterior view)
OcFrO
AnG angular gyrus

Cun cuneus
FuG fusiform gyrus
OLV
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
trs PoG postcentral gyrus
cosi PrG precentral gyrus
occ occv TCb SMG supramarginal gyrus
occ
occv
cosi confluence of sinuses

SSpM
occv occipital vein
OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle,
occipital belly
SpCaM
TzM trs transverse sinus
SPL
PoG
PCun
PCL PoG
SPL
SPL
PCun
SMG
AnG
PCun
PCun
Cun OcG AnG

AnG
Cun OcG STG
OLV
OcG
OcG OcG OcG
OcG
69
14
(posterior view)
10 mm
PoG
SPL
SPL
SPL
AnG PCun
AnG
SPL
Cun
Cun OcG
acer
OcG
pcer pcer OcG 17
17
17
OcG
15
(anterior view)
sss
17 striate area
AnG angular gyrus
Cun cuneus
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
SPL superiorparietal lobule
OcFrO occ occipital artery

OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle,
occipital belly
occ
TzM
SPL
SPL
SPL
PCun
AnG
SPL
AnG AnG
OcG
Cun
OcG
Cun AnG
17
17
OcG
OcG
17
71
15
(posterior view)
10 mm
SPL
SPL
AnG PCun SPL

PCun
OcG
AnG
Cun
OcG
Cun
OcG
OcG
17
17
4_SAGIT_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 11:33 Seite 1
Sagittal Sections
17 striate area
AnG angular gyrus
Cun cuneus
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
SPL superiorparietal lobule
73
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-sequences in three planes of the taining structures; uneven fluid collec- sural line. Therefore the orientation of
head from which one hemisphere is tions (see lateral ventricles) are there- the horizontal MRIs in the middle
shown on the following pages. fore visible. Note also that a dental panel corresponds to the plane of cryo-
prosthesis caused single void and devi- sectioning of the head shown in chap-
Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x ation artefacts. The top panel presents ter 5.1 and direct comparisons can be
256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, the sagittal MRIs and specifies the pla- made with in-vivo MRIs which accom-
slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, nes of sectioning of the middle and pany that series of sections. The lower
sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 lower panel. Orientation of these panel presents the coronal MRIs.
weighted images highlight fluid-con- MRIs was based on the intercommis-
Surface views of the left hemisphere in the sagittal plane as indicated. The been mirror -imaged.
of the brain which has been sectioned drawing of the mid-sagittal view has
Surface views of the left hemis- such that they always show the depicts the hemisphere with the
phere which is shown in the sub- same anterior-posterior orienta- Talairach space.
sequent pages. The drawings of tion. The most important gyri are
the hemisphere are arranged delineated. The midsagittal view
3
(lateral view)
AnG angular gyrus

TTG transverse temporal gyri (I-II)
7n facial nerve
EAM external auditory meatus
ejug external jugular vein
Mst mastoid process of temporal bone
MstC mastoid cells
occv occipital vein
OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly
OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly
OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
Par parotid gland
Plat platysma
10 mm
ptdd parotid duct
rmv retromandibular vein
sta superficial temporal artery
TempT temporalis muscle, tendon
ZygA zygomatic arch
PrG
SMG
OcFrF IFG PoG
AnG
TempM
STG PTe
TTG
OcFrO
MTG
ITG
OOM TempT
ZygA MstC
EAM
GZgM sta
Mst
7n
ptdd
occv SpCaM
MasM
Par
rmv
Plat
StM
ejug
77
3
(medial view)
IR 5000/600 10 mm
PoG
PrG
AnG IFG
SMG IFG
POp
TOp
PTe
TTG
STG TempM
MTG
MTG
OcG OOM
ITG
PS 500/10
MstC
MasM
trs
GZgM
Mst ectd
occv
DiM
occ
LReCa MasM
StT
LgsCaM
SpCaM Par
rmv
LScM Ly Ly
StM
4
(lateral view)
AnG angular gyrus

FuG fusiform gyrus
OcG occipital gyri
POp parietal operculum
TOp temporal operculum
TTG transverse temporal gyri (I-II)
ATub articular tubercle

Disc disk of temporo mandibular joint
EAM external auditory meatus
fac facial artery
facv facial vein
FroC frontal bone, crest
10 mm ijugv internal jugular vein
LReCa lateral rectus capitis muscle
Ly lymph node
Man mandible
ManF mandibular fossa
Mst mastoid process of temporal bone
PrG MstC mastoid cells
PoG OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly
OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly
AnG OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
IFG
Par parotid gland
Plat platysma
FroC PrG ptdd parotid duct
SMG
POp ptgpx pterygoid plexus
IFG
OcFrF rmv retromandibular vein
TOp sigs sigmoid sinus
TempT SphGW TTG PTe
SMGl submandibular gland
STG
SphGW sphenoid, greater wing
OcG
OcFrO StM sternomastoid muscle
MTG
StT sternomastoid muscle, tendon
OOM
ITG OcG TempM temporalis muscle
TempT ManF TempT temporalis muscle, tendon
Disc FuG trs transverse sinus
ATub trs
Zyg EAM Zyg zygomatic bone
MasM
GZgM ptgpx sigs
ptdd
Mst
ectd
MasM DiM
facv rmv
LgsCaM
Par SpCaM
fac Man
LScM
ijugv
SMGl
Ly
Plat
79
4
(medial view)
10 mm
PrG
PoG MFG
SPL
IFG
SMG FOp
POp
Ins
PTe OFG
OcG TTG
STG SphGW
TOp
FuG
FuG MTG
OcFrO TempM
SCD
ITG
OOM
ptgpx
trs
LPtg mx
lgn
Par ptdd
occ
SObCa ZgM
ialva
PMjRe ialvn Man
SSpCa
IObCa BucM
MPtg
ijugv DiM
12n facv fac
SpCaM 10n rmv
LgsCaM 9n
TzM fac
12n
Symp SMGl Ly
ictd
Plat
ectd
5
(lateral view)
FOp frontal operculum

FuG fusiform gyrus
Ins insula
mcer middle cerebral artery in lateral sulcus
OcG occipital gyri
TOp temporal operculum
10n vagus nerve
11n accessory nerve
12n hypoglossal nerve or its root
10 mm DiM digastric muscle
fac facial artery
facv facial vein
ialvn inferior alveolar nerve
IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
PrG ipets inferior petrosal sinus
MFG lgn lingual nerve
IFG PoG LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle
SPL SPL LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
Ly lymph node
IFG
FOp Man mandible
POp MPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
SMG mx maxillary artery
Ins Mx maxilla
OcFrF PTe occ occipital artery
OFG
mcer TTG
TOp OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly
SphGW STG OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
OcG
MTG
FuG Par parotid gland
ITG
Plat platysma
PMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscle
OOM TyC ptdd parotid duct
TempM ptgpx pterygoid plexus
LPtg rmv retromandibular vein
ipets ScalM scalenus muscle
mx StyPh
SCD semicircular ducts
ZgM lgn SMGl submandibular gland
Par SObCa superior oblique capitis muscle
ijugv occ SpCaM splenius capitis muscle
ialvn
SObCa PMjRe SpCe splenius cervicis muscle
MPtg occ
BucM DiM SphGW sphenoid, greater wing
TrPAt SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle
StyHy SSpCa
OOrM IObCa StyGl styloglossus muscle
StyGl 10n
StyHy stylohyoid muscle
fac 11n
SpCaM StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle
Man fac ScalM LgsCaM TempM temporalis muscle
12n TrPAt transverse process of atlas
ictd
SpCeM trs transverse sinus
Plat rmv TyC tympanic cavity
TzM trapezoid muscle
ectd
ZgM zygomatic muscles
81
5
(medial view)
10 mm
SFG
PrG
MFG
PoG
IFG
SPL
FOp
FOp
Cl OcFrF
Pu
TrLV AI OFG
SRec
DG Amg
OcG
LRec Lens
FuG PHG
ITG TempM
MTG
Aud IObM OOM
IAud ptgpx Mx
Cb 9n TeVePa mxs
trs
ijugv ialvn spalv
mx LLb
ictd lgn
occ JugP
BucM LAng
10,11n
vert MPtg
PMjRe OOrM
socv StyPh Oral
SSpM StyGl
IObCa StyHy
TzM Man
vert LgC DpAO
SCM MyHy
gocn fac
SpCaM DpLb
DiT
lgn StyHy DiM
lg SMGl
Plat
6
(lateral view)
AI agranular insular cortex
(claustro-cortex insularis)
Amg amygdala
aud auditory radiation
Cb cerebellum
Cl claustrum
DG dentate gyrus
fi fimbria of the hippocampus
FuG fusiform gyrus
GP globus pallidus
Hi hippocampus
LG lateral geniculate nucleus
OcG occipital gyri
or optic radiation
PHG parahippocampal gyrus
Pu putamen
10 mm
st stria terminalis
thr thalamic radiation (corona radiata)
TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
SFG
MFG
PrG 5inf infraorbital nerve
MFG PoG 9n glossopharyngeal nerve
10n vagus nerve
IFG
11n accessory nerve
SPL 12n hypoglossal nerve
AI thr Aud auditory tube
FOp Pu AudC auditory tube cartilage
OFG TCd
aud TrLV BucM buccinator muscle
OcFrF Cb cerebellum
ac GP or st
Cl DiM digastric muscle
fi
AI LG Pul OLV
DG DiT digastric muscle, tendon
Amg DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle
STG Hi DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle
Lens FuG
MTG fac / v facial artery / vein
PHG gocn greater occipital nerve
infa OcG
OOM 5inf ITG IAud ialvn inferior alveolar nerve
ptgpx IAud internal auditory meatus
mx ictd internal carotid artery
mxs mand5 Cb
IOrbF ijugv internal jugular vein & sigmoid sinus
spalv LPtg trs infa infraorbital artery
LLb IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
9,10,11n JugP
LAng IObM inferior oblique muscle
fac BucM ivvpx IOrbF infraorbital foramen
lab MPtg ictd
OOrM ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus
PMjRe JugF jugular foramen
Tongue
TrPAt JugP jugular process
SCM SSpM
socv lab labial artery
facv vert
Man lgn IObCa SpCaM LAng levator anguli oris muscle
gocn
ialvn LgC lg lingual artery
TzM
MyHy StyHy LgC longus capitis and colli muscles
lgn / v lingual nerve/ vein
12n
lg DiT LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle
DiM
StyHy Hyoid LLb levator labii superioris muscle
LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle
LReCa lateral rectus capitis muscle

6
(medial view)
10 mm
SFG MFG
PrG
PoG
MFG
Cd
CG st SFG
PCun TLV ic SB
LTh
Pul GP ac Pu
alv
opt Pir OFG
Hi Li
MG AI 5nc
LPal
Cun cp Amg
LgG SRec
PHG PAC 2n
oph
5n FuG
mcp 5Gn MRec OOM
Cb
mx
PtPF
ictd
mxs
12C Aud
MPtg
dpal
AReCa LVePa
TeVePa
SSpM PMiRe cern1 PtT Oral
LgC SCMPP
PMjRe PlPh
cern2 sld
gocn OOrM
IObCa HyGl
lg SLGl
TzM vert
cern3
Mult 12n
MyHy DiM Man
Hyoid
ICM ThHy
Plat
ThC StHy
7
(lateral view)
2n optic nerve
AI claustro-cortex insularis
alv alveus of hippocampus
Amg amygdala
Cb cerebellum
Cd caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
Cun cuneus
DG dentate gyrus
FG fasciolar gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
GP globus pallidus
Hi hippocampus
ic internal capsule
LgG lingual gyrus
Li limen insulae
LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region
mcp middle cerebellar peduncle
MG medial geniculate nucleus
OcG occipital gyri
opt optic tract
PAC periamygdaloid cortex
PCun precuneus
10 mm PHG parahippocampal gyrus
Pir piriform cortex
Pu putamen
Pul pulvinar nucleus
SB striatal cell bridges
SFG MFG st stria terminalis
PrG Th thalamus
SFG
MFG PoG TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle
SFG Peripheral structures:

Cd
5Gn trigeminal ganglion
SPL
5n trigeminal nerve
GP 5nc nasociliary nerve
OFG Th 12C hypoglossal canal
ac ic
FG CG 12n hypoglossal nerve
OFG AReCa anterior rectus capitis muscle
cp AtOcJ atlanto-occipital joint
2n OCG Aud auditory tube
DG
IObM oph OCG
cern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3)
DiM digastric muscle, ant. belly
5Gn dpal descending palatine artery
PtPF ipets EGl epiglottis
dpal ictd gocn greater occipital nerve
Aud HyGl hyoglossus muscle
MPtg
mxs Hyoid hyoid bone
12C IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
LVePa
vert IObM inferior oblique muscle
LgC
TeVePa AtOcJ ipets inferior petrosal sinus
lg lingual artery
PMiRe
cern1 LgC longus capitis and colli muscles
Tongue LgFo lingual follicle
gocn
cern2 LPal levator palpebrae muscle
SLGl IObCa LVePa levator veli palatini muscle
SSpM Man mandible
12n lg cern3
LgFo SpC mand5 mandibular nerve
MyHy
Man Hyoid Dura TzM MPtg medial pterygoid muscle
DiM MRec medial rectus muscle
EGl
mx maxillary artery
StHy ThC mxs maxillary sinus

7
(medial view)
10 mm
PoG
PrG
SFG
CG
SFG
bcc
PCun
st
LD HCd
MD LTh ic OcFrF
CG
Pul
CMn FStr Li SFG
Tec R SN
OcG GRe
ipf 2n OFG
ictd
Pons ictd
Occ
IO TTub
oaud
TLev
AAT SPhF Mx
ald
PAT smd OOM

IObCa Oral
GGM
Axis DAx
MyHy
DiM
EGl
Plat
8
(lateral view)
2n optic nerve
bcc body of corpus callosum
BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
CG cingulate gyrus
CMn centrum medianum, parafascicular
nucleus
FStr fundus striati
GP globus pallidus
GRe gyrus rectus
ic internal capsule
IO inferior olive
ipf interpeduncular fossa
LC locus coeruleus
Li limen insulae
LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region and
reticular nucleus
MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
MTec mesencephalic tectum
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
Pons pons
10 mm Pul pulvinar
R red nucleus
SN substantia nigra
st stria terminalis
Tec tectum
Th thalamus
PoG
SFG
PrG AAT anterior arch of atlas
ald apical ligament of dens
PCun alal alar ligament of dens
CG
all anterior longitudinal ligament
AtAx altanto-axial membrane
Atlas atlas
AtOc atlanto-occipital membrane
HCd Axis axis
Th DAx dens axis
BST ac
OFG FStr
Li EGl epiglottis
GRe R MTec GeHy geniohyoid muscle
2n SN GGM genioglossus muscle
LC
OcG IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle
Man mandible
Mx maxilla
NPhT nasopharyngeal tonsil
SPaF oaud opening of auditory tube
NPhT
Occ occipital bone
alal OOM orbicularis oculi muscle
AtOc
SPal Oral oral cavity
PAT posterior arch of atlas
tla
Plat platysma
Atlas smd submandibular duct
AtAx SPaF salpingopalatinal fold
SPal soft palate
GGM IObCa SPhF salpingopharyngeal fold
tla transverse ligament of atlas
GeHy TLev torus levatorius
Man TTub torus tubarius
all
87
8
(medial view)
10 mm
PrG SFG
PoG
CG
PCun
Th fx
SCA
ac
Cun
LT
Tec R
P3V
OFG
SN ox
OcG Pons
Hp
sphs
py
npal
Spal Mx
Atlas
IObCa
DAx GGM
Axis
GeHy
MyHy
EGl
Abbreviations: see Index

5_Micro_pdf_korrfotos.qxd 04.09.2003 13:03 Seite 1
Microscopic Atlas
89
3.1 Surface Views of the Brain

