127 ResearchCamote Tops 2 2

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the problem, hypothesis,
conceptual framework, scope and limitations, significance of the study, and definition of
terms of the research.
Background of the Study
Ink has an important role in writing. It is used in markers, highlighters, ball pens,
and also in printers in making permanent writings. Aside from it is used in writing, it is
also used in making art works and calligraphy. Due to the continuous usage of
highlighters, markers, ball pens and printers, there is a great consumption of ink.
Sweet potato leaves are also known as Camote tops, which have been mostly
consumed in the island in the Pacific Oceans including Asian and African countries. It is
very useful in treating and preventing some types of diseases. It is also used as an organic
alternative medication. It also contains minerals such as sodium, potassium, aluminum,
boron, copper, and more. Camote tops can treat and prevent numerous diseases such as
diabetes, cancer, kidney stones, etc. and it also kills bacteria that can cause some diseases
(Jay Nelz, 2017).
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Little did we know that sweet potato leaves can surprisingly, be a source of
natural pigments that are visible enough making it a possible alternative ingredient in
creating ink. Many studies have tried using different plants in an attempt to create a
cheaper, and organic home-made ink.
The use of alternative ingredient in making ink to be commercialized is a demand
for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. In today’s generation wherein
technology is very much used, results are, the products are more commercialized.
Therefore, the researchers wanted to produce an alternative ink that is more natural and
less expensive.
This experimental study attempted to produce a product that can serve as an
alternative to expensive and possibly hazardous commercial highlighters. This study
deals with highlighter ink made mainly with plant ingredients that are combined with
readily available synthetic ingredients to achieve the desired quality of the ink. Feasibility
tests were done semi-quantitatively due to unavailability and inaccessibility of testing
equipment.
2
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Camote tops (Ipomoea
batatas) as an ingredient for highlighter ink. The research aimed to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the efficiency of Camote tops as an ink in terms of:
a. Color
b. Drying time
c. Cost
2. What is the right amount of concentration needed to create a good quality
highlighter ink?
1st treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and 20 mL Camote tops concentrate
2nd treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and 50 mL Camote tops concentrate
3rd treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and80 mL Camote tops concentrate
3. Is there a significant difference between the alternative highlighter ink and the
commercial highlighter ink?
3
Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant difference between the alternative highlighter ink and
the commercial highlighter ink.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the alternative highlighter ink and
the commercial highlighter ink.
Scope and Limitations
The study focused on the use of Camote tops as the main ingredient of the
alternative highlighter ink. The study aimed to test its performance as a source of pigment
instead of synthetic dyes. The researchers will conduct various feasibility tests using
Colourmeter app and a smartphone as spectrophotometer, and observation to acquire the
effectiveness of the ink in terms of color, drying time and cost.
The study did not fully aim to recreate the results that are given by commercial
highlighters. The study will not use other plant-derived materials as source of pigment
other than the Camote tops. This study used 8.5 x 11 (216 x 279mm) bond paper with 70
GSM thickness in testing the ink because it is the standard commercial paper that is
commonly used. It also used the Sharpie fluo xl brand of highlighter (green variant) as
the control group.
4
Significance of the Study
This study will be significant to the following:
Highlighter ink manufacturers. This study will be able to help highlighter ink
manufacturers to lessen their capital cost by using cheaper organic raw materials instead
of more expensive and potentially hazardous chemical materials in the production of ink.
Students. This study will be able to provide students, with a new way of creating
their own ink using household materials instead of continuously buying highlighters or
ink refills in the market, thus helping them save money.
Employees. This study will help employees such as teachers, office workers, and
others who usually use highlighters in their line of work to save money and help them
lessen their expenses on commercial highlighter which is usually quite expensive.
Environment. This study will be beneficial to the environment since it will
introduce a new way of ink-making by using biodegradable and organic materials.
Future researchers. This study will be helpful to future researchers because it
will provide them with factual information that can help in their research attempts in
creating alternative ink.
5
Definition of Terms
The following important terms are defined based on how they were used in the
study:
Additive– ingredient added to improve a specific quality of the ink
Alternative - the availability as another possibility
Biodegradable – capable of being decomposed
Commercialized - designed principally for financial gains
Concentration – is the amount of substance in a solution
Dye–colored substance that chemically bonds to the substance
Extraction – separation of the juice in the organic material used
Feasibility- capability of the test equipment to be done
Fluorescence – the discharge of light by a substance that has absorbed light
Hazardous- chance of risk or danger from the chemicals in commercial ink
Ink - used to produce colors to the surface with the use of Camote tops as ink to
form an image
Lucrative – producing a great deal of profit
Organic – produced without the use of chemicals
Pigment - material that provides the color
Spectrometer – an instrument used to measure the color level of the ink
Synthetic- ingredients that are formed artificially
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the in depth search of the
researchers.
Related Literature
As stated in the book Bioprospecting of Indigenous Bio resources of North-East
India (pp 77-99). Fibers and dyes both are derived from plants used by human society.
Natural dyes are used in coloring textile, drugs, cosmetics etc. Because of its non-toxic
effects, it is also used for coloring various food products. Due to lack of availability of
precise technical knowledge on the extraction, dying technique, it has not yet
commercially succeeded like the synthetic dyes. Natural fibers are getting an increase in
significance as renewable and environmental friendly raw material for technical
applications as well as civil engineering and building, construction materials.
The natural dye industry has been viewed as an upcoming and
lucrative industry given the right source and technology for commercial dye
production. The solvent-solvent extraction method proposed in a study found in the
International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 2014, Vol. 2,
No. 1-4, was able to extract yellow dye from Ipomoea batatas L. lam leaves, which is a