Prior to Sectioning.
The photographs showing the external diagrams. These show their approxi- detail recognition of morphological
morphology of the formalin fixed brain mate position in the topometric space structures. Because the brain shown in
and the following myelin-stained sec- and the location of each section in a this Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic)
tions were taken from sections prepa- key diagram. Because shading is used Atlas was used by previous resear-
red from the brain of a 24 year old for discrimination between different chers, we have also compiled the
male (see section 1.2.1). This brain has gyri, it is not necessarily identical with results of their studies (Section 3.3).
been cut perpendicular to the intercom- the shading of the figures on page 92. Delineations suggested in the previous
missural plane. Representation of com- The photographs of each section show works are not always identical to those
plete sections through the entire (right) the central, subcortical region of the shown in our Myeloarchitectonic
hemisphere is provided in a set of 69 brain in a resolution that permits high- Atlas.
90
91
3.2 Photographs and Diagrams
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 18 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 67 68 69
5
5
0 0
-4
-4
-5 0 5 10
Location of the following 69 brain sec- unsectioned brain, corresponding to sions of the sections transformed to the
tions and accompanying high-detail the right upper figure on page 91. The Talairach space (see section 1.2.8).
diagrams. The diagram on this side metric scale in the 69 diagrams of the
shows the dimensions of the fixed following pages represents the dimen-
94
01 -60 mm
FMG frontomarginal gyrus
fms frontomarginal sulcus
6 MFG medial frontal gyrus
sfs superior frontal sulcus
TFPGI inferior transverse fronto-
polar gyrus
TFPGM medial transverse fronto-
polar gyrus
TFPGS superior transverse fron-
topolar gyrus
5
SFG
TFPGS sfs
MFG
TFPGM
TFPGI
fms
FMG
-1
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 95
96
02 -54 mm
FMG frontomarginal gyrus
fms frontomarginal sulcus
6 GR gyrus rectus
ifs inferior frontal sulcus
olfs olfactory sulcus
polar gyrus
5 TFPGS superior transverse fron-
topolar gyrus
sfs
SFG
TFPGS
SRoG
0
TFPGI
fms
FMG
IRoG
-1
GR
olfs
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 97
98
03 -48 mm
CG cingulate gyrus
cgs cingulate sulcus
6 FMG frontomarginal gyrus
GR gyrus rectus
IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital
part
MOrG medial orbital gyrus
5 SFG superior frontal gyrus
polar gyrus
TFPGM medial transverse fronto-
polar gyrus
TFPGS superior transverse fron-
4 topolar gyrus
sfs
3
SFG
2
MFG
TFPGS
1
TFPGM
cgs
SRoG CG
IFGOr
0
TFPGI
IRoG
FMG
-1
FMG ifs
MOrG
GR
olfs -2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 99
100
04 -42 mm
CG cingulate gyrus
6 GR gyrus rectus
part
IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus
LOrG lateral orbital gyrus
5 olfs olfactory sulcus
ors orbital sulcus
ros rostral sulcus
SFG sfs superior frontal sulcus
sfs
MFG
MFG 2
MFG
SFG 1
cgs
CG
SRoG
cgs
ifs
0
IRoG
IFGOr
ros LOrG
IOrG ors -1
GR ors
MOrG
olfs -2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 101
102
05 -36 mm
CG cingulate gyrus
6 GR gyrus rectus
part
IFGTr IFG triangular part
IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus
SFG MFG medial frontal gyrus
5 MOrG medial orbital gyrus
ors orbital sulcus
ros rostral sulcus
SFG sfs superior frontal sulcus
4
sfs
SFG
MFG
cgs
ifs 1
CG
IFGTr
SRoG
0
cgs IFGOr
IRoG
LOrG
ros -1
IOrG ors ors
MOrG ors
GR
-2
olfs
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 103
104
06 -30 mm
CG cingulate gyrus
6 GR gyrus rectus
part
IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, trian-
gular part
SFG sfs imfs intermediate frontal sulcus
5 MFG medial frontal gyrus
olf olfactory tract
ors orbital sulcus
SFG POrG posterior orbital gyrus
MFG racc radiation of corpus callosum
ros rostral sulcus
4 SFG superior frontal gyrus
imfs
cgs
3
MFG
CG
racc
ifs
1
IFGTr
0
LOrG
cgs
IRoG
ros POrG
IFGOr -1
ors
MOrG ors
olfs
GR
-2
olf
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 105
106
07
-27,5 mm
CG cingulate gyrus
6 fmi forceps minor of the corpus
callosum
GR gyrus rectus
SFG IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital
part
gular part
sfs ifs inferior frontal sulcus
5 LOrG lateral orbital gyrus
olf olfactory tract
ors orbital sulcus
POrG posterior orbital gyrus
racc radiation of corpus callosum
ros rostral sulcus
4 SCS subcallosal stratum
SGL substantia gliosa (subepen-
MFG dymal gray)
cgs 3
fmi
MFG
SCS
ifs
IFGOr
CG
1
racc IFGTr
SGL
cgs
IRoG
ros -1
LOrG
POrG
MOrG ors
ors
GR
-2
olf
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 107
108
08 -25 mm
BOp basal operculum
cas callosal sulcus
6 CG cingulate gyrus
fmi forceps minor of the corpus
callosum
sfs FOp frontal operculum
GR gyrus rectus
SFG IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, oper-
cular part
5 IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital
part
gular part
MFG ifs inferior frontal sulcus
imfs intermediate frontal sulcus
imfs imos intermediate obirtal sulcus
SFG 4 LOrG lateral orbital gyrus
los lateral orbital sulcus
mos medial orbital sulcus
cgs ms medullary substance of frontal
MFG lobe
olf olfactory tract
3 olfs olfactory sulcus
POrg posterior orbital gyrus
ros rostral sulcus
fmi SGl substantia gliosa
CG sv septal vein
ifs
2
ms
cas
racc IFGOp
gcc
1
sv
cas
SGl IFGTr
CG
0
BOp FOp
IRoG
ros POrG
IFGOr -1
LOrG
los
mos imos
MOrG
GR olfs -2
olf
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 109
110
09
-22,5 mm
BOp basal operculum
SFG calv callosal vein
6 cas callosal sulcus
sfs Cd caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle
GR gyrus rectus
IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,
5 opercular part
IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus,
orbital part
IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus,
triangular part
IG insular gyrus
MFG
IGr indusium griseum
imfs ifs inferior frontal sulcus
4 imfs intermediate frontal sulcus
SFG imos intermediate obirtal sulcus
lf lateral fissure
los lateral orbital sulcus
3 mos medial orbital sulcus
MFG ms medullary substance of frontal
lobe
olf olfactory tract
CG ifs PPo planum polare
ms 2 ros rostral sulcus
cas SCG subcallosal gyrus
IFGOp SCS subcallosal stratum
racc SFG superior frontal gyrus
SCS sfs superior frontal sulcus
IGr SGl substantia gliosa
SGl TL temporal lobe
IFGTr FOp TmP temporal pole
gcc calv 1
FLV
Cd IG IFGTr
SCG IFGOp
calv lf
0
cgs BOp
IRoG
IFGOr -1
ros
POrG LOrG
los
olfs MOrG imos
mos
GR PPo STG -2
olf
TL
TmP
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 111
112
10
-20,0 mm
SFG
sfs
BOp basal operculum
calv callosal vein
CdL lateral caudate nucleus
CdM medial caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
SFG
Cl claustrum
ex extreme capsule
5 GR gyrus rectus
opercular part
orbital part
MFG
triangular part
4 IG insular gyrus
cgs IGr indusium griseum
LTP lateral temporopolar region
ms medullary substance
3 of frontal lobe
MTP medial temporopolar region
ifs olf olfactory tract
ors orbital sulcus
CG IFGOp POrG posterior orbital gyrus
PPo planum polare
racc Pu putamen
cas
SCS 2 racc radiation of corpus callosum
IGr RBR retrobulbar region
SGl ms FOp ros rostral sulcus
SCG subcallosal gyrus
SCS subcallosal stratum
gcc CdL
ex FOp sfs superior frontal sulcus
calv (IFGTr) SGl substantia gliosa
1 STG superior temporal gyrus
CdM TmP temporal pole
Cl
SCG calv
Pu IG IFGTr
FOp
SCS (IFGOr) 0
BOp
cgs
IRoG IFGOr
-1
ros LOrG
POrG
POrG STG
olfs LTP
GR MOrG ors
ors PPo
RBR olf -2
MTP
TmP -3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 113
114
11
-17,5 mm
AcL accumbens nucl., lateral
(subventricular) part (core)
SFG BOp basal operculum
6
calv callosal vein
cas callosal sulcus
CG cingulate gyrus
sfs cgs cingulate sulcus
CoCl compact insular claustrum
DiCl diffuse insular claustrum
5 ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
SFG FCd caudate fundus region
FPu putaminal fundus region
GR gyrus rectus
4 IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,
cgs opercular part
orbital part
MFG IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus,
triangular part
IG insular gyrus
3 IGr indusium griseum
CG IRoG inferior rostral gyrus
ifs LOrG lateral orbital gyrus
ms IFGOp MOrG medial orbital gyrus
ms medullary substance of frontal
cas SCS lobe
racc slf 2 MTP medial temporopolar gyrus
IGr SGl olf olfactory tract
scal olfs olfactory sulcus
IFGTr
FOp PPo planum polare
gcc CdL PuM medial putamen
calv SB striatal cell bridges
CdM 1 scal subcallosal fasciculus
FLV SFG superior frontal gyrus
SB ec FOp
CoCl SGl substantia gliosa
ex slf superior fronto-occipital
PuM fasciculus
CG FCd STG superior temporal gyrus
IG IFGTr
sts superior temporal sulcus
AcL
0 TmP temporal pole
racc FPu
DiCl
cgs
BOp IFGOr
IG
IRoG
-1
MOrG
LOrG LTP STG
GR
olfs POrG
PPo
olf
-2
sts
MTP
TmP -3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 115
116
12
-15,0 mm
SFG

6 aic ant. limb of internal capsule
AO anterior olfactory nucleus
(retrobulbar region)
sfs BOp basal operculum
calv callosal vein
cas callosal sulcus
SFG CdL lateral caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
5 cgs cingulate sulcus
Cl claustrum
DTP dorsal temporopolar region
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
FCd caudate fundus region
MFG FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle
4 FPu putaminal fundus region
GR gyrus rectus
opercular part
ifs
triangular part
3 IG insular gyrus
CG IGr indusium griseum
IFGOp ITG inferior frontal gyrus
lls lateral longitudinal stria
ms LOrG lateral orbital gyrus
mls
SCS LTP lateral temporopolar region
cas MFG medial frontal gyrus
lls SGl mls medial longitudinal stria
IGr
scal 2 MOrG medial orbital gyrus
FOp ms medullary substance of frontal
gcc lobe
(IFGOp) MTG medial temporal gyrus
FLV MTP medial temporopolar gyrus
olf olfactory tract
CdL IFGTr olfs olfactory sulcus
SB POrG posterior orbital gyrus
IG PuM medial putamen
calv 1
CdM aic racc radiation of corpus callosum
RBR retrobulbar region
FPu SB striatal cell bridges
PuM scal aubcallosal fasciculus
ex SCS subcallosal stratum
FCd ec
CG Cl
SGl substantia gliosa
racc
AcL
FOp
FPu IG
cgs
IG LTP STG
olfs BOp
-1
LOrG
POrG DTP
GR AO MOrG
olf MTG
-2
MTP
ITG -3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 117
118
STG
13
-12,5 mm
sfs (retrobulbar region)
aps anterior parolfactory sulcus
cas callosal sulcus
STG CG cingulate gyrus
MFG 5 Cl claustrum
DTP dorsal temporopolar gyrus
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
cgs FLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricle
ifs FPu putaminal fundus region
4 FuG fusiform gyrus
GR gyrus rectus
opercular part
MFG
CG ifs inferior frontal sulcus
IG insular gyrus
ITG inferior frontal gyrus
3 its inferior temporal sulcus
lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
cas scal MTG medial temporal gyrus
IFGOp
MTP medial temporopolar region
olf olfactory tract
gcc 2 ors orbital sulcus
CdL OTr olfactory trigone
Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis
CSP POrG posterior orbital gyrus
CdM FOp PPCl prepiriform claustrum
SGl
PPo planum polare
PuM medial putamen
sv racc radiation of corpus callosum
FLV aic 1 SB striatal cell bridges
SCA subcallosal area
ec ex scal aubcallosal fasciculus
SGl substantia gliosa
PuM Cl SFG superior frontal gyrus
FCd SB
IG sfs superior frontal sulcus
CG STG superior temporal gyrus
AcL sv septal vein
0
racc FPu
LTP
aps PPCl IG
SCA (OTr) Pir

PPo
-1
AO
STG
ors
DTP
GR POrG
olfs
olf
MTG sts
MTP -2
its
ITG
-3
FuG lots
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 119
120
14
-10,0 mm
SFG
AcC accumbens nucleus, central
6 AcL accumbens nucl., lateral
SFG (subventricular) part (core)
AcM accumbens nucl., medial
(subventricular) part (shell)
aic ant. limb of internal capsule
apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus,
inf. branch
sfs apss anterior parolfactory sulcus,
5 superior branch
bcc body of the corpus callosum
cas callosal sulcus
MFG CdM medial caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
cir circular insular sulcus
4 CSP cavity of septum pellucidum
DTP dorsal temporopolar region
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
PrG FCd caudate fundus region
CG FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle
fmi forceps minor of the corpus
callosum
3 FOp frontal operculum
fmi FuG fusiform gyrus
IGPOp GR gyrus rectus
cas SCS IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,
IGr SGl opercular part
scal IG insular gyrus
bcc 2 ITG inferior frontal gyrus
its inferior temporal sulcus
CdL
CSP lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
FOp MFG medial frontal gyrus
FLV MTG medial temporal gyrus
CdM MTP medial temporopolar region
sv olf olfactory tract
cir
1 OlfA olfactory area
aic IG
olfr olfactory radiation
ex
pps ors orbital sulcus
Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis
FCd POrG posterior orbital gyrus
ec PPCl prepiriform claustrum
PPo planum polare
racc AcL CoCl pps posterior parolfactory sulcus
0 racc radiation of corpus callosum
SSTI
apss PPCl SCA subcallosal area
AcM FPu LTP
scal aubcallosal fasciculus
SCA AcC
STG SCS subcallosal stratum
apsi SFG superior frontal gyrus
OlfA sts
Pir SGl substantia gliosa
olfr PPo SSTI substriatal terminal island
-1 STG superior temporal gyrus
GR sts superior temporal sulcus
AO POrG sv septal vein
ors DTP
olfs
olf
MTP
MTG
-2
its
ITG -3
FuG
lots
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 121
122
15 -7,5 mm
SFG
sfs AcC accumbens nucleus, central
SFG AOP anterior olfactory nucleus,
MFG posterior part
apss anterior parolfactory sulcus,
superior branch
5 bcc body of the corpus callosum
cgs CdM medial caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
CG DTP dorsal temporopolar region
ex extreme capsule
PrG
FuG fusiform gyrus
GR gyrus rectus
3 IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,
opercular part
triangular part
SCS ms IFGTr IG insular gyrus
lls IGr indusium griseum
IGr ITG inferior frontal gyrus
mls its inferior temporal sulcus
bcc CdL 2 lls lateral longitudinal stria
IFGOp lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
mls medial longitudinal stria
molf medial olfactory radiation
FOp ms medullary substance of frontal
SptP CdM IG
lobe
1 olf olfactory tract
sv OlfA olfactory area
ex cir olfr olfactory radiation
aic Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis
PTG PPCl prepiriform claustrum
pps PPo planum polare
CG FCd pps posterior parolfactory sulcus
CoCl SCA subcallosal area
0 SCS subcallosal stratum
ec
apss AcL SepG SepG separans gyrus
STG sfs superior frontal sulcus
SCA AcM FPu
AcC PPCl unc SptP septum pellucidum
racc SSTI substriatal terminal island
SSTI sts
olfr Pir sts superior temporal sulcus
molf -1 sv septal vein
GR OlfA PPo unc uncinate fasciculus
AOP DTP
MTG
olf
Ent
-2
its
ITG -3
FuG
lots
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 123
124
SFG
16 -5,8 mm
MFG (subventricular) part (core)
SFG
AOP anterior olfactory nucleus,
posterior part
5 CdM medial caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
CoCl (compact) insular claustrum
db diagonal band
DTP dorsal temporopolar gyrus
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
4 FCd accumbens n., caudate fun-
dus region
CG FOp frontal operculum
FPu accumbens n., putaminal
fundus region
PrG FuG fusiform gyrus
IG insular gyrus
3 ITG inferior frontal gyrus
SCS ms LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
molf medial olfactory radiation
bcc CdL ms medullary substance of frontal
2 lobe
OlfA olfactory area
FLV PCA precommissural archicortex
cir PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal
area
FOp PPCl prepiriform claustrum
CdM PPo planum polare
sv pps posterior parolfactory sulcus
1 SCA subcallosal area
SepG separans gyrus
aic SFG superior frontal gyrus
ex SSTI substriatal terminal island
LSV
PTG ec sts superior temporal sulcus
FCd IG
pps sv septal vein
CoCl Tu olfactory tubercle
SepG
0 unc uncinate fasciculus
db AcL VCl ventral claustrum
VCl STG
AcM FPu
SCA PPCl unc
AcC sts
SSTI PPo
PirF
PCA Tu -1
molf
OlfA
AOP DTP
MTG
Ent
-2
its
ITG
FuG -3
lots
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 125
126
17 -4,2 mm
SFG
SFG aic ant. limb of internal capsule
CG cingulate gyrus
5 cir circular insular sulcus
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
FCd accumbens nucleus,
4 caudate fundus region
FPu accumbens nucleus,
putaminal fundus region
FuG fusiform gyrus
GTI great terminal island
IG insular gyrus
ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Li limen insulae
CG lml lateral medullary lamina of the
SCS globus pallidus
LT lamina terminalis
bcc MTG medial temporal gyrus
PrG
CdL OlfA olfactory area
2 ox optic chiasm
P3V preoptic recess of the third
FOp ventricle
PCA precommissural archicortex
pcfx pcfx precommissural fornix
CdM cir Pir (pre-)piriform cortex
PTG PPCl prepiriform claustrum
sv PPo planum polare
aic
1 PRC perirhinal cortex
PuM medial putamen
SCGP ex SCA subcallosal area
IG SCGP supracapsular part of the
ec
lml globus pallidus
FCd PuM SCS subcallosal stratum
SepG separans gyrus
EGP CoCl
SSTI substriatal terminal island
SepG
AcL sv septal vein
VCl Tu olfactory tubercle
GTI STG TuTI tubercular terminal island(s)
AcM DiCl IG
FPu PPCl ilf Un uncus
AcC
unc unc uncinate fasciculus
SCA Tu TuTI SSTI VCl ventral claustrum
PirF PPo
P3V LT PCA OlfA -1
Li
PirT
ox
Un
MTG
Ent -2
-3
ITG
PRC
FuG
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 127
128
SFG
18 -2,7 mm
6 (subventricular) part (core)
MFG AcL accumbens nucl., lateral
SFG (subventricular) part (shell)
BSTC bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, central division
5 BSTL bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, lateral division
CdV ventral caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
4 DiCl diffuse insular claustrum
ec external capsule
ex extreme capsule
CG
PrG IG insular gyrus
SCS
mls Li limen insulae
CdL lml lateral medullary lamina of the
bcc
2 globus pallidus
LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
LT lamina terminalis
mfb medial forebrain bundle
CdM
cir MFG medial frontal gyrus
pcfx FOp
SFi SCGP ox optic chiasm
sv 1 P3V preoptic recess of the third
aic ec ventricle
ex
IG PACl preamygdalar claustrum
CdV pcfx precommissural fornix
lml Pu PIR parainsular region
LSV SCTI DiCl PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal
FCd CoCl area
BSTL EGP PirT (pre-)piriform cortex, tempo-
BSTC ral area
0 PPCl prepiriform claustrum
GTI STG
VDB ac PPo planum polare
VCl SepG
AcL PRC perirhinal cortex
mfb AcM Pu putamen
FPu ilf
AcC SCGP supracapsular part of the
TuTI SSTI unc globus pallidus
PPCl
PirF SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
Tu
LT PPo -1
Li SCTI subcaudate terminal island
SepG separans gyrus
P3V SCh PIR
PirT SFG superior frontal gyrus
SFi septofimbrial nucleus
ox
PACl SLG semilunar gyrus
Un SSTI substriatal terminal island
unc STG superior temporal gyrus
MTG sv septal vein
-2 Tu olfactory tubercle
TuTI tubercular terminal island(s)
Ent Un uncus
unc uncinate fasciculus
VCl ventral claustrum
VDB vertical limb of the diagonal
band
-3
ITG
PRC
FuG
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 129
130
SFG
19 -2,0 mm
ac anterior commisure
aco anterior commissure,
olfactory limb
AcSV accumbens nucleus,
SFG subventricular part
BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, lateral division, jux-
tacapsular part
BSTM bed nucleus of the stria
4 terminalis, medial division
CG CG cingulate gyrus
PrG 3 ec external capsule
SCS ex extreme capsule
scal
IGr FOp frontal operculum
CdL FuG fusiform gyrus
bcc
2 GTI great terminal island
IG insular gyrus
FLV
CdM ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus
pcfx cir ITG inferior frontal gyrus
Li limen insulae
LSD
FOp lml external medullary lamina of
SFi SB the globus pallidus
aic
SCGP lo lateral olfactory tract
1
LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
ec ex LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
LSI CdV
LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
lml IG LT lamina terminalis
BSTLJ Pu MFG medial frontal gyrus
LSV BSTM MTG medial temporal gyrus
EGP DiCl ox optic chiasm
BSTC CoCl
P3V preoptic recess of the third
ac
0 ventricle
aco SepG PACl preamygdalar claustrum
AcL VCl pcfx precommissural fornix
VDB AcM unc STG PirF (pre-)piriform cortex,
FPu
AcC ilf frontal area
GTI
SSTI PPCl PirT (pre-)piriform cortex,
TuTI temporal area
Tu
LT PirF PPCl (pre-)piriform claustrum
PPo -1 PPo planum polare
P3V SCh lo Li PRC perirhinal cortex
Pu putamen
ox PirT SB striatal cell bridges
Un scal subcallosal bundle
PACl SCGP supracapsular part of the
unc
TCl globus pallidus
SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
Ent
MTG -2 SCS subcallosal stratum
SepG separans gyrus
SLG semilunar gyrus
TCl temporal claustrum
-3 Tu olfactory tubercle
PRC ITG Un uncus
FuG
VDB vertical limb of the diagonal
band
Some unexplained abbreviations

0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 on the following pages are listed
in the Index of Abbreviations.
132
SFG
20 -1,3 mm
SFG AcM accumbens nucl., medial
MFG aco ant. commissure, olfact. limb
AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl.
BSTC bed nucleus of the stria ter-
minalis, central division
5 BSTL bed nucleus of the stria ter-
minalis, lateral division
terminalis, medial division
CG cingulate gyrus
4 cir circular insular sulcus
DB nucleus of the diagonal band
CG DPe dorsal periventricular hypo-
thalamic nucleus
ec external capsule
PrG EGP external globus pallidus
3 Ent entorhinal cortex
ex extreme capsule
SCS FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle
scal FPu putaminal fundus region
FuG fusiform gyrus
IGr
CdL GTI great terminal island
bcc HDB horizontal limb of the diago-
2 nal band
FLV IG insular gyrus
pcfx CdM ITG inferior frontal gyrus
LSD aic Li limen insulae
lml external medullary lamina of
SFi cir the globus pallidus
sv lo laterao olfactory tract
TS ex LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
SCGP FOp 1
tsv CdV ec LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
LSI LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
IG
BSTL MFG medial frontal gyrus
lml Pu MPO medial preoptic nucleus
LSV MTG medial temporal gyrus
BS ox optic chiasm
BS EGP
TC CoCl P3V preoptic recess of the third
TM ac
DPe 0 ventricle
PaAP paraventricular hypothala-
MPO mic n., ant. parvocellular part
Pa AcM VCl DiCl
aco FPu SepG PACl preamygdalar claustrum
AP GTI AcC pcfx precommissural fornix
ilf STG PirF (pre-)piriform cortex,
DB TuTI SSTI PPCl sts frontal area
AMPO PirF PirT (pre-)piriform cortex,
VPe SO HDB Tu temporal area
P3V lo Li PPo -1 PPCl prepiriform claustrum
SCh PPo planum polare
ox PirT unc
PRC perirhinal cortex
Un PACl
Pu putamen
PACl SCGP supracapsular part of the
TCl globus pallidus
SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
Ent
MTG -2 SepG separans gyrus
SLG semilunar gyrus
SO supraoptic nucleus
PRC -3 sv septal vein
ITG TS triangular septal nucleus
FuG tsv thalamostriate vein
Un uncus
1 cm VPe ventral periventricular hypo-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 thalamic nucleus
134
21 -0,6 mm
SFG
AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl.

SFG (subventricular) part (shell)
MFG aco anterior commissure,
olfactory limb
ADB nucleus of the diagonal
band, angular part
AG ambiens gyrus
ALPO ant. lateral preoptic nucl.
AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl.
CG
BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.
BSTL bed nucleus of the stria
4 terminalis, lateral division
cos collateral sulcus
DPe dorsal periventricular hypo-
thalamic nucleus
CG SCS ec external capsule
scal EGP external globus pallidus
ex extreme capsule
CdL
bcc FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle
FuG fusiform gyrus
CdM FOp fx fornix longus
FLV
LSD HDB horizontal limb of the diago-
aic
SFi ec nal band
sv ex 1 ITG inferior frontal gyrus
SCGP La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
CdV
LSI tsv IG lo lateral olfactory tract
Pu lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
fx
BSTL EGP LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
TS LSV LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
BS BS LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
TM TC mml mfb medial forebrain bundle
DPe CoCl MFG medial frontal gyrus
MnPO
ac aco 0 mml medial medullary lamina
SepG MnPO median preoptic nucleus
MPO GTI AcL VCl MPO medial preoptic nucleus
AcM FPu DiCl
SSTI MTG medial temporal gyrus
Pa mfb ilf STG sts
TuTI ox optic chiasm
AP ADB VCl P3V preoptic recess of 3rd ventr.
ALPO PirF
HDB Tu PaAP paraventricular hypothala-
AMPO
PPo mic n., ant. parvocellular part
SO lo -1
P3V PACl preamygdalar claustrum
PirT unc PirF piriform cortex, frontal area
ox SCh Un PirT piriform cortex, temporal area
PPo planum polare
PACl PRC perirhinal cortex
AG TCl
AB scal subcallosal bundle
La SCGP supracapsular part of the
globus pallidus
MTG -2 SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
SepG separans gyrus
Ent SFi septofimbrial nucleus
SLG semilunar gyrus
PRC SO supraoptic nucleus
ITG -3 STG superior temporal gyrus
sv septal vein
cos FuG TCl temporal claustrum
lots TS triangular septal nucleus
TuTI tubercular terminal islands
Un uncus
1 cm unc uncinate fasciculus
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 VCl ventral claustrum
136
SFG
22 0,0 mm
sfs 3V third ventricle
6 BLVM basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, ventromedial part
MFG terminalis, central division
BSTL bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, lateral division
5 BSTV bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, ventral division
CG CdL lateral caudate nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
db diagonal band
PrG DPe dorsal periventricular hypo-
thalamic nucleus
PrG FLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricle
fx fornix
SCS ic internal capsule
scal IG insular gyrus
InfS infundibular stalk
CdL
2 La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
lml external medullary lamina of
the globus pallidus
FLV CdM lo lateral olfactory tract
LSD ic LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
MS
CdV LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus
sv mfb medial forebrain bundle
LSI SCGP 1
cir
tsv mml medial medullary lamina of
lml IG the globus pallidus
BSTL Pu
fx MPO medial preoptic nucleus
FOp MS medial septal nucleus
LSV BSTM BSTC
TS EGP ox optic chiasm
CoCl PAA periamygdalar area
ac 0
mml PACl preamygdalar claustrum
ac PuV PaD paraventricular nucleus,
DPe VCl SepG
VP dorsal part
PaD MPO GTI FPU unc STG PaMc paraventricular nucleus,
BSTV SSTI ilf DiCl magnocellular part
PaP sts
mfb db TuTI PaP paraventricular nucleus,
PirF parvocellular part
PaMc
SxD lo PPo PirF piriform cortex, frontal area
3V Tu unc -1
SO PirT piriform cortex, temporal area
ox PirT cir PPo planum polare
PACl PRC perirhinal cortex
SCh PAA TCl PrG precentral gyrus
InfS Pu putamen
Un BM
PuV ventral putamen
La
scal subcallosal bundle
SCGP supracapsular part of the
BLVM -2 globus pallidus
MTG SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
Ent SepG separans gyrus
PRC SSTI substriatal terminal island
-3 sts superior temporal sulcus
ITG sv septal vein
SxD sexual dimorphic ncl.
FuG lots TS triangular septal nucleus
Un uncus
138
SFG
23 1,3 mm
3V third ventricle
sfs
6 ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.
BC basal nucleus, compact part
BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.
BLVM basolateral amygdaloid
MFG BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.
5 BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria
tacapsular part
BSTP bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, posterior part
BSTV bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, ventral division
CG cir circular insular sulcus
PrG DiCl diffuse insular claustrum
Do dorsal hypothalamic nucleus
ec external capsule
PrG EGP external globus pallidus
3 ex extreme capsule
FPu putaminal fundus
SCS
FuG fusiform gyrus
mls scal fx fornix
ic internal capsule
IGr IG insular gyrus
CdL IGr indusium griseum
bcc 2 ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus
CdM ec InfS infundibular stalk
LV ITG inferior frontal gyrus
La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
FOp LHA lateral hypothalamic area
LSD LiCl limitans claustrum
MS lml external medullary lamina of
SCGP ex the globus pallidus
sv CdV LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
LSI cir 1
tsv lml LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
fx ic LSV ventral septal nucleus
Pu
PaFo mfb medial forebrain bundle
3V BSTLJ IG MFG medial frontal gyrus
BSTP EGP mls medial longitudinal stria
LSV
BSTC CoCl mml medial medullary lamina of
mml 0 the globus pallidus
MS medial septal nucleus
Do MTG medial temporal gyrus
VP ac VCl SepG
FPu opt optic tract
PaP LHA BSTV SSTI ilf PACl preamygdalar claustrum
unc STG PaD paraventricular nucleus,
mfb BC DiCl
dorsal part
PaMc Tu PaFo paraventricular nucleus,
3V SO CxA sts
ACo LiCl fornical part
sox PirT -1
opt sas PPo PaP paraventricular nucleus,
BM parvocellular part
PACl TCl PirT piriform cortex, temporal area
PPo planum polare
InfS Un BLVM BL PRC perirhinal cortex
La unc PrG precentral gyrus
PuV ventral putamen
sas semiannular sulcus
-2 scal subcallosal bundle
SCGP supracapsular part of the
Ent MTG globus pallidus
SepG separans gyrus
PRC SFG superior frontal gyrus
-3 sox supraoptic commissure
ITG SSTI substriatal terminal island
FuG sv septal vein
Un uncus
140
24 2,7 mm
SFG
AAA anterior amygdaloid area