common agricultural waste. A yellow dye, which devoid of pesticides and is stable up
to 2 years have been successfully reckoned as the next alternative to natural yellow dye
(tartrazine).
7
According to Elsevier (2019), mordant not only give the dye an affinity, but in
many cases, they produce different colors and improve the fastness of a dye. There are
many plants which may yield a color that is brilliant and pleasing but fades easily, unless
fixed by using a mordant. Examples of mordant are citric acid (lemon juice), acetic acid
(vinegar), and bicarbonate (washing soda).
Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural gum made from the hardened
sap of the acacia tree. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer (helps to
preserve a foods structure), and it is edible. It is used in ink making to help prevent
bleeding, improve viscosity and help in binding the pigments together (Fait, 2017).
Spectrometer is an instrument that separate and measure
the insubstantial components of a phenomenon. The instrument has a prism separated the
incoming parallel into monochromatic sources than only focus to the sample and outcome
of the spectrum analyzed. Spectrometer is a scientific field that utilizes the remote
sensing mechanism to study the components of plants, stars, or other chemical
compounds of a substance (Morumbi, 2013).
Smartphone applications can be used in gathering the spectroscopy of a sample
solution. Spectrophotometer has three basic components which includes light, sample and
detector. RGB colors should be use as a light detector to compliment the color of the
sample (Kuntzleman, 2016).
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Related Study
Pigments and dyes can be categorized into two broad categories and five families:
natural pigments and artificial. The first one of these five families comprises mineral
pigments. Organic dyes that have vegetal origins compose the second family and those
that have animal origins form the third family. The fourth family includes pigments came
from chemical reactions. The other family is made of the miscellaneous inks. At the end
of the 19th century, all of these pigments have been replaced by synthetic dyes from the
oil industry. But the scarcity of oil regains interest in natural way of making pigments
(Despy, et Al., 2014).
The Columbia Encyclopedia (2019), ink is a pigmented fluid used for writing and
drawing. It is a viscous combination of coloring agent or pigment, liquid that contains oil,
resins and chemical solvents. Ink is used for printing for various colors but most
frequently used as black. Marker ink produces opaque traces or writing surfaces because
of the pigment particles throughout the ink composition. According to an article in
Academia, “In this modern world of technology the price of the products becomes a
challenge to every users particularly the scarcity of resources in order to address the
demands of consumers. Nowadays problems to supply the needs of Markers ink will be in
demand especially in the modernized and young industrialized countries throughout the
world. Even the government encourage young scientist to discover things that can be
useful and answer to the needs of social changes.”
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Based on a study from (Lavalle School), the banana sap extract is an effectual
alternate natural ink. Banana saps are free and the other ingredients needed in doing the
decoction can be easy found in any household. According to (Anthis 2015), you can use
natural extracts like dried hibiscus flower petals along with natural binders such as gum
Arabic and raw honey to make an effective herbal ink.
As stated in compound interest (2015), a number of different dyes are used in
highlighter pens depending on the ink color required. Yellow highlighters commonly
make use of a pyrene-based dye, such as pyranine; fluorescein can also be used.
Triphenyl methane dyes are used to make blue highlighters, and these can be mixed with
pyrene-based dyes to produce green inks, or mixed with the rhodamine dyes used to
make pink highlighters to produce a purple ink. Finally, a combination of a coumarin dye
and a xanthene dye can be utilized for orange ink. Aside from absorbing visible light, the
chemical structures of the dyes used in highlighter inks also absorb light in the ultraviolet
portion of the spectrum. When the electrons in the molecule absorb this light, they are
‘excited’ to a higher energy. The electrons do not remain in this higher energy state, but
‘relax’ back to their original state, releasing the excess energy in the form of light. This
light generally has a longer wavelength than the original absorbed light; as such, despite
original absorbed light having a wavelength in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum,
when it is emitted, it can be in the visible portion. These fluorescent pigments, then, are
constantly undergoing this process, and emitting visible light as a consequence of
absorbing UV light. This isn’t too noticeable in normal daylight, but under a UV light,
it’s exceptionally pronounced, and gives highlighter inks their fluorescent appearance.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter precisely defines the methods used to conduct the study. The researchers
explain how the relevant data and information used to address the research questions and
objectives were collected, presented, and analyzed.
Research Design
The researchers used experimental design in the quantitative study. Where the
researchers manipulate the independent and dependent variables of the experiment. The
independent variables are the raw ingredients and the dependent variables are the color,
drying time and cost.
The experimental design is a systematic and scientific approach to research
wherein the researchers imposes one or more variables, and administers the change to the
other variables (Explorable.com)
Sources of Data
The researchers used two sources of data for this study. The primary sources are
through direct observation and trial and error. The secondary sources are former studies
that attempted to create ink mainly from plants and other organic materials, and internet
sources related to highlighter ink and ink making.
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Research Locale
The study was conducted at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite.
Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite is a private institution that is devoted on the
development of the philosophy and values of the former president Jose P. Laurel’s
“Veritas et Fortitudo” (truth and fortitude) and “Prodeo et Patria” (for guard and country).
Research Procedures
A. Collection of Raw Materials:
The researchers bought the sweet potato tops (Ipomoea batatas) leaves from the
local market. They also bought a small packet of gum Arabic from a baking
supplies store in the mall. The rest of the ingredients are present in the household
pantry so there is no need to buy new ones
B. Preparing of Organic Ink:
The researchers did the following steps to create organic ink:
Step 1: Chop 0.18 kg (approx. one small bundle) sweet potato tops including the
stalk into smaller pieces.
Step 2: Boil 600 ml of water then add the chopped sweet potato tops and 2
teaspoon of baking soda
Step 3: Let it simmer in low fire for about 15 minutes
Step 4: Remove from heat then filter the juice using a strainer
Step 5: Dissolve 3 tbsp. of gum Arabic in 60 mL water then boil for 3 minutes
Step 6: Combine 50 mL of Camote tops concentrate and 2 mL of Gum arabic

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solution
solution
solution
Step 9: After combining each concentrations with Gum arabic, preheat the new
concentrations in low fire for 2 minutes
Step 10: Gently transfer ink into empty highlighter barrel
Testing the newly made ink:
The researchers tested the newly made ink by using it to write on a piece of bond
paper.
Data Gathering Procedure
Measuring the color Cost of the organic Analysis of

of the organic ink and ink and the variance will be
the commercial ink commercial ink calculated using
using Colourmeter will be manually SPSS statistical
app and smartphone calculated by the tool.
as spectrophotometer researchers.
and their drying time
using a timer.
Figure 1.1 Flow chart of Data Gathering
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Data Analysis
The efficiency of Camote tops as an alternative marker ink is measured using
One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the drying time and Two-way Multivariate
Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) for the color. According to Laerd Statistics (2018),
One-way Anova’s purpose is to identify if there is a difference between the two
independent groups, Two-way Anova’s purpose is to compare mean difference between
groups that have been split on two independent variables. The researchers used SPSS
statistical tool to calculate the Analysis of Variance.
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Testing the ink
The researchers tested the newly made ink by using it to write on a piece of bond paper
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the results gathered by the researchers and the discussions in search
to find the answers on the research problem regarding the effectiveness of Camote tops
(Ipomoea batatas) as a source of pigment for alternative highlighter ink in terms of color,
cost, and drying time.
Data and Observations
Color
Table 1.1: Treatment 1: 20 mL of Camote tops concentrate and 2 mL Gum arabic