6 ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid
MFG nucleus, dorsal part
ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid
nucleus, ventral part
SFG BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.
5 BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.
BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria
tacapsular part
BSTP bed nucleus of the stria ter-
minalis, posterior part
CG 4 BSTV bed nucleus of the stria ter-
minalis, ventral division
PrG
DH dorsal hypothalamic area
3 Ent entorhinal cortex
FPu putaminal fundus
FuG fusiform gyrus
fx fornix
IGr PrG IGP internal globus pallidus
mls CdL IGr indusium griseum
Inf infundibular nucleus
bcc 2 La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
LV CdM LHA lateral hypothalamic area
ec LiCl limitans claustrum
LSD lml external medullary lamina of
the globus pallidus
MS ic FOp PoG LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
fx SCGP LSI lateral septal nucleus,
sv tsv
ex intermediate part
LSI CdV
1 LV lateral ventricle
IVF Pu mfb medial forebrain bundle
SFO mls medial longitudinal stria
Rt mml medial medullary lamina of
PaFo lml
IG the globus pallidus
BSTC
EGP MS medial septal nucleus
fx opt optic tract
BSTLJ
mml CoCl PACl preamygdalar claustrum
BSTPM PaD paraventricular nucleus,
0 dorsal part
PaD IGP
DH BSTPL SepG PaFo paraventricular nucleus,
ac FPu fornical part
PaP LHA BSTCV PaMc paraventricular nucleus,
BC unc VCl STG magnocellular part
mfb vaf AI
sls PaP paraventricular nucleus,
PaMc TCl
SODL sts parvocellular part
ACoD AAA LiCl PHA parahippocampal-amyg-
VMH opt sas PirT -1
ACoV daloid transition area
BM PACl PirT piriform cortex, temporal area
SOVM
PHA PoG postcentral gyrus
BLVM PACl PPo PPo planum polare
Inf
Un BL PRC perirhinal cortex
La unc
Ent -2 sls sublenticular stria
MTG SCGP supracapsular part of the
globus pallidus
SepG separans gyrus
PRC SFO subfornical organ
SODL supraoptic nucleus,
dorsolateral part
SOVM supraoptic nucleus,
ITG -3 ventromedial part
sox supraoptic decussation
FuG sts superior temporal sulcus
sv septal vein
Un uncus
vaf ventral anygdalofugal pathway
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
VMH ventromed. hypothalamic n.
142
25 4,0 mm
SFG 3V third ventricle
6 ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid
nucleus, dorsal part
ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid
nucleus, ventral part
MFG AI amygdaloid island
AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area
SFG bcc body of the corpus callosum
5 BLVM basolateral amygdaloid
Ce central amygdaloid nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus
4 DH dorsal hypothalamic area
CG FOp frontal operculum
FuG fusiform gyrus
PrG
fx fornix
IG insular gyrus
3 IGP internal globus pallidus
SCS ithp inferior thalamic peduncle
scal IVF interventricular foramen
IGr CdL LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
mls dorsolateral part
PrG
bcc 2 LHA lateral hypothalamic area
PoG LiCl limitans claustrum
CdM ec lml external medullary lamina of
LV ex
the globus pallidus
LSD LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
MS POp LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
LSI ic MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,
fx sv tsv cir
1 anterior part
IVF lml mfb medial forebrain bundle
FOp
SFO MFG medial frontal gyrus
st mls medial longitudinal stria
Rt Pu IG mml internal medullary lamina of
sm the globus pallidus
3V EGP MS medial septal nucleus
opt optic tract
DH mml PACl preamygdalar claustrum
ithp 0 PaD paraventricular nucleus,
fx IGP CoCl dorsal part
PaD PaMc paraventricular nucleus,
PeF ac VCl SepG
mfb magnocellular part
PaP vaf unc DiCl PaP paraventricular nucleus,
BC
LHA PACl STG parvocellular part
Pa sox
AI PeF perifornical nucleus
Mc opt SODL ACoD MeA LiCl PHA parahippocampal-amyg-
VMH -1
TCl daloid transition area
sas ACoV BM PoG postcentral gyrus
SOVM PHA Ce POp parietal operculum
AStr PPo planum polare
BL LaDL unc PPo PRC perirhinal cortex
BLVM
Un ilf PrG precentral gyrus
La MTG Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
-2 SepG separans gyrus
Ent SEL SEL subependymal layer
SFO subfornical organ
PRC sm stria medullaris of thalamus
SODL supraoptic n., dorsolat. part
SOVM supraoptic nucleus,
ventromedial part
-3 sox supraoptic decussation
FuG ITG sv septal vein
Un uncus
VCo ventral cortical nucleus
1 cm VMH ventromedial hypothalamic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 nucleus
144
26 5,4 mm
SFG
3V third ventricle
sfs ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.
6
AG ambiens gyrus
al ansa lenticularis
MFG BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl.,
dorsal (magnocellular) part
BLI basolateral amygdaloid
pcs nucleus, intermediate part
SFG BLPL basolateral amygdaloid
5 nucleus, paralaminar part
BLVL basolateral amygdaloid
cgs nucleus, ventrolateral part
ce central fissure
4 CoCl (compact) insular claustrum
DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n.
CG Fa fasciculosus nucleus
fx fornix
ic internal capsule
PrG
icml incomplete medullary lamina
of the globus pallidus
scal Inf infundibular nucleus
ithp inferior thalamic peduncle
IGr CdL
LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
mls ce dorsolat. part
CdM 2 LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
dorsomedial part
LV PoG LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
LSD intermedial part
MS FOp POp lf lateral fissure
LHA lateral hypothalamic area
fx LSI LiCl limitans claustrum
st LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
tsv cir
1 LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
st ic LTu lateral tuberal nucleus
sm lf MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,
Rt anterior part
mfb medial forebrain bundle
TrG1
mml lml IG MFG medial frontal gyrus
3V mls medial longitudinal stria
Fa CoCl mml internal medullary lamina of
ZI IGP
the globus pallidus
0 MS medial septal nucleus
Pa ithp icml MTu medial tuberal nucleus
SepG
fx Pa2 paraoptic nucleus
BC ac VCl
DMH PeF al PAA periamygdalar area
unc DiCl Pa paraventricular hyperthalamic
LHA Pa2 nucleus
SODL Ce STG
VMH TM sox PACl sts PACl preamygdalar claustrum
opt ACoD MeA LiCl pcs precentral sulcus
LTu PPo -1 PHA parahippocampal-amygda-
Inf ACoV BM LaDL loid transition area
BLD
SOVM PHA PoG postcentral gyrus
BLPL BLI AStr POp parietal operculum
LaDM
Un BLVM ilf PPo planum polare
BLVL PrG precentral gyrus
AG Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
LaI LaDA SepG separans gyrus
SEL MTG
-2 SEL subependymal layer
unn SEL SFG superior frontal gyrus
Ent
PRC SO supraoptic nucleus
SPF subparafascicular thalamic n.
its st stria terminalis
cos -3 TCl temporal claustrum
ITG TrG1 anterior transverse temporal
gyrus
FuG
Un uncus
unn uncal notch, intrarhinal sulcus
VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl.
1 cm VCo ventral cortical nucleus
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ZI zona incerta
146
SFG
27 6,7 mm
3n oculomotor nerve
3V third ventricle
6 ac anterior commissure
ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.
sfs al ansa lenticularis
AM anteromedial thalamic nucl.
SFG ap ansa peduncularis
AStr amygdalo-striatal transit.area
AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus
pcs
5 nucleus, ventromedial part
cgs MFG CdM medial caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
DHA dorsal hypothalamic area
CG DMC dorsomedial hypothalamic
PrG nucleus, compact part
eml external medullary lamina
Fa fasciculosus nucleus
FuG fusiform gyrus
3 fx fornix
HiH hippocampal head
SCS of the globus pallidus
IG insular gyrus
bcc scal Inf infundibular nucleus
ce
CdM 2 its inferior temporal sulcus
LSD LV LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
MS dorsal anterior part
LSI ec cir LADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
tfx tch FOp PoG dorsal lateral part
SCGP POp LHA lateral hypothalamic area
fx
LiCl limitans claustrum
tclv tsv ex liml limiting medullary lamina of
1 the globus pallidus
sm AV eml ic LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
tt lf LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
VA Pu IG LTu lateral tuberal nucleus
PT AM LV lateral ventricle
TrG1 Me median eminence
Rt EGP MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,
Fa anterior part
3V ic
ZI mfb medial forebrain bundle
PaPo
0 MS medial septal nucleus
ithp IGP
SSTI MTG medial temporal gyrus
DHA CoCl
liml icml SepG opt optic tract
DMC mfb VCl PaPo paraventricular hypothala-
fx ap ac mic nucleus, posterior part
DMH LHA al DiCl PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
LTu unc PeF perifornical nucleus
STG
opt MeA Ce LiCl sts PHA parahippocampo-amygdaloid
VMH PeF sas -1 transition area
Me PCo BL Puv PPo
BM PoG postcentral gyrus
BL POp parietal operculum
PHA PPo planum polare
Inf AStr
Un BLVM LaDL PRC perirhinal cortex
ilf
LaDA PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
HiH PuV ventral putamen
3n TLV -2 Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
Ent SCGP supracapsular part of the
globus pallidus
MTG SSTI substriatal terminal island
PRC STG superior temporal gyrus
tch tenia of choroid plexus
its
ITG -3 tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle
cos TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
FuG tfx tenia of fornix
TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus
tt tenia thalamus
VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.
1 cm VMH ventromedial hypoth. nucl.
148
28 8,0 mm
SFG ac anterior commissure
AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
6 al ansa lenticularis
AM anteromedial thalamic nucl.
sfs ap ansa peduncularis
AStr amygdalo-striatal transit.area
BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl.,
dorsal part
5 nucleus, intermediate part
BLPL basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, paralaminar part
MFG BLVM basolateral amygdaloid
BMDM basomedial amygdaloid
nucleus, dorsomedial part
BMVM basomedial amygdaloid
CG 4 nucleus, ventromedial part
ce central fissure
CeL centr. amygd. n., lateral part
PrG CeM centr. amygd. n., medial part
DMH dorsomedial hypothal. nucl.
ce H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)
of the globus pallidus
IGP internal globus pallidus
iml internal medullary lamina of
the thalamus
LSD
PoG 2 inf infundibular nucleus
LV FOp LaDA lateral amygd. nucl., dorsal
SB anterior part
LSI LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
fx tsv SCGP POp intermediate part
cir LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus,
ic ventral part
AV lf lateral fissure
sm 1
eml
liml limiting medullary lamina of
PT AM VA globus pallidus
lf
TrG1 LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
iml LSI intermediolateral septal nucl.
Fa IG LTu lateral tuberal nucleus
Rt
ithp ZI IGP CoCl mfb medial forebrain bundle
3V 0 MFG medial frontal gyrus
DHA ic
PaPo liml opt optic tract
H2 icml PaPo paraventricular hypothala-
phy
DMH LHA BC VCl SepG mic nucleus, posterior part
PalHy al ap AI PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
mfb unc DiCl
fx sox CeM phy pallidohypothalamic fibers
ac STG sts
VMHDM CeL PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.
TM opt LiCl PoG postcentral gyrus
BMDM PPo -1
LTu sas PCo BLD POp parietal operculum
VMHVL BMVM AStr PuV PPo planum polare
Inf PrG precentral gyrus
Un BLVM BLI PuV ventral putamen
BLPL LaDA PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
LaI Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
LaV sas semiannular sulcus
HiH TLV MTG
3n SB striatal cell bridges
us -2 SCGP supracapsular part of
unn globus pallidus
Ent SepG separans gyrus
PRC sm stria medullaris of the thalamus
its sts superior temporal sulcus
-3 TM tuberomammillary nucleus
ITG tsv thalamostriate vein
FuG unn uncal notch
us uncal sulcus
VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl.
VMHDM ventromedial hypothala-
mic nucleus, dorsomedial part
VMHVL ventromedial hypothala-
1 cm mic nucleus, ventrolateral part
150
29 9,3 mm
SFG
sfs AM anteromedial thalamic nucl.
6
ap ansa peduncularis
PrG bfx body of fornix
BLD basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, intermediate part
5 BLPL basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, ventrolateral part
MFG CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus
4 Cd caudate nucleus
CeL central amygdaloid nucleus,
CG
lateral part
CeM central amygdaloid nucleus,
medial part
CG cingulate gyrus
3 EGP external globus pallidus
EP entopeduncular nucleus
PoG
H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)
ic internal capsule
bcc 2 icml incomplete medullary lamina
LV Cd of the globus pallidus
tclv IGP internal globus pallidus
bfx tsv thalamus
ic FOp ITG inferior frontal gyrus
POp IthA interthalamic adhesion
AV ithp inferior thalamic peduncle
Rt
sm lf 1 its inferior temporal sulcus
lml lf lateral fissure
AM eml
PT LHA lateral hypothalamic area
iml IG LiCl limitans claustrum
VA TrG1
PV Pu liml limiting medullary lamina of
EGP globus pallidus
IthA lml lateral medullary lamina of
Fa globus pallidus
3V mml
ithp La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
IGP 0 lenf lenticular fasciculus
PH CoCl
ZI lenf icml LM lateral mammillary nucleus
DHA H2 ML medial mammillary nucleus,
al lateral part
LHA mfb EP BC MM medial mammillary nucleus,
DMH CeM DiCl PPo
PalHy ac STG sts medial part
fx opt CeL mfb medial forebrain bundle
unc LiCl
pm SLG MFG medial frontal gyrus
ML
BM PuV -1 mml medial medullary lamina of
MM LM sas PCo BLD AStr
globus pallidus
PedL
BLVM BLI MTG medial temporal gyrus
BLPL BLVL La st
opt optic tract
PaF parafornical nucleus
PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.
CA1 TLV PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.
3n MTG PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
-2 pm principal mammillary fasciculus
unn HiH PuLi limitans putamen
S PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
Ent PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
PRC sas semianular sulcus
its sfs superior frontal sulcus
SLG semilunar gyrus
-3 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
cos ITG st stria terminalis
FuG
sth subthalamic fascicle
TCd tail of caiudate nucleus
tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle
unn uncal notch
1 cm VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.
152
SFG
30
10,7 mm
sfs
AG ambiens gyrus
6 AHi amygdalohippocampal area
PrG AM anteromedial thalamic nucl.
AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area
SFG AV anteroventral thalamic nucl.
bfx body of fornix
BLD basolateral amygdaloid
BLI basolat. amygdaloid nucleus,
PrG 5 intermedial part
BLPL basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, ventrolateral part
CG BMCM basomedial amygdaloid
nucleus, centromedial part
BMDL basomed. amygdaloid
4 nucleus, dorsolateral part
BMDM basomedial amygdaloid
ce nucleus, dorsomedial part
BMVM basomedial amygdaloid
CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
PoG 3 CeL central amygdaloid nucleus,
lateral part
medial part
comb comb system
DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic n.
tfx tch Cd eml external medullary lamina
EP entopeduncular nucleus
tsv SB ers endorhinal sulcus
tclv st
bfx Fa fasciculosus nucleus
gic POp gic genu of the internal capsule
AV H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)
PT IGP internal globus pallidus
sm eml FOp
tt 1 iml internal medullary lamina of
TrG1 lf thalamus
AM
lml IthA interthalamic adhesion
VA
iml IG La lateral amygdaloid nucleus
Rt EGP Pu lenf lenticular fascicle
IthA Fa mml CoCl LiCl limitans claustrum
Re lenf liml limiting medullary lamina of
ithp ZI 0 globus pallidus
3V liml IGP
DHA H2 LM lateral mammillary nucleus
cp al lml lateral medullary lamina of the
VCl
EP globus pallidus
DMH LHA comb DiCl STG sts
opt Me CeM unc PPo Me medial amygdaloid nucleus
PalHy ers ML medial mammillary nucleus,
-DM CeL PuV LiCl
CeM lateral part
ML SLG -CM -DL MM medial mammillary nucleus,
ac
sas PCo BM- BLD PedL -1 medial part
MM LM -VM BLI AStr mml medial medullary lamina of
AHi st
AG BLVL La the globus pallidus
mt BLPL mt mammillo-thalamic tract
Un
S PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.
TLV PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
3n PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.
PrS CA1 PrS presubiculum
-2 PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
S MTG PuV ventral putamen
unn Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
Ent Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
PRC sas semiannular sulcus
its SB striatal cell bridges
SLG semilunar gyrus
-3 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
cos FuG st stria terminalis
ITG tch tenia of choroid plexus
tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle
tfx tenia of fornix
tt tenia thalamus
unn uncal notch (Duvernoy)
1 cm VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.
154
SFG
31
12,0 mm
PrG
3n oculomotor nerve
PrG 3V third ventricle
6 AG ambiens gyrus
AHi amygdalohippocampal area
AV anteroventral thalamic nucl.
AStr amygdalostriate transit. area
SFG BC basal nucleus, compact part
bfx body of fornix
5 BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.
ce Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG CeL central amygdaloid nucleus,
lateral part
medial part
4 CeMe central medial thalamic n.
CG cingulate gyrus
Co commissural nucleus
comb comb system
PoG cp cerebral peduncle
Cuc cucullaris nucleus
DCl dorsal claustrum
DG dentate gyrus
SCS (thalamus)
bcc Cd FuG fusiform gyrus
DCl
2 gic genu of the internal capsule
LV tsv H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)
bfx st IGP internal globus pallidus
POp iml internal medullary lamina
AV gic FOp LHA lateral hypothalamic area
LiCl limitans claustrum
sm lml lateral medullary lamina of the
Cuc eml globus pallidus
PT 1
VA lf MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
VL TrG1 Me medial amygdaloid nucleus
PV MD
IG mfb medial forebrain bundle
iml VAMC MM medial mammillary nucleus,
Rt lml
medial part
CeMe EGP PTe mml medial medullary lamina of
Co Fa mt the globus pallidus
mml
Re VA mt mammillo-thalamic tract
0 mtg mammillo-tegmental tract
3V ZI H2 IGP
PHA mtg comb VCl opt optic tract
al
DiCl PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
mfb BC STG PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.
CeM PPo sts
LHA opt Me PuV LiCl PHA posterior hypothalamic area
SNR CeL AStr PoG postcentral gyrus
SLG PCo POp parietal operculum
BM BL -1
cp AG st PedL PRC perirhinal cortex
MM
AHi
CA1 PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
Un TCd PTe planum temporale
TLV PuV ventral putamen
us PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
DG Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
3n HiH
-2 S subiculum
unn MTG SCS subcallosal stratum
S SFG superior frontal gyrus
Ent SLG semilunar gyrus
PRC SNR substantia nigra, reticular p.
its st stria terminalis
-3 TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
FuG tsv thalamostriate vein
Un uncus
ITG unn uncal notch
us uncal sulcus
VAMC ventroanterior thalamic
nucleus, magnocellular part
1 cm VL ventral lateral thalamic nucl.
156
SFG
PrG
32
13,3 mm
PrG 3n oculomotor nerve
6 AStr amygdalostriate transit. area
bcc body of corpus callosum
bfx body of fornix
SFG CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
5 ce central fissure
ce CeL central amygdaloid nucleus,
lateral part
medial part
CG cingulate gyrus
CG comb comb system
PoG 4 cp cerebral peduncle
DG dentate gyrus
ec external capsule
3 (thalamus)
ex extreme capsule
SCS FOp frontal operculum
FuG fusiform gyrus
H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)
bcc Cd HiH hippocampal head
LV
tsv iml internal medullary lamina with
bfx cell clusters (thalamus)
st POp
FOp ITG inferior frontal gyrus
AD pic ec ithp inferior thalamic peduncle
sm its inferior temporal sulcus
AV
lenf lentiform fibers
Cuc eml
lf lf lateral fissure
PT mt 1 LHA lateral hypothalamic area
TrG1 LiCl limitans claustrum
VA ex IG
MD lml lateral medullary lamina of the
VLA globus pallidus
PV iml Pu
VAMC Rt DCl lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
PTe
MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
VA lml Me medial amygdaloid nucleus
Co ithp
mt MM medial mamillary nucleus
Re EGP mml medial medullary lamina of
0 the globus pallidus
H1 ZI
PHA lenf IGP mt mammillo-thalamic tract
H2 mml
mtg mtg mammillo-tegmental tract
3V STG
al MTG medial temporal gyrus
STh PPo sts PaS parasubiculum
LiCl DiCl
opt PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.
sumx LHA comb CeM PHA posterior hypothalamic area
CeL PuV
SNR BM pic post. part of the intern.capsule
Me -1
cp st BL AStr PPo planum polare
PedL PoG postcentral gyrus
MM TCd PrG precentral gyrus
SNC PrS presubiculum
Un HiH PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
TLV PTe planum temporale
3n us CA1 PuV ventral putamen
PaS DG
PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
PrS -2 Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
S sm stria medullaris of thalamus
MTG
SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
Ent
SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
st stria terminalis
its STG superior temporal gyrus
-3 sts superior temporal sulcus
FuG sumx supramamillary commissure
ITG TCd tail of caudate nucleus
TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
lots VAMC ventroanterior thalamic
VLA ventrolateral anterior
thalamic nucleus
1 cm VCl ventral claustrum
158
33
14,6 mm
SFG
PrG AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
6 AStr amygdalostriate transit. area
bfx body of fornix
bG band of Giacomini
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
SFG 5 CeMe central medial thalamic n.
comb comb system
ce cp cerebral peduncle
DG dentate gyrus
ec external capsule
CG 4 eml external medullary lamina of
thalamus
PoG ex extreme capsule
FuG fusiform gyrus
3 IG insular gyrus
iml internal medullary lamina with
CG SCS intralaminar cell clusters
lls ithp inferior thalamic peduncle
lf lateral fissure
mls bcc Cd lls lateral longitudinal stria
tsv
2 lml lat. medull. lamina of globus p.
LV lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
st LV lateral ventricle
bfx FOp POp
Rt MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
SB MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
AV
Cuc AD eml
Me medial amygdaloid nucleus
PT
sm IG lf
pic 1 mml med. medull. lamina of
MD VLP VLA globus pallidus
TrG1 mt mammillo-thalamic tract
MD iml
Pu ec MTG medial temporal gyrus
PV Mc PTe
VA ex opt optic tract
lml PaS parasubiculum
CeMe pic post. part of internal capsule
Co VAMC POp parietal operculum
EGP PPo planum polare
Re VM 0 PrS prosubiculum
ithp H1 ZI mml
3V PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
comb IGP PTe planum temporale
mt H2 STh al PPo Pu putamen
VP VCl STG
sts PuLi limitans putamen
sumx opt PuV PuV ventral putamen
comb Me Ce
VTA PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
PuLi
st AStr Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
SNR vt -1 Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
SNC CA2 TCd
cp SB striatal cell bridge
DG
Un DG sm stria medullaris of thalamus
3n CA1 DG TLV SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
us SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
PaS MTG st stria terminalis
PrS -2 STh subthalamic nucleus
Pons STG superior temporal gyrus
S
Ent sumx supramamillary commissure
FuG
its Un uncus
us uncal sulcus
-3 VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.
VAMC ventroanterior thalamic
ITG nucleus, magnocellular part
VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.
lots VLP ventrolateral post. thal. nucl.
VM ventromedial thalamic nucl.
VP ventral pallidum
vt velum terminale
1 cm VTA ventral tegmental area
160
SFG
34
16,0 mm
PrG
3n oculomotor nerve
3V third ventricle
6 AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
Amg amygdala
bfx body of fornix
ce bG band of Giacomini
5 CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CeMe central medial thalamic n.
CG cingulate gyrus
comb comb system
4 cp cerebral peduncle
DG dentate gyrus
eml external medullary lamina of
thalamus
CG Ent entorhinal cortex
PoG FOp frontal operculum
IG insular gyrus
thalamus
bcc LV
Cd its inferior temporal sulcus
tfx tsv 2 lf lateral fissure
FOp POp lml lateral medullary lamina of the
st
bfx globus pallidus
AD lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
pic IG LV lateral ventricle
PT Cuc AV eml SB ec
lf
sm Rt MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
tt nucleus, magnocellular part
ex mml medial medullary lamina of
VLP TrG1 1
PTe the globus pallidus
MD MD opt optic tract
PV Mc VLA Pu pic post. part of internal capsule
VA PoG postcentral gyrus
lml Pons pons
iml VLP POp parietal operculum
CeMe EGP PPo planum polare
Co VIM PrG precentral gyrus
mml 0 PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
Re H1 ZI PTe planum temporale
3V IGP PPo STG
H2 STh Pu putamen
al sts
VP VCl PuV ventral putamen
comb PuV PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
SNR opt
Amg Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
sumx SNC
st AStr Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
SNR tst TLV SB striatal cell bridge
bG
tfi TCd -1 SFG superior frontal gyrus
VTA CA2 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
cp CA1 SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
3n Un SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
DG
CA3 st stria terminalis
us MTG STh subthalamic nucleus
Pons sumx supramamillary commissure
-2 TCd tail of caudate nucleus
Ent tfi tenia of fimbria
tfx tenia of fornix
TrG1 anterior transverse temporal
its gyrus
tst tenia of stria terminalis
FuG ITG
-3 tt tenia of thalamus
Un uncus
lots us uncal sulcus
VIM ventrointermedius nucleus
VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.
VLP ventrolat. post. thalamic n.
VP ventral pallidum
162
SFG 35
17,2 mm
PrG
3n oculomotor root
6 al ansa lenticularis
Amg amygdala
ce AStr amygdalostriate transit. area
bfx body of fornix
bG band of Giacomini
CA1-3 fields of hippocampus
CM centromedian thalamic nucl.
5 CoCl (compact) insular claustrum
SFG comb comb system
cr capsule of red nucleus
PoG crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
DG dentate gyrus
ec external capsule
CG thalamus
ex extreme capsule
FD fascia dentata
FuG fusiform gyrus
3 H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)
thalamus
SCS IPCi interpeduncular cistern
bcc FOp
IGr LD laterodorsal nucleus
mls POp lf lateral fissure
tsv Cd
LV 2 lml lateral medullary lamina
bfx LD st CoCl LV lateral ventricle
IG lf MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
AD AV eml MDMc mediodorsal thalamic
PT
sm ex PTe mml medial medullary lamina
TrG1
1 MTG medial temporal gyrus
VLPI ec
MD opt optic tract
MD (Vimi) VLA PaS parasubiculum
Rt PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
Mc
iml pic posterior part of the internal
Pu capsule
PV VLPE pic PoG postcentral gyrus
CM lml POp parietal operculum
Co PrG precentral gyrus
PF VM H1 mml 0 PrS presubiculum
Re ZID IGP PPo
EGP PPo planum polare
3V STG sts PrG precentral gyrus
ZIV al VCl PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
crt STh VP
comb PuV PTe planum temporale
cr opt Amg
SNR Pu putamen
AStr
SNC st PuV ventral putamen
PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
TLV TCd -1
SNR Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
bG CA2
IPCi Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
CA1 MTG
CA3 FD
S subiculum
3n cp DG SCS subcallosal stratum
Un DG SFG superior frontal gyrus
us sm stria medullaris of thalamus
PaS SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
Pons PrS S SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
-2 st stria terminalis
Ent STh subthalamic nucleus
its
us uncal sulcus
cos
ITG
FuG -3 VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.
VLPE ventrolateral posterior
thalamic nucleus, external part
lots
VLPI ventrolateral posterior
thalamic nucleus, internal part
VP ventral pallidum
VPLA ventral posterolateral
thalamic nucleus, anterior part
1 cm ZID zona incerta, dorsal part
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ZIV zona incerta, ventral part
164
SFG
36
18,6 mm
ce al ansa lenticularis
6 Amg amygdala
bfx body of fornix
PrG Cd caudate nucleus
5 ce central fissure
PoG
CG cingulate gyrus
chf choroidal fissure
SFG CM centromedian thalamic nucl.
comb comb system
4 crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
DG dentate gyrus
ec external capsule
PoG thalamus
CG 3 ex extreme capsule
FD fascia dentata
SCS H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)
IG insular gyrus
FOp IGr indusium griseum
bcc
IGr iml internal medullary lamina of
LV Cd
2 thalamus
POp its inferior temporal sulcus
bfx st LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
LD lml lateral medullary lamina of the
Rt globus pallidus
AV lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
AD MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
MDD VLPI DCl lf
sm MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
(Vimi) ec ex PTe 1 nucleus, magnocellular part
TrG1 MTG middle temporal gyrus
MDFa eml
opt optic tract
MDFi iml IG
PaS parasubiculum
Pu PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
VLPE pic post. part of internal capsule
PV MDV PoG postcentral gyrus
pic lml Pons pons
PF CM POp parietal operculum
0 PPo planum polare
VM EGP PPo PrG precentral gyrus
Re ZI STG
H1 VCl PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
crt STh al VP sts PTe planum temporale
PuV PuV ventral putamen
R comb PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
Amg opt
R red nucleus
cr chf st AStr
Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
SNC TLV TCd -1 Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
SNR CA3 CA2 fi CA2 SCS subcallosal stratum
CA3 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
cp Un SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
FD CA3 DG
us FD CA1 MTG
st stria terminalis
PaS STG superior temporal gyrus
PrS S STh subthalamic nucleus
Pons -2 sts superior temporal sulcus
Ent TrG1 anterior transverse temporal
gyrus
Un uncus
cos its us uncal sulcus
FuG ITG -3 VLPE ventrolateral posterior tha-
lamic nucleus, external part
lots VLPI ventrolateral posterior thala-
mic nucleus, internal part
VP ventral pallidum
ZI zona incerta
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 165
166
SFG 37
19,9 mm
ce al ansa lenticularis
alv alveus of the hippocampus
6 AStr amygdalostriate transition
area
bfx body of fornix
PrG CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
Cl claustrum
PoG cp cerebral peduncle
crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
DG dentate gyrus
ec external capsule
CG thalamus
ex extreme capsule
FD fascia dentata
3 fr fasciculus retroflexus
FuG fusiform gyrus
IG insular gyrus
SCS IGr indusium griseum
FOp ITG inferior temporal gyrus
bcc iml internal medullary lamina of
IGr LV
thalamus
Cd 2 LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
tsv
lml lateral medullary lamina of the
POp
bfx globus pallidus
Rt Cl LV lateral ventricle
LD MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
PT MDMc mediodorsal thalamic
SB
sm PTe nucleus, magnocellular part
ec ex
eml opt optic tract
VLPI TrG1 1 PaS parasubiculum
PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
MD (Vimi)
pic posterior part of the internal
MD VLPE IG capsule
Mc PPo planum polare
Pu PoG postcentral gyrus
PV iml pic PrG precentral gyrus
VPL PrS presubiculum
CM lml PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
PF
0 PTe planum temporale
Re VPM PPo
EGP STG Pu putamen
H1 ZI PuV ventral putamen
crt al PuV PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
STh
fr RPC Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
Amg RPC red nucl., parvocellular part
opt
cr st Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
tclv TLV TCd S subiculum
crt tst -1
SNC MTG SB striatal cell bridges
fi tfi CA2
SNR CA3 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
cp Un CA3 DG SNC substantia nigra,
FD pars compacta
us
CA1 SNR substantia nigra,
PaS PrS alv
pars reticulata
S
st stria terminalis
Pons -2 STG superior temporal gyrus
Ent tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle
tfi tenia of fimbria
tst tenia of stria terminalis
FuG
ITG tsv thalamostriate vein
-3 Un uncus
us uncal sulcus
VLPE ventrolateral posterior
thalamic nucleus, external part
VPL ventroposterior lateral
thalamic nucleus
VPM ventroposterior medial
1 cm thalamic nucleus
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ZI zona incerta 167
168
38
21,2 mm
PoG
ce
bfx body of fornix
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
Cl claustrum
PrG 5 CM centromedian thalamic nucl.
crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
DG dentate gyrus
PoG EGP external globus pallidus
4 thalamus
SMG FD fascia dentata
pocs fi fimbria of the hippocampus
fr fasciculus retroflexus
FuG fusiform gyrus
CG H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)
3 his hippocampal sulcus
IG insular gyrus
PoG
thalamus
bcc SCS its inferior temporal sulcus
LV LDSF laterodorsal n., superf. part
tsv FOp POp 2 lf lateral fissure
Cd
lml lateral medullary lamina of the
bfx st globus pallidus
lf lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
LD LV lateral ventricle
eml MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
ec MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
MD
ex nucleus, magnocellular part
Cl IG PTe
sm MDPL VLPI 1 MDPL medial dorsal thalamic
nucleus, paralamellar part
(Vimi)
MD pic MTG medial temporal gyrus
Mc opt optic tract
VPL PaS parasubiculum
PV iml Pu TrG1 PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.
PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
Rt pic post. part of the int. capsule
CM lml
pocs postcentral sulcus
PF EGP 0 PoG postcentral gyrus
Re VPM
H1 al STG PrG precentral gyrus
crt PuV PrS presubiculum
fr sts
ZI PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
PBP PTe planum temporale
RPC AStr
opt st PuV ventral putamen
cp TCd PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
cr TLV
VTA CA2 -1 Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
fi CA3 RPC red nucl., parvocellular part
SNC Un his
3n DG Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
SNR MTG S subiculum
CA1 SCS subcallosal stratum
PrS S FD SFG superior frontal gyrus
PaS sfs superior frontal sulcus
Pons sm stria medullaris of thalamus
-2 SMG supramarginal gyrus
Ent SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
st stria terminalis
its TCd tail of caudate nucleus
FuG TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
ITG -3 TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus
cos lots Un uncus
thalamic nucleus
thalamic nucleus
170
39
22,6 mm
PoG ce
PoG bfx body of fornix
ce CA1-3 fields of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
Cl claustrum
5 crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
PrG
(superior cerebellar peduncle)
ec external capsule
thalamus
SMG ex extreme capsule
FD fascia dentata
4 fi fimbria of the hippocampus
PoG FOp frontal operculum
CG
pocs fr fasciculus retroflexus
FuG fusiform gyrus
his hippocampal sulcus
IG insular gyrus
3 thalamus
PoG IP interpeduncular nucleus
SCS LG lateral geniculate body
bcc LV lml lateral medullary lamina
FOp (globus pallidum)
tfx tst Cd lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
2 LV lateral ventricle
bfx st SB lf MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
LD POp nucleus, magnocellular part
PTe MDPL medial dorsal thalamic
IG
eml Pu ec nucleus, paralamellar part
sm ex MTG medial temporal gyrus
tt MD MD Cl PaS parasubiculum
1 PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.
PL Rt PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
MD VLPI pic post. part of internal capsule
pic TrG2 pocs postcentral sulcus
Mc iml (Vimi) TrG1
PV VPL PoG postcentral gyrus
Pu
Pons pons
CM PrG precentral gyrus
Re PF lml PrS presubiculum
VPM VPI al Pu
H1 STG PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
SPF fr Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
VPMPC crt ZI sts RPC red nucl., parvocellular part
TLV Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
RPC st SB striatal cell bridge
LG tfi tst TCd scp superior cerebellar peduncle
PBP cp SCS subcallosal stratum
scp his fi CA2 -1 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
CA3
FD SMG supramarginal gyrus
VTA SNR MTG SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
SNC PrS SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
IP S CA1 alv SPF subparafascicular thalamic n.
PaS st stria terminalis
Pons sts superior temporal sulcus
PRC -2 TCd tail of caudate nucleus
tfi tenia of fimbria
Ent
tfx tenia of fornix
its TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus
TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus
FuG tst tenia of stria terminalis
cos tt tenia of thalamus
lots ITG
-3 VLPI ventrolateral posterior
nucleus, internal part
VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl.
VPMPC ventroposterior medial
nucleus, parvocellular part
thalamic nucleus
thalamic nucleus
172
40
23,9 mm
PoG
ce
APul anterior pulvinar
PrG 6 bfx body of fornix
CA1-3 fields of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
Cl claustrum
ce
PoG thalamus
ex extreme capsule
SMG FuG fusiform gyrus
IG insular gyrus
CG pocs iml internal medullary lamina of
thalamus
IP interpeduncular nucleus
3 LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
PoG lf lateral fissure
SCS MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
bcc MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
IGr LV nucleus, magnocellular part
lf
tsv Cd 2 MDPL medial dorsal thalamic
nucleus, paralamellar part
bfx PTe
st MTG medial temporal gyrus
PaS parasubiculum
LD POp PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.
PT eml STG PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
ec PHG parahippocampal gyrus
VLPI ex IG pic post. part of internal capsule
sm MD Cl pocs postcentral sulcus
PL (Vimi) 1
MD
MD TrG1 Pons pons
APul VPL TrG2 POp parietal operculum
PV Mc iml
sts PrG precentral gyrus
Rt PrS presubiculum
Pu PT paratenial thalamic nucleus
CM pic PTe planum temporale
Re 0 Pu putamen
PF VPMPC PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
VPM SGe Re reuniens thalamic nucleus
SPF VPI STG RPC red nucleus, parvocellular p.
H1 its
fr Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
PBP ZI S subiculum
RPC st
scp superior cerebellar peduncle
LG TLV TCd SCS subcallosal stratum
SGe suprageniculate nucleus
fi CA2 -1 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
SNR his
scp CA3 MTG
SNC PrS
VTA SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
S CA1
IP cp SPF subparafascicular thalamic n.
Pons STG superior temporal gyrus
PHG TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
ITG VLPI ventrolateral posterior
FuG nucleus, internal part
cos VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl.
lots
-3 VPMPC ventroposterior medial
nucleus, parvocellular part
thalamic nucleus
thalamic nucleus
VTA ventral tegmental area
ZI zona incerta
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 173
174
PrG
41
25,2 mm
ce