solution
Color levels Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

red 150 151 163
blue 127 136 141
green 143 149 157

solution

red 165 152 158
blue 141 149 132
green 157 159 146

solution

red 135 157 163
blue 117 145 149
green 132 154 161
15
Table 1.4: Control group: Sharpie flou xl, green (commercial highlighter ink)

red 61 65 66
blue 29 31 34
green 153 153 154
These tables show the results gathered after testing inks with three different
amounts of Camote tops concentrate mixed with 2 mL Gum arabic solution namely: 20
mL, 50mL, and 80mL, along with the commercial highlighter ink which is the control
group using Colourmeter. From these tables, one can notice that the control group has
lesser amounts of red and blue than the three treatments. The treatments on the other
hand, have more amounts of red than green, and less amounts of blue than green.
Drying time

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 1.85
Trial 2 1.80
Trial 3 1.90

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 2.48
Trial 2 2.27
Trial 3 2.21
16

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 2.11
Trial 2 2.80
Trial 3 2.53
In seconds
Trial 1 1.62
Trial 2 1.55
Trial 3 1.53
These tables show the results that have been gathered after testing the treatments
and the control group’s drying time using a timer.With this we can see that the control
group has the shortest average drying time of 1.53 seconds, and that the third treatment
has the longest average drying time of 2.48 seconds.
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Cost
Table 3.1Cost
TREATMENTS PRODUCTION COST
Trial 1: (20 mL of Camote

I50 pcs (2ml) 0.5752 cents per highlighter
tops concentrate and 2 mL
barrel
Gum arabic solution)
Trial 2: (50 mL of Camote 0.3451 cents per highlighter

250 pcs (2 ml)
barrel

Trial 3:(80 mL of Camote 240 pcs (2ml) 0.3595 cents per highlighter
tops concentrate and 2 mL barrel
Commercial Highlighter 1 pc (3ml) 60 pesos
After the experiment the researchers found that:
Treatment 1: If you combine 540 grams of Camote tops (approx. 3 bundles), 2 tsp of
baking soda (9.53 grams) and 3 tbsp. of Gum arabic solution (42.9 grams) you will be
able to produce 150 pcs of highlighter ink that is equivalent to .5792 cents per
highlighter.
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able to produce 250 pcs of highlighter ink that is equivalent to .3451 cents per highlighter
able to produce 240 pcs of highlighter ink that is equivalent to .3593 cents per highlighter
Commercial Highlighter: The sharpie highlighter that contains 3ml of ink costs 60 pesos
per piece.
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Color
Multivariate Testsa (Two-way MANOVA)

Effect Value F Hypothesis Error df Sig.
df
Intercept Pillai's Trace 1.000 4429.241b 3.000 6.000 .000
Wilks' Lambda .000 4429.241b 3.000 6.000 .000
b
Hotelling's Trace 2214.620 4429.241 3.000 6.000 .000
b
Roy's Largest Root 2214.620 4429.241 3.000 6.000 .000
Color Pillai's Trace .000 .b .000 .000 .
Wilks' Lambda 1.000 .b .000 7.000 .
b
Hotelling's Trace .000 . .000 2.000 .
b
Roy's Largest Root .000 .000 3.000 5.000 1.000
Treatment Pillai's Trace 1.416 2.385 9.000 24.000 .043
Wilks' Lambda .000 39.222 9.000 14.753 .000

c
Color * .000 .b .000 .000 .
Pillai's Trace
Treatment
Wilks' Lambda 1.000 .b .000 7.000 .
b
b
a. Design: Intercept + Color + Treatment + Color * Treatment
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Table 4.1 MANOVA Results
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Post-hoc using Tukey HSD
Dependen Concentration Concentration Sig.

t variable (I) (J)
T1 T2 .956
T3 .975
T4 .000
T2 T1 .956
T3 .798
red T4 .000
T3 T1 .975
T2 .798
T4 .000
T4 T1 .000
T2 .000
T3 .000
Table 4.2
Dependen Concentration Concentratio Sig.

t variable (I) n
(J)
T1 T2 -36.1178
T3 -30.1178
T4 75.5488
T2 T1 -19.4512
T3 -21.7845
blue T4 83.8822
T3 T1 -25.4512
T2 -33.7845
T4 77.8822
T4 T1 -131.1178
T2 -139.4512
T3 -133.4512
Table 4.3
21
Dependent Concentratio Concentration Sig.

variable n (J)
(I)
T1 T2 -23.1186
T3 -27.4519
T4 -19.1186
T2 T1 -18.4519
T3 -22.7852
green T4 -24.4519
T3 T1 -29.1186
T2 -28.1186
T4 -20.1186
T4 T1 -24.7852
T2 -19.4519
T3 -30.6080
Table 4.4
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

*T=Treatment number
22
Drying Time
One way ANOVA
Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Between Groups 1.594 3 .531 14.584 .001
Within Groups .291 8 .036
Total 1.885 11
Table 5.1
This is the table that shows the output of the ANOVA analysis and whether there
is a statistically significant difference between our group means. We can see that the
significance value is 0.001, which is below 0.05. And, therefore, there is a statistically
significant difference in the mean length of time to complete the experiment.
23
Concentration Concentration Sig.

(I) (J)
T1 T2 .065
T3 .016
T4 .332
T2 T1 .065
T3 .740
T4 .006
T3 T1 .016
T2 .740
T4 .002
T4 T1 .332
T2 .006
T3 .002
Table 5.2

*T=Treatment number
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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Ipomoea
batatas as a source of pigment for highlighter ink. The different concentrations were
tested through its color and drying time. The cost of each concentrations are calculated
and compared to the cost of commercial highlighter ink. The results gathered were based
on Colourmeter app and a timer device. From the results gathered, it was proven that the
Camote tops concentration and Gum arabic solution possess the ability to be a potential
source for highlighter ink.
Conclusions
After acquiring the results of the research, the following conclusions were
deduced: (1) a concentrated liquid from the leaves of Camote tops may be used as a
source of pigment for ink however, it is not as bright and fluorescent as commercial
highlighters because it only relies on natural pigments. (2) The more diluted the ink's
solution is the more that it will bleed on paper and its drying time will be slower. (3)
Alternative ink with Camote tops as its potential source of pigment is more cost-effective
and budget friendly than commercial highlighters.
25
Recommendations
After the circumstances that the researchers have encountered throughout the
research, they recommend to look for other plants that can give off even more
pigmentation than the Camote tops regardless of its color pay-off. In addition, they also
recommend to use another binder for ink other than Gum arabic because it is quite
expensive and to add a preservative to further prolong the ink’s shelf life since it is purely
organic and it is likely to ferment or rot which may affect the ink’s color and smell over
time. Commercial highlighter ink is still of better quality than alternative ink since it has
different chemicals in it but the alternative ink is still usable especially if you are trying to
save money.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anthis, C. (2015). DIY NATURAL HERBAL INK & FEATHER PEN. Retrieved from
thehippyhomemaker.com: http://www.thehippyhomemaker.com/homemade-ink-
featherpen/?
fbclid=IwAR0BoHUUmk97Ksgd5Zqeqd9X6a72dvDdsJnfXX1thDIKxAOBnyT
WCrb7MMA
"Ink."The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Retrieved March 13, 2019 from
Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-
thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ink-0
Kuntzleiman, T. (March, 2016). Use Your Smartphone as an “Absorption
Spectrophometer” Retrieved from: https://www.chemedx.org/blog/use-your-
smartphone-absorption-spectrophotometer
Sanjako, M. (2014). "Yellow Ginger (Curcuma longa) As Highlighter Ink". Retrieved
from prezi.com: https://prezi.com/fwtp2hgqbn5p/yellow-ginger-curcuma-longa-
as-ink/?fbclid=IwAR1KZx5_qcWYKDWvy1We-y0T2Thln86RjpW-yLLvwY3n-
b_I9XWP85p68Ww
The Chemistry of Highlighter Colors (2015). Retrieved from compoundchem.com:
https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/01/22/highlighters/
27
APPENDIX A
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
28
Color

solution

red 150 151 163
blue 127 136 141
green 143 149 157

solution

red 165 152 158
blue 141 149 132
green 157 159 146

solution

red 135 157 163
blue 117 145 149
green 132 154 161

red 61 65 66
blue 29 31 34
green 153 153 154
29
Drying time

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 1.85
Trial 2 1.80
Trial 3 1.90

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 2.48
Trial 2 2.27
Trial 3 2.21

solution
In seconds
Trial 1 2.11
Trial 2 2.80
Trial 3 2.53
In seconds
Trial 1 1.62
Trial 2 1.55
Trial 3 1.53
30
Table 3.1Cost
TREATMENTS PRODUCTION COST
Trial 1: (20 mL of Camote

I50 pcs (2ml) 0.5752 cents per highlighter
barrel
Trial 2: (50 mL of Camote 0.3451 cents per highlighter

250 pcs (2 ml)
barrel

Trial 3:(80 mL of Camote 240 pcs (2ml) 0.3595 cents per highlighter
tops concentrate and 2 mL barrel
Commercial Highlighter 1 pc (3ml) 60 pesos
31
Color
Multivariate Testsa (Two-way MANOVA)

Effect Value F Hypothesis Error df Sig.
df
Intercept Pillai's Trace 1.000 4429.241b 3.000 6.000 .000
b
Wilks' Lambda .000 4429.241 3.000 6.000 .000
b
b
Color Pillai's Trace .000 .b .000 .000 .
b
Wilks' Lambda 1.000 . .000 7.000 .
b
b
Treatment Pillai's Trace 1.416 2.385 9.000 24.000 .043
Wilks' Lambda .000 39.222 9.000 14.753 .000
Roy's Largest Root 1522.033 4058.756c 3.000 8.000 .000

Color * .000 .b .000 .000 .
Pillai's Trace
Treatment
Wilks' Lambda 1.000 .b .000 7.000 .
b
b
a. Design: Intercept + Color + Treatment + Color * Treatment
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Table 4.1 MANOVA Results
32
Dependen Concentration Concentration Sig.

t variable (I) (J)
T1 T2 .956
T3 .975
T4 .000
T2 T1 .956
T3 .798
red T4 .000
T3 T1 .975
T2 .798
T4 .000
T4 T1 .000
T2 .000
T3 .000
Table 4.2
Dependen Concentration Concentratio Sig.

t variable (I) n
(J)
T1 T2 -36.1178
T3 -30.1178
T4 75.5488
T2 T1 -19.4512
T3 -21.7845
blue T4 83.8822
T3 T1 -25.4512
T2 -33.7845
T4 77.8822
T4 T1 -131.1178
T2 -139.4512
T3 -133.4512
Table 4.3
33
Dependent Concentratio Concentration Sig.

variable n (J)
(I)
T1 T2 -23.1186
T3 -27.4519
T4 -19.1186
T2 T1 -18.4519
T3 -22.7852
green T4 -24.4519
T3 T1 -29.1186
T2 -28.1186
T4 -20.1186
T4 T1 -24.7852
T2 -19.4519
T3 -30.6080
Table 4.4

*T=Treatment number
34
Drying Time
One way ANOVA
Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Between Groups 1.594 3 .531 14.584 .001
Within Groups .291 8 .036
Total 1.885 11
Table 5.1
This is the table that shows the output of the ANOVA analysis and whether there
is a statistically significant difference between our group means. We can see that the
significance value is 0.001, which is below 0.05. And, therefore, there is a statistically
significant difference in the mean length of time to complete the experiment.
35
Concentration Concentration Sig.

(I) (J)
T1 T2 .065
T3 .016
T4 .332
T2 T1 .065
T3 .740
T4 .006
T3 T1 .016
T2 .740
T4 .002
T4 T1 .332
T2 .006
T3 .002
Table 5.2

*T=Treatment number
36
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE RSEARCH INSTRUMENTS
37
PREPARATION OF INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS
Figure 2.1 the ingredients
Figure 2.2 pot
38
Figure 2.3 Strainer
Figure 2.4 Empty highlighter
39
Figure 2.5 Bowl
40
MAKING THE INK AND TESTING THE INK
Figure 3.1 Chopping the Camote tops
Figure 3.2 Adding 600 ml of water
41
Figure 3.3 Adding 2 tbsp. of baking soda
Figure 3.4 Boiling for 15 minutes
42
Figure 3.5 extracting the Camote concentrate
Figure 3.6 transferring the ink to the highlighter barrel
43
Figure 3.7 testing the newly made highlighter ink
44
DATA GATHERING
Figure 4.1 Gathering the data of the three treatments
Figure 4.2 Gathering the data for the control group
45
Researchers’ Profile
RESEARCHER’S PROFILE
Personal information
Name: Alolod, Gwyneth Star B.
2x2 Picture
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: April 15, 2000
Place of Birth: Quezon City
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Present Address: Blk 15 Lot 26, Belgium St. Metroville Subd, Imus Cavite
Educational Background
Senior High School – International School
Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite
On-going
Seminars and Training Programs Attended