APul anterior pulvinar
PrG bcc body of the corpus callosum
6
bfx body of fornix
PoG CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
5 cos collateral sulcus
thalamus
SMG fi fimbria of the hippocampus
FuG fusiform gyrus
CG IG insular gyrus
pocs thalamus
IP interpeduncular nucleus
PoG 3 LDSF laterodorsal n., superfic. p.
lf lateral fissure
SCS Pop LV lateral ventricle
bcc MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
lf nucleus, magnocellular part
Cd 2 MDPL medial dorsal thalamic
bfx nucleus, paralamellar part
PTe
LV MTG medial temporal gyrus
LD PaS parasubiculum
PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.
VLPI PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
MDPL eml
sm (Vimi) IG PHG parahippocampal gyrus
TrG1 capsule
MD TrG2 1
STG pocs postcentral sulcus
MD VPL PoG postcentral gyrus
iml
Mc Pons pons
APul Pu POp parietal operculum
pic PPA peripeduncular area
PV PF CM Rt PrS presubiculum
fr
0 Pu putamen
H1 VPM PV paraventricular thalamic nucl.
VPI PP sts RPC red nucl., parvocellular part
RPC SGe Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
ZI st S subiculum
PPA LG scp superior cerebellar peduncle
TLV TCd MTG
PBP SCS subcallosal stratum
his fi CA2 SGe suprageniculate nucleus
scp cp CA3
alv -1 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
IP SNC SNR S SMG supramarginal gyrus
VTA PrS
CA1 SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
its
Pons sts superior temporal sulcus
PHG -2 TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
ITG VLPI ventrolateral posterior
FuG VPL ventroposterior lateral
cos
thalamic nucleus
lots
-3 VPM ventroposterior medial
thalamic nucleus
ZI zona incerta
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 175
176
ce
42
26,5 mm
PrG
ce AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
6 APul anterior pulvinar
bfx body of fornix
pocs CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus
PoG PoG CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus
PrG Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
5 CM centromedian thalamic nucl.
CMMC centromedian thalamic n.,
magnocelular part
thalamus
4 fr fasciculus retroflexus
CG FuG fusiform gyrus
IG insular gyrus
thalamus
SMG its inferior temporal sulcus
3 LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
LDSF laterodorsal nucleus, super-
ficial part
lf lateral fissure
SCS lf LG lateral geniculate nucleus
bcc LV
tsv Cd PTe MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
bfx st POp 2 MDMc medial dorsal thalamic
MDPL medial dorsal thalamic
LD nucleus, paralamellar part
AD MG medial geniculate nucleus
VLPI MTG medial temporal gyrus
MD IG
(Vimi) TrG2 or optic radiation
PL TrG1 PaS parasubiculum
MD
1 PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
STG
sm MD iml
eml
Pu
Mc pic posterior part of the internal
APul VPL capsule
pocs postcentral sulcus
CM Rt pic Pons pons
PF POp parietal operculum
sts
VPM PPA peripeduncular area
PP 0 PrG precentral gyrus
fr VPI or PrS presubiculum
ZI MG TLV PTe planum temporale
PPA LG st Pu putamen
TCd
RPC RPC red nucl., parvocellular part
fi Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
his CA2 S subiculum
scp alv
SNC CA3 scp superior cerebellar peduncle
xscp PrS MTG -1 SCS subcallosal stratum
SNR S CA1 sm stria medullaris of thalamus
PaS its SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta
cp SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata
Pons st stria terminalis
PHG sts superior temporal sulcus
cos TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus
FuG ITG
lots nucleus, internal part
-3 VPL ventroposterior lateral
thalamic nucleus
thalamic nucleus
xscp decussation of the superior
cerebellar peduncle
ZI zona incerta
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 177
178
43
ce
PoG 27,8 mm
APul anterior pulvinar nucleus
PrG Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
bfx body of fornix
pocs CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
PrG CG cingulate gyrus
SMG
ctg central tegmental tract
thalamus
CG FuG fusiform gyrus
4 Hb habenular nucleus
IG insular gyrus
thalamus
3 LDSF laterodorsal nucleus,
superficial part
lf lateral fissure
POp LG lateral geniculate nucleus
SCS lf Lim limitans nucleus
bcc lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
LV
LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus
Cd LV lateral ventricle
bfx 2 MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
MGDA medial geniculate nucl.,
PTe
TrG2 dorsoant. (magnocellular) part
LD
MGDP medial geniculate nucleus,
dorsoposterior part
VLPI MGFi medial geniculate nucleus,
TrG1 fibrosus part
LPul
IG MGLi medial geniculate nucleus,
MD Pu 1 limitans part
MGPC medial geniculate nucleus,
sm pic parvocellular part
eml
APul ml medial lemniscus
Hb VPL Rt MTG medial temporal gyrus
fr STG
pc posterior commissure
iml CM PHG parahippocampal gyrus
pc
PTc MGDA TrA capsule
Lim MGPC
0 pocs postcentral sulcus
TLV sts
Aq tth MGFi LG st POp parietal operculum
TCd
PP peripeduncular nucleus
PP fi PrG precentral gyrus
MGLi his CA2 PrS presubiculum
ctg CA3 PTc pretectal area
PrS S PTe planum temporale
CA1 -1 Pu putamen
xscp ml SNR MTG Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
SNC S subiculum
cp SCS subcallosal stratum
PHG sm stria medullaris of thalamus
its
-2 st stria terminalis
cos STG superior temporal gyrus
FuG sts superior temporal sulcus
ITG SubH subhabenular nucleus
lots TrA triangular area (Wernicke)
-3 TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus
tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract
thalamic nucleus
thalamic nucleus
1 cm xscp decussation of the superior
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 cerebellar peduncle
180
ce
PoG
44
29,2 mm
APul anterior pulvinar nucleus
Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
PrG bcc body of the corpus callosum
6
bfx body of fornix
Cd caudate nucleus
PoG ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
5 ctg central tegmental tract
thalamus
SMG
FuG fusiform gyrus
hbc habenular commissure
IG insular gyrus
4 IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar
CG
thalamus
lf lateral fissure
LHb lateral habenular nucleus
3 Lim limitans nucleus
POp lf LimPo limitans portae
PTe MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.
bcc TrG2 MGDA medial geniculate nucleus,
LV dorsoant. (magnocellular) part
Cd 2 MGDP medial geniculate nucleus,
bfx st dorsoposterior part
MGFi medial geniculate nucleus,
fibrosus part
MGLi medial geniculate nucleus,
limitans part
SFPul MHb medial habenular nucleus
TrG1
LPul ml medial lemniscus
Pu IG MTG medial temporal gyrus
1
Rt or optic radiation
MD PAG periaqueductal gray
pc posterior commissure
iml eml
LHb PoG postcentral gyrus
MHb APul VPL POp parietal operculum
Lim STG PP peripeduncular nucleus
hbc or slic PrG precentral gyrus
PTc 0
LimPo PrS presubiculum
pc IGPuI
LG st PTc pretectal area
TCd sts PTe planum temporale
Aq Lim MGFi TLV Pu putamen
PAG PTc fi Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
CA2 MTG
MGLi S subiculum
ctg his CA3
SFPul superficial pulvinar
PP slic sublenticular part of internal
PrS S CA1 -1 capsule
SN SMG supramarginal gyrus
SN substantia nigra
xscp PHG st stria terminalis
ml STG superior temporal gyrus
its sts superior temporal sulcus
ITG TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
-2 TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus
cos TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus
FuG VPL ventral posterolateral
thalamic nucleus
cerebellar peduncle
lots
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 181
182
ce
PoG
45
30,5 mm
6 bic brachium of the inf. colliculus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
csc commissure of the superior
5 colliculi
SMG
ctg central tegmental tract
DG dentate gyrus
dhc dorsal hippocampal
commissure
thalamus
CG fi fimbria of the hippocampus
IG insular gyrus
IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar
thalamus
POp lf lateral fissure
3 LG lateral geniculate nucleus
Lim limitans nucleus
LPul inferior pulvinar nucleus
PTe MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
scal MDe margo denticulatus
MGDP medial geniculate nucleus,
TrG2 dorsoposterior part
bcc Cd 2 MGFi medial geniculate nucleus,
pfx st fibrosus part
MGLi medial geniculate nucleus,
dhc LV limitans part
TrG1 ml medial lemniscus
SFPul pic IG mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus
Pu MPul medial pulvinar nucleus
eml MTG medial temporal gyrus
1 or optic radiation
MD PAG periaqueductal gray
MPul LPul pc posterior commissure
iml pfx post. column (crus) of fornix
Pi
STG Pi pineal gland
slic pic post. part of internal capsule
Rt PoG postcentral gyrus
csc PTc POp parietal operculum
SC st 0 PrS presubiculum
Lim TCd
PAG IGPul or TLV PTc pretectal area
pc spth MGDP LG
Aq fi PTe planum temporale
CA2 sts
MDe VPL Pu putamen
bic bic CA3 Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
MGFi
MGLi S subiculum
S SC superior colliculus
PrS CA1
ctg DG scal subcallosal bundle
sms
-1 SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus
mlf slic sublenticular part of internal
PHG capsule
xscp MTG SMG supramarginal gyrus
ml sms superficial medullary stratum
spth spino-thalamic tract
st stria terminalis
cos STG superior temporal gyrus
its -2 sts superior temporal sulcus
FuG TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
ITG VPL ventral posterolateral thala-
mic nucleus
-3 cerebellar peduncle
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 183
184
ce
PoG
46
31,9 mm
PrG

Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
cmg capsule of medial geniculate
nucleus
SMG 5 colliculi
CuA cuneiform area
DG dentate gyrus
commissure
DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus
thalamus
4 fi fimbria of the hippocampus
FuG fusiform gyrus
IC inferior colliculus
IG insular gyrus
CG IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar
3 lf lateral fissure
POp Lim limitans nucleus
ll lateral lemniscus
PTe LV lateral ventricle
SCS lf ml medial lemniscus
mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus
MPul medial pulvinar nucleus
scc scal
LV
TrG2 2 MTG medial temporal gyrus
PAG periaqueductal gray
Cd
pfx posterior column (crus) of
pfx fornix
IG
dhc st TrG1 Pi pineal gland
Pu pic posterior part of internal
capsule
SFPul PoG postcentral gyrus
pic 1
DiPul POp parietal operculum
PTc pretectal area
LPul
eml Pu putamen
Pi STG
Rt slic S subiculum
MPul
SC SC superior colliculus
csc st 0 scal subcallosal bundle
TCd
PTc Lim TLV
scc splenium of the corpus
IGPuI fi sts callosum
Aq PAG cmg SCS subcallosal stratum
his CA3 SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus
IC sms CA2 slic sublenticular part of internal
MTG
CuA S capsule
DG SMG supramarginal gyrus
ll CA1 -1 sms superficial medullary stratum
mlf st stria terminalis
ml
PHG STG superior temporal gyrus
xscp sts superior temporal sulcus
gyrus
cos -2 TrG2 posterior transverse
FuG temporal gyrus
its xscp decussation of the superior
cerebellar peduncle
ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 185
186
ce
47
33,1 mm
PoG bic brachium of the inferior
6 colliculus
bsc brachium of the superior
colliculus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
SMG CG cingulate gyrus
colliculi
dhc dorsal hippocampal commis-
sure
thalamus
CG 4 fi fimbria of the hippocampus
FuG fusiform gyrus
IG insular gyrus
IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar
lf its inferior temporal sulcus
3 lf lateral fissure
POp LV lateral ventricle
PTe ml medial lemniscus
mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus
IGr LV IG TrG2 2 PAG periaqueductal gray
tfx tst pfx posterior column (crus) of
scc fornix
pfx st Cd TrG1 Pi pineal gland
dhc st POp parietal operculum
SFPul PTe planum temporale
1 Pu putamen
S subiculum
DiPul Pu SC superior colliculus
eml
MPul scc splenium of the corpus
LPul STG callosum
Pi SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus
Rt SMG supramarginal gyrus
st 0 st stria terminalis
SC TCd STG superior temporal gyrus
bsc IGPul sts sts superior temporal sulcus
csc fi TLV
CA2 tfx tenia of fornix
his
Aq CA3 TLV temporal horn of lateral
MTG
bic S
ventricle
PAG TrG1 anterior transverse temporal
CA1 gyrus
-1 TrG2 posterior transverse
temporal gyrus
PHG tst tenia of stria terminalis
(of choroid plexus)
mlf
ml
cos -2
FuG its
ITG
lots
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 187
188
ce
48
34,6 mm
bic brachium of the inferior
6 colliculus
Cd caudate nucleus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
PCL cos collateral sulcus
5 commissure
SMG DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus
thalamus
FuG fusiform gyrus
IC nucleus of inferior colliculus
IG insular gyrus
CG its inferior temporal sulcus
lf lf lateral fissure
PTe MTG medial temporal gyrus
3 PAG periaqueductal gray
fornix
POp PHG parahippocampal gyrus
Pi pineal gland
scc
LV TrG1 TrG2 Rt reticular thalamic nucleus
IG S subiculum
SC superior colliculus
Cd
callosum
pfx
dhc SMG supramarginal gyrus
st stria terminalis
st sts superior temporal sulcus
Rt STG TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle
Di eml TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus
Pi MPul TCd TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus
Pul
LPul
sts
TLV 0
SC STG
his CA2
CA3
PAG
bic S
IC CA1
Aq -1
PHG
MTG
cos
-2
FuG
its
ITG
lots
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 189
190
ce
49
36,0 mm
aca anterior calcarine sulcus
bic brachium of the inferior
6 colliculus
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
PCL SMG cgs cingulate sulcus
cic commissure of the inferior
colliculi
cgs
commissure
PCun thalamus
cgs FuG fusiform gyrus
4 IC inferior colliculus
lf lateral fissure
CG lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
PTe
POp 3 MTG medial temporal gyrus
PAG periaqueductal gray
lf PCun precuneus
fornix
TrG2 PoG postcentral gyrus
scc 2 POp parietal operculum
LV PTe planum temporale
TrG1 S subiculum
SC superior colliculus
dhc scc splenium of the corpus
callosum
TCd st stria terminalis
1
pfx st STG superior temporal gyrus
eml TCd tail of caudate nucleus
MPul LPul STG TLV temporal horn of lateral
ventricle
Rt TLV TrG1 anterior transverse temporal
sts gyrus
TrG2 posterior transverse
CA2 0 temporal gyrus
his
SC CA3 STG
acs
cic S
PAG bic CA1

IC
PHG -1
cos
MTG
-2
FuG
its
lots ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 191
192
50
39,5 mm
ce central fissure
CG cingulate gyrus
SMG FG fasciolar gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus
IG insular gyrus
PCL 5 IGr indusium griseum
lf lateral fissure
cgs PCL paracentral lobule
PCun precuneus
PCun pfx posterior column (crus) of
lf fornix
4 PHG parahippocampal gyrus
S subiculum
PTe scc splenium of the corpus
callosum
3 sms superficial medullary stratum
POp STG superior temporal gyrus
CG sts superior temporal sulcus
TrG2 gyrus
TrG2 posterior transverse
temporal gyrus
2 TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
lls
TrG1
IGr IG
scc
TrLV
CA1 1
TCd
pfx
STG
FG
sts
DG
CA2
sms
0
aca DG
S MTG
CA1
PHG -1
cos
FuG -2
ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 193
194
SPL
51
40,8 mm
ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus
PCL CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus
PoG cfx crus of the fornix
CG cingulate gyrus
FG fasciolar gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
5 ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus
cgs
pocs ITG inferior frontal gyrus
lls lateral longitudinal stria
PCun MTG medial temporal gyrus
SMG 4 PCun precuneus
sbps PHG parahippocampal gyrus
SMG pocs postcentral sulcus
S subiculum
sbps subparietal sulcus
3 scc splenium of the corpus
callosum
CG sms superficial medullary stratum
PTe sts superior temporal sulcus
lls 2
IGr
TrLV
scc
alv STG 1
FG
ARG
DG sts
his
sms
aca CA2
0
ICG
CA1
PHG
MTG
-1
cos
FuG
its
-2
lots ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 195
196
PCL
52
42,2 mm
SPL alv alveus of the hippocampus
6 ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus
cfx crus of the fornix
CG cingulate gyrus
FG fasciolar gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
cgs 5 ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus
SPL IGr indusium griseum
SMG lls lateral longitudinal stria
PCun
4 PCun precuneus
sbps POp parietal operculum
SMG sbps subparietal sulcus
callosum
sms superficial medullary stratum
3 SMG supramarginal gyrus
CG
PTe
lls
2
IGr
TrLV
alv
STG
scc
FG sts
ARG sms CA2
his
aca
0
ICG CA1
MTG
PHG
-1
cos
FuG
its
-2
lots
ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 197
198
pocs
SPL
53
44,9 mm
PCL PoG
acs anterior calcarine sulcus
AnG angular gyrus
ips ccs calcarine sulcus
SPL
CG cingulate gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
SMG H hippocampus
ICG isthmus cinguli
(gyrus fornicatus)
5 ips intraparietal sulcus
isst internal sagittal stratum
AnG ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
sbps lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
ls longitudinal stria
MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2
SMG OcG occipital gyri
PCun 4 or optic radiation
PCun precuneus
racc radiation of the corpus
callosum
S subiculum
CG
3 scc splenium of the corpus
callosum
racc SSpG subsplenial gyrus
STG superior temporal gyrus,T1
2 tp tapetum
or TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
cas TrLV
IGr ls STG sts
scc SSpG isst

1
tp
cas S
ICG
OcG Hi MTG
acs
0
OcG
OcG
PHG
its
ccs
-1
FuG
-2
lots
ITG
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 199
200
SPL
54
47,6 mm
AnG angular gyrus
ips
PCL SPL FuG fusiform gyrus
Hi hippocampus
(gyrus fornicatus)
ips intraparietal sulcus
ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
AnG 5 its inferior temporal sulcus
PCun SMG OcG occipital gyri
or optic radiation
PCun precuneus
racc radiation of the corpus
4 callosum
sbps SMG? scc splenium of the corpus
callosum
SMG? part of STG according to
Busch, 1960
CG SPL superior parietal lobule
3 STG superior temporal gyrus,T1
sts1 superior temporal sulcus,
superior branch
sts1 sts2 superior temporal sulcus,
inferior branch
STG tp tapetum
racc TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
2
isst sts
sts2
tp
scc
ICG
1
TrLV
or
Hi
OcG
acs 0
MTG
its
cos
-1
FuG
ITG -2
lots
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 201
202
55
50,3 mm
AnG angular gyrus
6 cal calcar avis
CG cingulate gyrus
ips
cgs SPL
FuG fusiform gyrus
AnG ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus
(gyrus fornicatus)
SPL
5 ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
OcG occipital gyri
OLV occipital horn of lateral
SMG ventricle
or optic radiation
4 PCun precuneus
racc radiation of the corpus callo-
sum
SMG? scc splenium of the corpus callo-
PCun sum
SMG? part of STG ?
3 SPL superior parietal lobule
sbps STG superior temporal gyrus,T1
superior branch
CG STG inferior branch
tp tapetum
sts1
racc 2
ICG STG
scc sts2
tp
1
OLV
OcG MTG
isst
cal
acs
0
OcG
or
OcG
PHG ITG
its
cos
-1
FuG
ITG
lots -2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 203
204
56
53,0 mm
AnG angular gyrus
SPL 6 CG cingulate gyrus
FuG fusiform gyrus
(gyrus fornicatus)
AnG isst internal sagittal stratum
5 its inferior temporal sulcus
ips
OcG occipital gyri
ventricle
or optic radiation
PCun PCun precuneus
4 sbps subparietal sulcus
SMG sts1 superior temporal sulcus,
superior branch
inferior branch
sbps
3 tp tapetum
CG
STG
sts1
2
ICG
STG
sts2
isst
OcG 1
cgs
tp
MTG
OLV
acs
0
or
OcG
cos
its
-1
FuG
ITG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 205
206
57
55,7 mm
17 striate area
SPL 18 area 18
6 AnG angular gyrus
ips CG cingulate gyrus
cs calcarine sulcus
FuG fusiform gyrus
AnG (gyrus fornicatus)
5 ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
AnG LgG lingual gyrus (O5)
PCun MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2
OcG occipital gyri
ventricle
4 or optic radiation
PCun PCun precuneus
SMG sbps subparietal sulcus
superior branch
3 sts2 superior temporal sulcus,
inferior branch
STG tp tapetum
sbps
sts1
PCun
STG 2
CG
sts2
OcG
tp 1
17
isst
MTG
ICG 18
17
OLV
cs 0
or
LgG
cos MTG
its
-1
FuG
ITG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 207
208
58
58,4 mm
17 striate area
ips 18 area 18
6 AnG angular gyrus
CG cingulate gyrus
PCun cos collateral sulcus
AnG
cs calcarine sulcus
SPL FuG fusiform gyrus
AnG its inferior temporal sulcus
5 LgG lingual gyrus (O5)
SPL lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus
OcG occipital gyri
or optic radiation
PCun precuneus
4 STG superior temporal gyrus,T1
PCun superior branch
inferior branch
tp tapetum
SEpS subependymal stratum
STG cgs cingulate sulcus
3
sbps
sts1
CG
STG
2
LgG SEpS
sts2
PCun
OcG
tp
1
18 isst
17 MTG
cs or
0
OcG
OcG MTG
cos its
-1
FuG
ITG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 209
210
59
61,1 mm
SPL 17 striate area
AnG angular gyrus
SPL 6 cos collateral sulcus
cs calcarine sulcus
ips FuG fusiform gyrus
LgG lingual gyrus (O5)
5 OcG occipital gyri
or optic radiation
PCun precuneus
PCun sbps subparietal sulcus
AnG sstr sagittal stratum
tp tapetum
AnG 4
sbps
STG
PCun 3
OcG
STG
sstr
2
OcG
17 tp sts
MTG
1
17
cs
LgG
or
0
LgG
its
cos
-1
FuG
ITG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 211
212
60
63,8 mm
17 striate area
SPL SPL
AnG angular gyrus
ips cs calcarine sulcus
FuG fusiform gyrus
AnG ips intraparietal sulcus
SPL ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
PCun 5 OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
sstr sagittal stratum
AnG STG superior temporal gyrus,T1
4
sbps
AnG
OcG
3
STG
PCun OcG
sts
2
MTG
OcG
17 sstr
MTG
1
cs
17
MTG
LgG
0
LgG its
OcG
cos
-1
FuG ITG
lots OcG
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 213
214
61
66,5 mm
17 striate area
SPL AnG angular gyrus
cs calcarine sulcus
FuG fusiform gyrus
ips ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
AnG MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2
PCun precuneus
sbps SPL sbps subparietal sulcus
PCun sts superior temporal sulcus
SPL 4
OcG
AnG
STG
OcG
sts 2
cs 17 MTG
sstr
17
1
LgG
MTG
0
OcG
its
FuG
LgG
ITG
cos -1
OcG OcG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 215
216
62
69,2 mm
17 striate area
pos parietooccipital sulcus
6 AnG angular gyrus
ips cos collateral sulcus
cs calcarine sulcus
FuG fusiform gyrus
AnG LgG lingual gyrus (O5)
5 MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2
SPL OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
sbps sstr sagittal stratum
AnG
4
SPL
OcG
3
sts
MTG 2
OcG
pos
cs 17
sstr
17 MTG
1
LgG
its 0
OcG
LgG ITG
OcG -1
cos FuG
lots
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 217
218
63
71,9 mm
17 striate area
SPL 6 cos collateral sulcus
cs calcarine sulcus
FuG fusiform gyrus
ips ips intraparietal sulcus
POTZ LgG lingual gyrus (O5)
OcG occipital gyri
5 PCun precuneus
POTZ POTZ parietooccipital transition
area
sbps
PCun
4
OcG
OcG
sts
3
SPL
MTG
pos MTG
OcG 2
17
sstr
cs
MTG
1
17
LgG its
OcG
0
ITG
OcG
-1
FuG
cos
OcG
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 219
220
64
74,6 mm
17 striate area
SPL cos collateral sulcus
6 cs calcarine sulcus
ips
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
5 POTZ parietooccipital transition
POTZ zone
sbps sstr sagittal stratum
TOTZ temporooccipital transition
POTZ 4 zone
3
PCun
TOTZ
pos
2
OcG
17
cs sts
sstr
1
MTG
its
17
0
ITG
LgG
-1
cos OcG
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 221
222
65
80,0 mm
17 striate area
18 area 18
cs calcarine sulcus
SPL ips intraparietal sulcus
ips ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
5 POTZ parietooccipital transition
zone
POTZ sbps subparietal sulcus
TOTZ temporooccipital transition
POTZ zone
3
pos PCun
OcG
ZOTZ 2
18
17
cs
17
17
1
MTG
OcG
sstr its
17
ITG 0
OcG
OcG
17 OcG
-1
cos
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 223
224
66
85,0 mm
17 striate area
18 area 18
cs calcarine sulcus
ips OcG occipital gyri
POTZ parietooccipital transition
zone
5
OcG
POTZ
pos 4
18
POTZ
POTZ 3
17
OcG
2
cs
OcG
17
OcG
17
cos
17 -1
OcG
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 225
226
67
90,0 mm
17 striate area
cs calcarine sulcus
6 ips intraparietal sulcus
OcG occipital gyri
PCun precuneus
POTZ parietooccipital transition
zone
5
OcG
ips
4
POTZ
3
OcG
OcG
2
17 OcG
1
OcG
OcG
cs
0
17 OcG
cos
-1
cos
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 227
228
68
90,0 mm
17 striate area
cs calcarine sulcus
4
OcG
3
OcG
OcG
2
OcG
1
17
0
cs
17
OcG
-1
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 229
230
69
100,0 mm
17 striate area
cs calcarine sulcus
17
OcG
cs
1
17
-1
-2
-3
0 1 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 231
3.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Histo-

chemical Studies of the Brain Represented
in the Microscopic Atlas.
Numerous descriptive and quantitative addition, morphometric data (fresh compiled. If not stated otherwise, the
studies have been performed on the volume, volume of serial sections, designations of structures are identical
brain represented in the Myeloarchi- numeric cell density, volumetric cell to those of the original work.
tectonic Atlas. Regions where analyses density, absolute cell numbers etc.) References pertinent to these data are
were perfomed are listed in table 1. In which appeared relevant have been to be found at the end of this section.
Table 1
Previous Evaluations of Brain Regions and Their Corresponding Citations
Albring, K.M. (1983); Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952); Braitenberg G. V. (1952);

Cortex
Brockhaus, H. (1940); Busch, K.-T. (1960); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979);
Schulze, H.A (1960)
Septal area Brockhaus, H. (1942)
Basal nuclear complex: Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954,1955,1956)
Amygdaloid complex Brockhaus, H. (1938); Sanides, F. (1957)
Brockhaus, H. (1942); Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A. (1981);
Dom. R. (1976); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A.
Striatum (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A.
(1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F.(1976); Namba, M.
(1957); Sanides, F. (1957)
Hypothalamus Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954); Wahren, W. (1952)
Thalamus
anterior ncl Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952, 1954)
mediodorsal ncl Bäumer, H. (1952); Namba, M. (1958)
mediolateral ncl Bäumer, H. (1952,1954); Dom. R. (1976); Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967)
Brockhaus, H. (1942); Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967); Klatzo, I. (1954); . Lange, H. &

Subthalamus Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner
G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner,
G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. (1976)
Mesencephalon
Red nucleus: Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981)
Substantia nigra: Hassler (1937); Solcher, H. (1956)
Area 9 and 10 Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982)
Wünscher, W. (1956)
Lower brainstem
Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955)
Locus coeruleus
Wünscher, W. (1956)
Superior olive
Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959); Klatzo, I. (1954); Schiffer, D.(1954); Treff,
Cell studies W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959)
Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991); Mai, J.K.,
Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986); Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988);
Neuroactive substances Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990); Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K.
Mai (1990); Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991)
Morphometric Data
Weight, volume and linear CORTEX R L

dimensions R L
Fresh volume (cm3) 297 303
Volume of serial sections (cm3) 144 139
Brain weight (in formalin) 1383
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner,
Fresh volume (cm3) 1316 G. (1974)
Length (L)* 171 170 CORTEX (fresh volume of

Width (W)* 71 71
Height (H)* 97 96
cortical regions, (cm3) R L
Length + 120 122
Width + 63 64 Isocortex (ICx) 261 277
Height + 82 82
ICx.frontalis (ICx.f.) 101 103
R: right hemisphere, L: left hemisphere ICx.f. convexitatis 63 64
ICx.f. medialis 22 22
* Formalin fixed brain; + after histological preparation ICx.f. opercularis dorsalis 3.6 3.2
ICx.f. opercularis basalis 0.8 1.2
Shrinkage Factors (SF) R L ICx.f. basalis 11 12
SFw Lange, Thörner (1974) 2.13 2.22 Area (A.) gigantocellularis (gc) 5.1 5.5
SFl Lange, Thörner (1974) 1.89 1.81 A.gc. convexitatis 3.8 4.0
SFl Sievert (1992) 1.74 1.82 A.gc. medialis 1.3 1.5
Shrinkage factors (SF) describing the loss of vol- ICx. parietalis (ICx.pa) 44 42
ume from the fixed autopsy brains to the histolo- ICx.pa. convexitatis 24 22
gical material. ICx.pa. medialis 16 15
ICx.pa. opercularis 4.9 5.1
SFl : Linear calculated volume shrinkage factor =
[ L*W*H (autopsy brain in formaline) ] / [ L*W*H R. postcentralis. 13 15
(serial paraffin sections) ], where R.p. convexitatis 11 12
L = length of hemisphere; R.p. medialis 2.1 2.5
W = width of hemisphere; ICx. temporalis (ICx.t) 41 49
H = height of hemisphere). ICx.t.dorsalis 7.7 7.8
R. temporalis transversalis (R.tv) 2.6 2.2
SFw : Weight related shrinkage factor (SFg) = [(Bw R.tv.1 1.9 1.6
* 0,88 / 1,0365) / serial section volume of hemis- R.tv.2 0.7 0.6
phere], where Bw = brain weight, Factor 0,88 = [
weight of hemisphere ] / [ brain weight ], Parieto-temporal convexity 38 38
Factor 1.0365 = mean specific brain weight).
ICx. occipitalis 37 43
A18 + A19 30 35
A17 7.6 7.9
Allocortex (with Proisocortex):

PROSENCEPHALON R L Claustro-Cx. temporalis 1.2 0.7
Claustro-Cx. insularis 7.4 7.3
Fresh volume (cm3) 549 527 Tbc. Olfactorium, R. praepiriformis
Volume of serial sections (cm3) 267 262 frontalis, Peri-Palaeo-Cx. frontalis 0.9 0.5
Paleo-Cx. temporalis 0.5 0.4
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, Archi-Cx. frontalis 7.3 7.0
G. (1974)
CORTEX (fresh volume of GLOBUS PALLIDUS R L

cortical regions (cm3) R L
Archi-Cx. parietalis 5.6 4.4 Volume of serial sections (mm3)

Archi-Cx. temporalis 7.3 6.2
External globus pallidus EGP 656 560
Albring, K.M. (1983) Internal globus pallidus IGP 289 238
STRIATUM R L
Numeric cell density (number / mm3)
Volume of serial sections (10 mm3)
Caudate nucleus 298 269 Neurons EGP 763 994
Putamen 360 343 IGP 625 588
Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Glial cells (*103) EGP 124 132
IGP 118 120
Small neurons (x10) 2029 2248
Large neurons 156 156 Volumetric cell density (10-3 %)
Glial cells (x10) 7360 7835
Neurons EGP 290 380
Volumetric neuronal density (10-2 %) IGP 210 270
454 393
Glial cells EGP 450 620
Nuclear diameter (10-2 µm) IGP 510 580
Small neurons 859 891
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)
G. (1974)
CAUDATE NUCLEUS Amygdaloid Complex
Macroneurons (L) 270

Microneurons (S) 22,663
L/S 1/83
Average diameter in µm 10.78
Dom, R. et al. (1981)
PUTAMEN
S. Morres

Macroneurons (L) 163 Basal Nuclera Complex ( Magnocellular
Microneurons (S) 19,953
L/S 1/119
nuclei of the basal forebrain)
Average diameter in µm 9.47
S. Morres
THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS
Small neurons anterior thalamus 3,522

medial thalamus 4,544
lateral thalamus 1,012
posterior thalamus 4,686
Large neurons anterior thalamus 6,177
medial thalamus 5,538
lateral thalamus 3,248
posterior thalamus 7,618
Dom, R. et al.(1981); Dom. R. (1976)
I.Koutcherov
RED NUCLEUS R L
Volume of serial sections (mm3)

Dorsomedial quadrant r1 26.6
Dorsolateral quadrant r2 35.9
ventrolateral quadrant r3 35.8
ventromedial quadrant r4 35.2
F. Forutan Numeric cell density (number/mm3)

Neurons r1 171 172
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS R L r2 124 95
r3 104 103
Fresh volume (cm3) 0.139 0.119 r4 104 104
Volumes of serial sections (mm3)* Glial cells r1 446 421

Subthalamic ncl., med. part SThM 31.7 31.2 r2 384 336
SThL 35.7 26.6 r3 320 402
total 67.4 57.9 r4 309 308
Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Volumetric density (%)

Neurons (*10) SThL 375 357 Neurons r1 57 51
SThM 591 516 r2 28 24
r3 25 27
Volumetric cell density r4 21 23
Neurons (10-2%) SThL 142 199
SThM 162 223 Glial cells r1 78 69
r2 74 58
Volumetric cell density (%) r3 74 60
Neurons: SThL 2.48 r4 72 56
SThM 1.87
Glia SThL 0.99 * without shrinkage factor-correction
SThM 0.923
Herbel, W. (1979);. Sander, H.A. (1981)
Numeric cell density (number/mm3)

SThL 7,417
SThM 8,046
Absolute cell numbers 232 700

287 600
235
Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967)
References
The full text of the references listed bellow is available on the accompanying CD-Rom.
1. Albring, K.M. (1983) Quantitative 14. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954) Zur Pallidumzellen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 47-60.
Untersuchungen 33 Rindenregionen des Lebensgeschichte des Ncl. basalis, 27. Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)
menschlichen Gehirns. Thesis, Univ. of tuberomammillaris, supraopticus und Quantitative Untersuchungen an 33
Düsseldorf. paraventricularis unter normalen und Rindenregionen des menschlichen
2. Bäumer, H. (1952) Untersuchungen am pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. Gehirns. Verh. Anat. Ges. 73, 107-
Ncl.medialis und lateralis thalami bei 1, 337-419. 109.
Schizophrenie.Proc. I st . Intl. Congr. 15. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1955) Das 28. Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974) Zur
Neuropathol. Rom.Rosenberg & Sellier, Parkinsonsyndrom im Lichte der Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie
Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 636-647. lebensgeschichtlichen Veränderungen des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus
3. Bäumer, H. (1954) Veränderungen des des Nucleus basalis. J. Hirnforsch. 2, und Nucleus subthalamicus beim
Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirn- 55-76. Menschen, Thesis, Düsseldorf.
forsch. 1, 156-172. 16. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1956) Zur wei- 29. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A.
4. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952) teren Kenntnis der Veränderung des (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische
AnatomischeVeränderungen im Basalkerns bei Schizophrenen. J. Hirn- Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum
Schläfenlappen bei"funktionellen" forsch. 2, 271-291. und Nucleus subthalamicus beim
Psychosen. Proc. I st . Intl. Congr. 17. Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. Menschen, Teil 1, J. Hirnforsch. 16,
Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, & Hopf, A (1981) Quantitative cytome- 333-350.
Torino.Vol. 3, pp. 609-620. tric analysis of basal ganglia in catatonic 30. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A.
5. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) schizophrenics. In: Biological Psychia- (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische
Lebensgeschichte der melaninhaltigen try (eds. Perris, C. Struwe, G & Jansson Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum
Nervenzellen des Ncl. coeruleus unter B), Elsevier, North-Holland pp. 723- und Nucleus subthalamicus beim
normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. 726. Menschen, Teil 2, J. Hirnforsch. 16,
J. Hirnforsch. 2, 62-95. 18. Dom. R. (1976) Neostriatal and 401-413.
6. Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. Thalamic Interneurons. Their role in the 31. Lange, H., Thörner, G., & Hopf, A.
(1982) A morphometric study of the pathophysiology of Huntington's chorea, (1976) Morphometrisch-statistische
dopamine-containing cell groups in the Parkinson's disease and catatonic schi- Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum
mesencephalon of normals,Parkinson zophrenia. Thesis, Univ. of Leuven. und Nucleus subthalamicus beim
patients and schizophrenics. Thesis, 19. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952) Pathologisch- Menschen, Teil 3, J. Hirnforsch. 17,
Düsseldorf. anatomische Untersuchungen im 32. Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. &
7. Braitenberg, G. V. (1952) Ricerche Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizo- Schröder, K.F. (1976) Morphometric
istopatologiche sulla corteccia frontale phrenie, Proc. I st . Intl. Cong. Neuro- studies of the neuropathological changes
di schizofrenici. Proc. I st .Intl. Cong. pathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, in choreatic diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 28,
Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 648-659. 401-425.
Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 621-626. 20. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1954) Der Nucleus 33. Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. &
8. Brockhaus, H. (1938) Zur normalen anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. M.V. Sofroniew (1991). Evidence for
und pathologischen Anatomie des Hirnforsch. 1, 146-155. subdivisions in the human suprachias-
Mandelkerngebietes. J. Psychol. Neurol. 21. Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967) Vergleichend matic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol.
49, 1-136. anatomische Studien über den Nucleus 305: 508-525.
9. Brockhaus, H. (1940) Die Cyto- und subthalamicus (Corpus Luysi) bei 34. Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C.
Myeloarchitektonik des Cortex claustra- Primaten.Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg. Cuello (1986): Substance P in the
lis und des Claustrum beim Menschen. 22. Hassler (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der human brain. Neuroscience 17, 709-739.
J. Psychol. Neurol. 49, 249-348. Substantianigra. Versuch einer architek- 35. Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988):
Brockhaus, H. (1942) Beitrag zur nor- tonischen Gliederung. J. Psychol. Distribution of the carbohydrate epitope
10. malen Anatomie des Hypothalamus und Neurol. 48, 1-55. 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL)
der Zona incerta beim Menschen. J. 23. Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959) in the adult human brain. J.Chem. Anat.
Psychol. Neurol. 51, 96-195. Die Gliazelldichte bei klinisch 1, 255-285.
Brockhaus, H. (1942) Vergleichend- Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirn- 36. Namba, M.(1957) Cytoarchitektonische
11. anatomische Untersuchungen über den forsch. 4, 371-411. Untersuchung am Striatum. J. Hirn-
Basalkernkomplex. J. Psychol. Neurol. 24. Herbel, W. (1979) Zur Neuroanatomie forsch. 3, 24-48.
51, 57-95. und Neuropathologie des Nucleus ruber 37. Namba, M. (1958) Über die feineren
Brockhaus, H. (1942) Zur feinen beim Menschen.Thesis, University of Strukturen des medio-dorsalen
12. Anatomie des Septum und des Striatum. Düsseldorf. Supranucleus und der Lamella
J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 1-56. Translated 25. Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967) medialis des Thalamus beim Menschen.
in: Human Brain Dissection. Pope A. ed. Ver-gleichende Architektonik des J.Hirnforsch. 4, 1-41.
(1983) U.S. Government Printing Office Primatenthalamus. Progr. Primatol. I. 38. Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C.
Publ. 381-132: 3096. Congress of the International Prima- (1990): Distribution of substance P-
Busch, , K.-T. (1960) Individuelle archi- tological Society, Frankfurt, pp.120-127. and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons
13. tektonische Differenzen der Area striata. 26. Klatzo, I. (1954) Über das Verhalten des and fibers. in: The Human Nervous
J. Hirnforsch. 4, 535-552. Nukleolarapparates in den menschlichen System. G. Paxinos (ed.), Academic
236
Press, 1051-1094. 44. Schröder, K.F. (1970) Quantitativ-mor- 49. Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K.
39. Sander, H.A. (1981) Morphometrische phologische Untersuchungen zur Genese Mai (1990) Mapping of neuropeptide Y-
Analyse der neuropathologischen verschiedener Choreaformen. Thesis, like immunoreactivity in the human
Veränderungen im Nucleus ruber bei University of Marburg. forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 297-311.
Parkinson'scher Krankheit. Thesis, Univ. 45. Solcher, H. (1956) Zur Pathologie des 50. Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T.
of Düsseldorf. Nigerreticulatus und zu seiner Stellung Görcs (1991) Differential distribution of
40. Sanides, F. (1957) Die Insulae termina- im extrapyramidalen System. J. Hirn- histochemical markers in the bed
les des Erwachsenengehirns des forsch. 2, 391-401. nucleus of the stria terminalis in the
Menschen. J. Hirnforsch. 3, 243-273. 46. Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959) human
41. Sanides, F. (1957) Untersuchungen über Quantitative Untersuchungen über rela- 51. brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4: 281-298.
die histologische Struktur des Mandel- tive Zell- und Zellkernvolumina bei kli- Wünscher, W. (1956) Cytoarchitektonik
kerngebietes. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390. nisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. und Involution einiger Hirnstammkerne
42. Schiffer, D.(1954) Sur l'action reparatri- Hirnforsch. 4, 412-454. mit vegetativen Funktionen und der obe-
ce du noyau des cellules nerveuses. J. 47. Vogt, C. & Vogt, O. (1942) Morpho- ren Olive. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390.
Hirnforsch. 1, 326-336. logische Gestaltungen. J. Psychol.
43. Schulze, H.A.: Zur individuellen cytoar- Neurol. 50, 1-504.
chi-tektonischen Gestaltung der linken 48. Wahren, W. (1952) The changes of
und rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulus hypothalamic nuclei in schizophrenia.
parietalis inferior. J.Hirnforsch. 4, 486- Proc. I st . Intl. Congr. Neuropathol.
534 (1960) Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino.
Vol. 3, pp. 660-673.
237
Abbreviations
2n optic nerve aic anterior limb of internal capsule
3n oculomotor nerve or its root aica anterior inferior cerebellar artery
3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) AIn agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis)
3V third ventricle ajugv anterior jugular vein
4n trochlear nerve or its root al ansa lenticularis
4V fourth ventricle alal alar ligament of dens
5fr frontal nerve of trigeminus ald apical ligament of dens
5Gn trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri) all anterior longitudinal ligament
5ialv inferior alveolar nerve ALPO anterior lateral preoptic nucleus
5inf infraorbital nerve Alv alveolar process of maxilla
5lac lacrimal nerve alv alveus of hippocampus
5lg lingual nerve AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus
5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve Amg amygdala
5mx maxillary nerve of the trigeminal AMjC ala major cartilage
5n trigeminal nerve AMPO anterior medial preoptic nucleus
5nc nasociliary nerve ancer ansa cervicalis
5ophth ophthalmic nerve ang angular artery
6n abducens nerve or its root AnG angular gyrus
7C facial nerve and canal angv angular vein
7gp greater petrosal nerve AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region)
7n facial nerve or its root AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part
8n vestibulocochlear nerve ap ansa peduncularis
9n glossopharyngeal nerve apal ascending palatine artery
10n vagus nerve aph ascending pharyngeal artery
11n accessory nerve APr anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus
12C hypoglossal canal aps anterior parolfactory sulcus
12n hypoglossal nerve or its root APS anterior perforated substance
17 striate area (Brodmann area 18) apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inferior branch
18 (Brodmann) area 18 apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch
AAA anterior amygdaloid area APul anterior pulvinar nucleus
AAT anterior arch of atlas Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
aau anterior auricular artery AReCaM anterior rectus capitis muscle
AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl. ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus
ac anterior commissure argr arachnoid granulations
Acb accumbens nucleus AryE aryepiglotticus muscle
AcC accumbens n., central part (core) AStr amygdalostriatal transition area
AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part (shell) AtAx altanto-axial membrane
AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part (core) ATh anterior thalamic nucleus
ACeIT anterior cervical intertransv. muscle Atlas atlas
acer anterior cerebral artery AtOc atlanto occipital joint
AcL lateral accumbens nucleus ATub articular tubercle
AcM accumbens n., medial part aud auditory radiation
aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb Aud auditory tube
ACo anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus AudC auditory tube cartilage
ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part aute auriculotemporal nerve
acs anterior calcarine sulcus AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus
AcSV accumbens nucleus, subventricular region Axis axis (C2 vertebra)
AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus bas basilar artery
ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part BasCi basilar cistern
afx anterior column of fornix BC basal nucleus, compact part
AG ambiens gyrus bcc body of corpus callosum
AHi amygdalohippocampal area BFat buccal fat pad
AI amygdaloid island (extended amygdala) bfx body of fornix
239
bG band of Giacomini CISM cervical interspinal muscle