N/A
Other Skills and Competencies
Flexibility/adaptability
Technical skills
46
Name: Ardina, Alyssa Marie A.
2x2 Picture
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: July 15, 2000
Place of Birth: Cavite City
Present Address: 171 Sanja Mayor Tanza, Cavite
On-going

N/A
Organizational skills
Attention to detail
Punctual
47
Name: Arlos, Hazelene A.
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: July 10, 2001
Place of Birth: Pasig City
Present Address: Marycris Complex Subdivision General Trias, Cavite,
Philippines
On-going

N/A

Microsoft Office – Word, Excel, Powerpoint
SPSS statistical tool
Proofreading
48
Name: Caguete, Anndrea P.
2x2 Picture
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: March 9, 2001
Place of Birth: Pasay City
Present Address: Blk. 5 lot 17 phase 2 Villa Antonina San Nicolas II Bacoor
City, Cavite
On-going

N/A

Teamwork
Methodical Approach
49
2x2 Picture
Name: Camo, Samantha Louise S.
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: April 6, 2001
Place of Birth: Tanza, Cavite
Present Address: Blk 56 Lot 3 David St. Sampaguita village Trece Martires
City, Cavite
On-going

N/A

Multi-tasking
Writing
50

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

terms of the research.

Background of the Study

alternative medication. It also contains minerals such as sodium, potassium, aluminum,

(Jay Nelz, 2017).

cheaper, and organic home-made ink.

The use of alternative ingredient in making ink to be commercialized is a demand

This experimental study attempted to produce a product that can serve as an

alternative to expensive and possibly hazardous commercial highlighters. This study

tests were done semi-quantitatively due to unavailability and inaccessibility of testing

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Camote tops (Ipomoea

1. What is the efficiency of Camote tops as an ink in terms of:

2. What is the right amount of concentration needed to create a good quality

1st treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and 20 mL Camote tops concentrate

2nd treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and 50 mL Camote tops concentrate

3rd treatment: 2 mL gum Arabic solution and80 mL Camote tops concentrate

commercial highlighter ink?

the commercial highlighter ink.

the commercial highlighter ink.

Scope and Limitations

Colourmeter app and a smartphone as spectrophotometer, and observation to acquire the

effectiveness of the ink in terms of color, drying time and cost.

the control group.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

ink refills in the market, thus helping them save money.

lessen their expenses on commercial highlighter which is usually quite expensive.

Environment. This study will be beneficial to the environment since it will

introduce a new way of ink-making by using biodegradable and organic materials.

Future researchers. This study will be helpful to future researchers because it

creating alternative ink.

Additive– ingredient added to improve a specific quality of the ink

Alternative - the availability as another possibility

Biodegradable – capable of being decomposed

Commercialized - designed principally for financial gains

Concentration – is the amount of substance in a solution

Dye–colored substance that chemically bonds to the substance

Extraction – separation of the juice in the organic material used

Feasibility- capability of the test equipment to be done

Fluorescence – the discharge of light by a substance that has absorbed light

Hazardous- chance of risk or danger from the chemicals in commercial ink

Lucrative – producing a great deal of profit

Organic – produced without the use of chemicals

Pigment - material that provides the color

Spectrometer – an instrument used to measure the color level of the ink

Synthetic- ingredients that are formed artificially

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As stated in the book Bioprospecting of Indigenous Bio resources of North-East

significance as renewable and environmental friendly raw material for technical

applications as well as civil engineering and building, construction materials.

The natural dye industry has been viewed as an upcoming and

production. The solvent-solvent extraction method proposed in a study found in the

International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 2014, Vol. 2,

(vinegar), and bicarbonate (washing soda).

Spectrometer is an instrument that separate and measure

the insubstantial components of a phenomenon. The instrument has a prism separated the

sensing mechanism to study the components of plants, stars, or other chemical

compounds of a substance (Morumbi, 2013).