BHy body of hyoid bone Cl claustrum
bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CLV central part of lateral ventricle
BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus CM central medial thalamic nucleus
BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocell.) part cmg capsule of medial geniculate n.
BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part CMMC centromedian thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part
BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part CMn centrum medianum, parafascicular nucleus
BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part Co commissural nucleus
BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part CoCl compact insular claustrum
BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus comb comb system
BMan body of mandible Cond condylar process of mandible
BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part Cor coronoid process of the mandible
BMDL basomed. amygdaloid n., dorsolat. part cos collateral sulcus
BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part cosi confluence of sinuses
BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part cp cerebral peduncle
BOp basal operculum cplx carotid plexus
bsc brachium of the superior colliculus cr capsule of red nucleus
BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis cret central artery of retina
BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers
BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division cs calcarine sulcus
BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, csc commissure of the superior colliculi
juxtacapsular part CSCil corrugator supercilii muscle
BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division CSP cavity of septum pellucidum
BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior part ctg central tegmental tract
BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division cty chorda tympani
BucM buccinator muscle CuA cuneiform area
bucn buccal nerve Cuc cucullaris nucleus
CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cun cuneus
CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area
CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus DAx dens axis
cal calcar avis db diagonal band
calv callosal vein DB diagonal band nucleus
CAnT common anular tendon DCl dorsal claustrum
cas callosal sulcus DG dentate gyrus
cav cavernous sinus DH dorsal hypothalamic area
Cb cerebellum dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure
cc corpus callosum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum
cctd common carotid artery DiM digastric muscle, ant. belly
Cd caudate nucleus dip diploic vein
CdL lateral caudate nucleus DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus
CdM medial caudate nucleus Disc articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint
CdV ventral caudate nucleus DiT digastric muscle, tendon
Ce central amygdaloid nucleus dlg deep lingual artery and vein
ce central sulcus DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part Do dorsal hypothalamic nucleus
CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part dpal descending palatine artery
cern cervical nerve DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle
cerpx cervical plexus dpc deep cervical artery and vein
cfx crus of the fornix DPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
CG cingulate gyrus DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle
cg cingulum DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle
CGal crista galli dr2 dorsal root (C2)
cgs cingulate sulcus DS diaphragma sellae
CH cerebellar hemisphere dta deep temporalis artery
cha choroid artery DTP dorsal temporopolar region
chf choroidal fissure EAM external auditory meatus
chp choroid plexus ec external capsule
Ci cistern ectd external carotid artery
cic commissure of the inferior colliculi EGl epiglottis
CilM ciliaris muscle EGP external globus pallidus
cir circular insular sulcus ejug external jugular vein
240
ejugv external jugular vein Hb habenular nuclei

emi emissary vein hbc habenular commissure
eml external medullary lamina (thalamus) HCd head of caudate nucleus
Ent entorhinal cortex HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band
EP entopeduncular nucleus Hi hippocampus
ers endorhinal sulcus HiH hippocampal head
EthBu ethmoidal bulla his hippocampal sulcus
eths ethmoidal sinus (cells) HPtg hamulus of the pterygoid bone
EthS ethmoidal sinus (cells) Hy hypothalamus
ex extreme capsule HyGl hyoglossus muscle
eye eyeball Hyoid hyoid bone
Fa fasciculosus nucleus ialn inferior alveolar nerve
fac facial artery ialva inferior alveolar artery
facv facial vein IAud internal auditory meatus
Fas fasciculosus nucleus IC inferior colliculus
FCd caudate fundus region ic internal capsule
FD fascia dentata ICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscle
FG fasciolar gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus)
fi fimbria of the hippocampus ICM inferior constrictor m. of pharynx
FL frontal lobe icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus
FLA frontal limbic area ictd internal carotid artery
FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle icv internal cerebral vein
FMG frontomarginal gyrus IFG inferior frontal gyrus
fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part
fmj forceps major of the corpus callosum IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part
fms frontomarginal sulcus IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part
FOp frontal operculum ifs inferior frontal sulcus
FPu putaminal fundus region IG insular gyrus
fr fasciculus retroflexus IGP internal globus pallidus
frn frontal nerve IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar
Fro frontal bone IGr indusium griseum
FroC frontal bone, crest ijugv internal jugular vein, bulbus
FroN frontal bone, nasal part ilab inferior labial artery and vein
FroO frontal bone, orbital part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus
FroSq frontal bone, squamosal part imfs intermediate frontal sulcus
FrP frontopolar cortex iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus
FrS frontal sinus imos intermediate obirtal sulcus
FStr fundus striati INaCo inferior nasal concha
FuG fusiform gyrus IncC incisive canal
fx fornix Inf infundibular nucleus
FxC falx cerebri infa infraorbital artery
gapo epicranial aponeurosis InfS infundibular stalk
gcc genu of the corpus callosum Ins insula
GeHy geniohyoid muscle InTrM intertransversarii muscles
GGM genioglossus muscle IO inferior olive
GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone IObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscle
gic internal capsule, genu IObM inferior oblique muscle
gld glandular branches of facial artery IObMT inferior oblique muscle, tendon
GNaC greater nasal cartilage IOC infraorbital canal
gocn greater occipital nerve IOrbF infraorbital foramen
GP globus pallidus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus
gpa greater palatine artery IP interpeduncular nucleus
GPalF greater palatine foramen IPCi interpeduncular cistern
gpn greater palatine nerve ipets inferior petrosal sinus
gpv greater palatine vein ipf interpeduncular fossa
GR gyrus rectus IPL inferior parietal lobule
GrCi great (cerebellomedullary) cistern ips intraparietal sulcus
GTI great terminal island IPul inferior pulvinar nucleus
GZgM greater zygomatic muscle IReM inferior rectus muscle
H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IRoG inferior rostral gyrus
H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) ISM interspinalis muscle
241
iss inferior sagittal sinus LPtgL lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly
ita inferior temporal artery LPtgM lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly
ITG inferior temporal gyrus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus
IthA interthalamic adhesion LRec lateral rectus muscle
ithp inferior thalamic peduncle LReCa lateral rectus capitis muscle
its inferior temporal sulcus LReM lateral rectus muscle
IVF interventricular foramen ls longitudinal stria
ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus LScM levator scapulae muscle
JugF jugular foramen LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus
JugP jugular process LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part
La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LSV ventral septal nucleus
lab labial artery LT lamina terminalis
lac lacrimal artery LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region
LacG lacrimal gland LTP lateral temporopolar region
lacv lacrimal vein LTu lateral tuberal nucleus
LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LV lateral ventricle
LADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal lateral part LVePa levator veli palatini muscle
LaDM lat. amygdaloid nucl., dorsomed. part Ly lymph node
LaI lateral amygdaloid nucl., intermediate part MaA mastoid antrum
LAngO levator anguli oris muscle Man mandible
LaV lateral amygdaloid nucl., ventral part ManC mandibular canal
LC locus coeruleus mand5 mandibular nerve
ld lambdoid suture ManF mandibular fossa
LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus MasM masseter muscle
LDO laterodorsal nucl., oral part MB mamillary body
lds lamboid suture mcer middle cerebral artery
LDSF laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part MCM medial constrictor muscle
lenf lenticular fasciculus mcp middle cerebellar peduncle
lf lateral fissure MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
LG lateral geniculate nucleus MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part
lg lingual artery Md medulla oblongata
LgC longus capitis and colli muscles MDe margo denticulatus
LgCaM longus capitis muscle MDFa medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fasciculosus part
LgCoM longus colli muscle MDFi medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fibrosus part
LgFo lingual follicle MDMC medial dorsal thalamic n., magnocellular part
LgG lingual gyrus MDV medial dorsal thalamic nucl., ventral part
LgGl lingual gland Me medial amygdaloid nucleus
LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part
LgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscle MentM mentalis muscle
LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle tendon mfb medial forebrain bundle
LgSpt lingual septum MFG medial frontal gyrus
lgv lingual vein MG medial geniculate nucleus
LHA lateral hypothalamic area MGDA medial geniculate nucl., dorsoant. (magnocellular) part
LHb lateral habenular nucleus MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior part
Li limen insulae MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part
LiCl limitans claustrum MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part
Lim limitans nucleus MGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular part
liml limiting medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MHb medial habenular nucleus
ling lingual nerve MidE middle ear
ll lateral lemniscus MiPRe minor posterior rectus capitis muscle
LLb levator labii superioris muscle MiZgM minor zygomatic muscle
LLPt lateral lamina of pterygoid process ml medial lemniscus
lls lateral longitudinal stria ML medial mamillary nucleus, lateral part
LM lateral mamillary nucleus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus
lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MLPt medial lamina of pterygoid process
lo lateral olfactory tract mls medial longitudinal stria
LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MM medial mamillary nucleus, medial part
los lateral orbital sulcus mm middle meningeal artery
lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus
LPal levator palpebrae muscle mmp middle meningeal artery, parietal branch
LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle MNaC middle nasal concha
242
MnPO median preoptic nucleus OrG orbital gyri

molf medial olfactory radiation ors orbital sulcus
MOrG medial orbital gyrus OTG occipito-temporal gyrus
mos medial orbital sulcus Otic otic ganglion
MPC medial mammillary n., parvocellular part OTr olfactory trigone
MPO medial preoptic nucleus ox optic chiasm
MPtg medial pterygoid muscle P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle
MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscle Pa paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
MPul medial pulvinar nucleus Pa2 paraoptic nucleus
MRec medial rectus muscle PAA periamygdalar area
MReM medial rectus muscle PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., ant. parvocell. part
MS medial septal nucleus PAC periamygdaloid cortex
ms medullary substance of frontal lobe PACl preamygdalar claustrum
MScalM medial scalenus muscle PaD paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal part
Mst mastoid process of temporal bone PaF parafornical nucleus
MstC mastoid cells PaFo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, fornical part
mt mammillo-thalamic tract PAG periaqueductal gray
MTec mesencephalic tectum PalG palatine glands
mtg mammillo-tegmental tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus
MTG medial temporal gyrus paln palatine nerve (s)
MTP medial temporopolar region PaMc paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., magnocellular part
MTu medial tuberal nucleus PaOp parietal operculum
MulM multifidus muscle pap optic papilla
Mx maxilla PaP paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., parvocellular part
mx maxillary artery PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part
mxs maxillary sinus papx parotid plexus
mxv maxillary vein Par patotid gland
MyHy mylohyoid muscle ParB parietal bone
myhy mylohyoid nerve PaS parasubiculum
Na nasal bone PAT posterior arch of atlas
nl nuchal ligament pau posterior auricular artery
nlac nasolacrimal duct pauv posterior auricular vein
npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.
NPhT nasopharyngeal tonsil pc posterior commissure
NSpt nasal septum PCA precommissural archicortex
nuf nuchal fascia pcer posterior cerebral artery
oaud opening of auditory tube pcfx precommissural fornix
OB olfactory bulb PCL paracentral lobule
Occ occipital bone PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.
occa occipital artery pcoma posterior communicating artery
occs occipital sinus pcs precentral sulcus
occv occipital vein PCun precuneus
OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus
OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly PeP perpendicular plate
OcG occipital gyri PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.
ocm occipito-mastoid suture pfx post. column (crus) of fornix
OFat orbital fat PH posterior hypothalamus
OFG orbitofrontal gyri PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area
olf olfactory tract phar pharyngeal branches
OlfA olfactory area PHG parahippocampal gyrus
olfr olfactory radiation PhRe pharyngeal recess
olfs olfactory sulcus phy pallidohypothalamic fibers
OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle Pi pineal gland
OmHy omohyoid muscle pic posterior limb of the internal capsule
OOM orbicularis oculi muscle pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery
OOrM orbicularis oris muscle PIR parainsular region
oph ophthalmic artery Pir piriform cortex
ophv ophthalmic vein PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area
opt optic tract PirR piriform recess
or optic radiation PirT (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal area
Oral oral cavity Pit pituitary gland
243
Plat platysma sas semiannular sulcus

PlGl palatoglossus muscle SB striatal cell bridges
PLi posterior limitans thalamic nucleus sbps subparietal sulcus
PlPh palatopharyngeus muscle SC superior colliculus
pm principal mammillary fasciculus SCA subcallosal area
PMiRe post. minor rectus capitis muscle sca superior cerebellar artery
pna posterior nasal artery scal subcallosal bundle
PoCi pontine cistern ScalM scalenus muscle
pocs postcentral sulcus SCC semicircular canals
PoG postcentral gyrus scc splenium of corpus callosum
Pons pons SCD semicircular ducts
POrbM posterior orbicularis muscle SCG subcallosal gyrus
POrG posterior orbital gyrus SCGn superior cervical ganglion
pos parietooccipital sulcus SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus
POTZ parietooccipital transition area SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus
PP peripeduncular nucleus SCM superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx
PPA peripeduncular area SCMPPsuperior constrictor muscle, pterygopharyngeal part
PPCl prepiriform claustrum scp superior cerebellar peduncle
PPo planum polare SCS subcallosal stratum
pps posterior parolfactory sulcus SCTI subcaudate terminal island
PRC perirhinal cortex SeC septal cartilage
PrG precentral gyrus SEL subependymal layer
PrS presubiculum SepG separans gyrus
psa posterior superior alveolar artery SEpS subependymal stratum
PT paratenial thalamic nucleus SFG superior frontal gyrus
PTc pretectal area SFi septofimbrial nucleus
ptdd parotid duct SFO subfornical organ
PTe planum temporale SFPul superficial pulvinar
PTG paraterminal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus
PTG paraterminal gyrus SGe suprageniculate nucleus
Ptg pterygoid process SGl substantia gliosa
PtgC pterygoid canal SGL substantia gliosa (subependymal gray)
ptgpal pterygopalatine ganglion shl stylohyoid ligament
ptgpx pterygoid plexus SHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilage
ptpf pterygopalatine fossa sigs sigmoid sinus
PtPF pterygopalatine fossa slf superior fronto-occipital fasciculus
PTR post temporopolar region SLG semilunar gyrus
PtT palatine tonsil slg sublingual artery and vein
Pu putamen SLGl sublingual gland and duct
PuLi limitans putamen slic sublenticular part of internal capsule
PuM medial putamen sln superior laryngeal nerve
PuV ventral putamen sls sublenticular stria
PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus
pvf prevertebral fascia sma submental artery
py pyramidal tract smd submandibular duct
QP quadrigeminal plate SMG supramarginal gyrus
R red nucleus SMGl submandibular gland
racc radiation of corpus callosum sms superficial medullary stratum
rapx retroarticular (venous) plexus smv submental vein
RBR retrobulbar region SN substantia nigra
rcc rostrum of corpus callosum SNaC septum nasi cartilage
Re reuniens thalamic nucleus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta
RG rectus gyrus SNR subst. nigra, reticular part
RisM risorius muscle SO supraoptic nucleus
rmv retromandibular vein SOb superior oblique muscle
ros rostral sulcus SObCa superior oblique capitis muscle
RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part SObM superior oblique muscle
Rt reticular thalamic nucleus socv suboccipital venous plexus
S subiculum SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral part
SalPhMsalpingopharyngeus muscle sof superior occipitofrontal fascicle
SArS subarachnoid space SOP supraoptic nucl., posterior p.
244
sophv superior ophthalmic vein sublgv sublingual vein

SOT supraoptic nucleus, tuberal part sumx supramammillary commissure
SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part suorba supraorbital artery
sox supraoptic commissure sutr supratrochlear artery
spa sphenopalatine artery sutrn supratrochlear nerve
SPaF salpingopalatinal fold sutrv supratrochlear vein
SPal soft palate sv septal vein
spalv superior posterior alveolar artery SVTI subventricular terminal island
SpAx spinous process of axis SxD sexual dimorphic ncl.
SpC splenius capitis and cervicis muscle Symp sympathetic trunk
SpCaM splenius capitis muscle TCb tentorium cerebelli
SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle TCd tail of caudate nucleus
spets superior petrosal sinus tch tenia of choroid plexus
SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus TCl temporal claustrum
SphB sphenoid bone tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle
SPhF salpingopharyngeal fold Tec tectum
SphGWsphenoid, greater wing TelePa tensor veli palatini muscle
sphml sphenomandibular ligament Temp temporal bone
sphn superior pharyngeal nerve TempM temporalis muscle
SphP pterygopalatine ganglion TempP temporal bone, petrosal part
SphP sphenopalatine ganglion TempS temporal bone, squamous part
sphp sphenoparietal sinus TempT temporalis muscle (tendon)
sphpl sphenopalatine artery tempv temporal veins
sphs sphenoid sinus TenT tensor tympani muscle
sphzg spheno-zygomatic suture TeVePa tensor palatini muscle
Spinal spinal cord tf temporal fascia
SPL superior parietal lobule tfa transverse facial artery
SplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscle tfi tenia of fimbria
SpM spinalis muscle TFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus
spth spino-thalamic tract TFPGM medial transverse frontopolar gyrus
SptP septum pellucidum TFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrus
SReM superior rectus muscle tfv transverse facial vein
SRoG superior rostral gyrus tfx tenia of fornix
ss straight sinus Th thalamus
SSpCaM semispinalis capitis muscle ThC thyroid cartilage, upper horn
SSpCeM semispinal cervicis muscle ThHy thyrohyoid muscle
SSpG subsplenial gyrus ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane
sss superior sagittal sinus thr thalamic radiation (corona radiata)
SSTI substriatal terminal island TL temporal lobe
sstr sagittal stratum tla transverse ligament of atlas
st stria terminalis TLev torus levatorius
sta superficial temporal artery and vein TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle
staf superior temporal artery,frontal branch TM tuberomammillary nucleus
stam superficial temporal a., median root TMD temporomandibular disc
stap superficial temporal a., parietal root TmP temporal pole
stempv superficial temporal vein TOp temporal operculum
STG superior temporal gyrus TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone
sth subthalamic fascicle tp tapetum
STh subthalamic nucleus TrA triangular area (Wernicke)
StHy sternohyoid muscle TrG transverse temporal gyrus
sthy superior thyroid artery TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
sthyv superior thyroid vein TrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebra
StM sternomastoid muscle TrPAt transverse process of atlas
StMT sternomastoid muscle, tendon TrPAt transverse process of the atlas
sts superior temporal sulcus trs transverse sinus
StT sternomastoid muscle, tendon TS triangular septal nucleus
Sty styloid process tst tenia of stria terminalis
StyGlMstyloglossus muscle tsv thalamostriate vein
StyHyM stylohyoid muscle tt tenia of thalamus
StyPhMstylopharyngeus muscle TTG transverse temporal gyri
SubH subhabenular nucleus tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract
245
TTub torus tubarius

TuCn tuber cinereum
tv temporal vein
TyC tympanic cavity
Un uncus
unn uncal notch
us uncal sulcus (diverticulum unci)
Uv uvula
v vein
VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus
VAMC ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part
VCo ventral cortical nucleus
VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band
Ver vermis of cerebellum
Vert vertebra
VIM ventrointermedius nucleus
VIME ventrointermedius nucleus, external part
VIMI ventrointermedius nucleus, internal part
VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
vl vocal ligament
VLAE ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, external part
VLAI ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, internal part
VLP ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus
VLPE ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part
VLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part
VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
Voc vocalis muscle
voc vocalis muscle
VOLT vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
Vom vomer
VP ventral pallidum
VPe ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
VPI ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, inferior part
VPIPC ventroposterior internus nucleus, parvocellular part
VPL ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus
VPLA ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, anterior part
VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus
vr ventral root
vt velum terminale
xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle
ZgM zygomatic muscles
ZI zona incerta
ZID zona incerta, dorsal part
ZIV zona incerta, ventral part
Zyg zygomatic bone
ZygA zygomatic arch
246

Mai J. Atlas of The Human Brain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Mai J. Atlas of The Human Brain

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mai J. Atlas of The Human Brain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

0_Cover_pdf.qxd 02.09.

2003 15:48 Seite 1

Atlas of the Human Brain - e-Book Version 1.0 (2003)

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

Elsevier Academic Press

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright 2004, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science &

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

For all information on all Academic Press publications

Printed in the United States of America

1.2 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 4

3 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 89

Material and Methods

N(H) in-vitro / N(H) in-vivo (%)

wooden box with ear bars and head hold-

formed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductive 110

coordinates of the position box and the double-echo sequence [spin-echo-

tive to prevent the preparation from dry-

and the freezing process. horizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections

(Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively). 100

1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance For in vivo/in vitro correlation, we used a

Imaging (MRI) single-slice technique with SE and inver-

dures. To perform comparative analysis

Hippocampus The different signal intensities were

These results show that the MR images of

head fixed by plastic ear bars was filled a b

Radiographs and Visualization of

Dissection of Anatomical Slices and

formation. Selection of such landmarks

In summary, for the structural analysis of

Figure 6. Concept of interpretation of an individual

Presentation of the Images

MFG medial frontal gyrus

acer anterior cerebral artery

acer anterior cerebral artery

SMG PCL SPL

mcer AnG OcG

mcer MTG sigs

angv frs OOM

3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)

3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)

Par Sty LReCaM

5inf infraorbital nerve

5inf infraorbital nerve

StyPh StyHy Plat

10n vagus nerve cctd StM

12n hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch)

SOb OB CGal LPal lac

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

TmP PTe GRe TmP

mcer mcer IFGOp

SFG Peripheral structures:

MFG 5Gn trigeminal ganglion

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations