PUERTO PRINCESA CITY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

P.O. Box 345, Puerto Princesa City

Tel. No. 434-0977, email: ppcnshs@yahoo.com

Information Dissemination; Proper Hygiene and Sanitation Project

Title

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Culminating Activity and Community Engagement

Fernandez, Vhan Phoenix M. and Lubrico, Janah Freda G.

Author

April 2021
 Table of Content

I. Title Page

II. Introduction

III. Review of Related Literature

A. Importance of sanitation and hygiene
B. Environmental Illness
C. Other illness or diseases that may cause of unhealthy surrounding and improper
hygiene.
D. The assessment examined knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Water,
Hygiene and Sanitation. 

IV. Methodology
V. Objectivity
VI. Hypothesis
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Citation

I. Introduction
 Today people should be more extra observant on their sanitation and personal hygiene, as
the fact that there is a virus roaming around the world, to avoid the said phenomenon, people
should be extra careful specially in cleanliness to avoid any health problem not only to their
health but also to others. Hygiene is a set of personal practices that contribute to good health.
This includes washing hands, cutting hair/nails periodically, bathing, etc. Sanitation refers to
public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective
tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation.

Sanitation and proper hygiene is very important for all, helping to maintain health and
increase life-spans. However, it is especially important for children. Around the world, over 800
children under age five die every day from preventable diarrhea-related diseases caused by lack
of access to water, sanitation and hygiene. In addition, diarrhea causes children to lose their
appetites, which can lead to malnourishment. Limited access to sanitation has become such a
worldwide problem that 1 in every 4 children suffer from stunted growth. This leads
to “irreversible physical and cognitive damage."

Billions of people globally have gained access to basic drinking water and sanitation
services since 2000, but these do not necessarily provide safe water and sanitation. Many homes,
healthcare facilities and schools still lack soap and water for handwashing; putting people’s
health especially young children at risk for diseases, such as diarrhea. As a result, every year
361,000 children under 5 years old die due to diarrhea. Poor sanitation and contaminated water
are also linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid. In
the Philippines, 91% of the country’s estimated 100.7 million population have access to at least
basic water services; but access is highly inequitable across the country, with regional basic
water services access ranging from 62% to 100%. Around 99% of the one-fifth wealthiest
households are more likely to have access to basic water services; while only 80% of the poorest
quintile do. Around 6 million Filipinos also still practice open defecation, and some 20 million
lack access to basic sanitation facilities. While over 75 million Filipinos have basic sanitation
service at the national level, there are significant inequalities, particularly with regional coverage
ranging only from 22% to 86%.

This paper develops on finding the outcome of making people maintain their cleanliness
for their health and also for the others, conducting this project may result to a positive outcome,
as the fact by the end of this project people will be more observant to their personal hygiene and
sanitary practices in their environment that prevent them to get any illness and maintain their
healthy life.

II. Review of Related Literature

A. Importance of Sanitation and hygiene

BYJU’S (2021) Importance of Hygiene and Sanitation is maintaining personal hygiene

and sanitation is important for several reasons such as personal, social, psychological, health, etc.
Proper hygiene and sanitation prevent the spread of diseases and infections. If every individual
on the planet maintains good hygiene for himself and the things around him, diseases will
eradicate to a great level.

Hygiene, as defined by the WHO refers to “the conditions and practices that help maintain
health and prevent the spread of diseases.”

This means more than just keeping ourselves clean. This means shunning all practices
that lead to bad health. Throwing garbage on the road, defecating in the open, and many more.
By adopting such a practice, we not only make ourselves healthier but also improve the quality
of our lives.

B. Environmental Illness

An environmental illness can occur when you are exposed to toxins or substances in the
environment that make you sick. These health hazards may be found where you live, work, or
play. Maybe you have headaches that only occur on weekends. Or maybe you began to feel sick
and got a rash after moving into a newly built home. These symptoms can be caused by exposure
to toxic chemicals, and the more of the chemical you are exposed to, the more likely you are to
get ill. Examples include: Chemicals in cigarettes are known to cause lung cancer, Exposure to
asbestos, an insulating material found in some older buildings, can cause tumors, lung cancer,
and other diseases, Wood-burning stoves and poorly vented gas ranges can produce smoke or
gases that can cause breathing problems, Unsafe drinking water from a rural well polluted with
pesticides or other poisons from a nearby industrial plant could cause allergies, cancer, or other
problems, Certain chemicals in the workplace may cause sterility in men or fertility problems in
women, and Lead poisoning can cause health problems, most commonly in children. It can also
cause high blood pressure, brain damage, and stomach and kidney problems in adults.
Symptoms of an environmental illness depend on what is causing it. The symptoms may be like
those you can get with other conditions. Examples are: Headache, Fever and chills, Nausea, A
cough, Muscle aches and A rash.

An environmental illness can be hard to diagnose. You and your doctor may not know
what is causing your symptoms. Or you may mistake your symptoms for another problem.
Exposure to toxic chemicals can cause a wide range of common medical problems or make them
worse.
An exposure history, which is a set of questions about your home, workplace, habits, jobs,
lifestyle, and hobbies, can help you find out what is making you sick. It may point to chemicals
or other hazards that you've been exposed to recently or in the past.
Keep a journal of your symptoms, and discuss it with your doctor. It may help you find patterns
in your symptoms. This can help you and your doctor find out what is causing your illness (May
2020).

C. Other illness or diseases that may cause of unhealthy surrounding

and improper hygiene.

Personal hygiene means keeping the body clean, consumption of clean drinking water,
washing fruits and vegetables before eating, washing one’s hand, etc. Public hygiene refers to
discarding waste and excreta properly, that means, waste segregation and recycling, regular
disinfection and maintenance of the city’s water reservoir. Quality of hygiene in the kitchens is
extremely important to prevent diseases. Diseases spread through vectors. Say the vector is
contaminated water as in the case of typhoid, cholera, and amoebiasis (food poisoning). By
drinking clean water, we can completely eliminate the chances of getting diseases. Some
diseases are caused by pathogens carried by insects and animals. For e.g., plague is carried by
rats, malaria, filarial, roundworms by flies and mosquitoes, etc.
 Mosquitoes thrive in stagnant water and rats in garbage dumps and the food that is
dumped out in the open. By spraying stagnant water bodies with kerosene or other chemicals, we
can completely eliminate mosquitoes from our neighborhood. If that is unfeasible, we can all use
mosquito nets prevents us from mosquitoes while we’re asleep. This poses a physical barrier for
the mosquito. Rats thrive on unsystematic waste disposal. By segregating the waste we can
ensure that we don’t leave food lying around for rats to eat. Close contact with sick people is also
another way of contracting diseases.

A country has to strive to educate more doctors so that medical need of every citizen is
taken care of. The importance of cleanliness should be inculcated in every citizen and this will in
turn show in the cleanliness of the places we live in.

Sanitation is another very important aspect. Many of the common diseases mentioned
earlier such as roundworms spread through the faces of infected people. By ensuring that people
do not defecate in the open, we can completely eliminate such diseases and even more severe
ones such as the one caused by E. Coli. The advancement in biology has given us answers to
many questions, we are now able to identify the pathogen and treat an ailment accordingly.

D. The assessment examined knowledge, attitudes and practices

related to Water, Hygiene and Sanitation. 

The assessment examined knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Water, Hygiene and
Sanitation and included a survey of 3,025 households in project areas across six provinces: Eastern
Samar, Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Capiz and Iloilo. The study used a mixed-methods approach to collect
both qualitative and quantitative information at household level, community level, and in
schools. The assessment found significant variation between the six provinces, but revealed a
high overall level of hygiene awareness and knowledge. It also demonstrated a significant gap
between the reported importance of hand-washing and its practice, therefore careful selection and
targeting of relevant hygiene messages will be particularly important.

At the household level, it was found that an estimated 93% of the population in PhATS
project areas were using an improved source of drinking water. However, key gaps included the need
to raise awareness on adequate/inadequate methods of water treatment and on the link between
unsafe water and health risks other than diarrhea. While an estimated 89% of households in project
areas were using an improved sanitation facility, 17% were found to be practicing open defecation.
This varied significantly by province, with up to 42% of households in Cebu province having at least
one member practicing open defecation, but did not drop below 13%. Nevertheless, the baseline data
indicated that awareness of the health risks of open defecation was already high across all project
areas; which suggests that it may be beneficial to focus messaging on non-health benefits of
toilets, such as prestige, privacy, comfort and well-being. 

In schools, water supply emerged as a key issue, often undermining or limiting the

effectiveness of other interventions, including group hygiene activities, new infrastructure and efforts
to keep toilets clean. As such, addressing these water supply issues could be a particularly useful
strategy. There are also opportunities for greater incorporation of WASH in both planning and
funding allocation in schools in project areas, and for the establishment of more school committees
responsible for promoting and overseeing WASH. Furthermore, the assessment highlighted the role
of teachers as essential actors in curbing open defecation, suggesting that it may be useful to have
more extensive teacher consultation and training on these issues, and to develop approaches to
working closely with teachers towards zero open defecation. ( Reach-initiative.org, 2015)

World Organization Health (2019) Billions of people around the world are continuing to
suffer from poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene, according to a new report by UNICEF
and the World Health Organization. Some 2.2 billion people around the world do not have safely
managed* drinking water services, 4.2 billion people do not have safely managed sanitation
services, and 3 billion lack basic** handwashing facilities.

The Joint Monitoring Programmed report, Progress on drinking water, sanitation and

hygiene: 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities finds that, while significant progress has been
made toward achieving universal access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene, there are huge
gaps in the quality of services provided.

“Mere access is not enough. If the water isn’t clean, isn’t safe to drink or is far away, and
if toilet access is unsafe or limited, then we’re not delivering for the world’s children,” said Kelly
Ann Naylor, Associate Director of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, UNICEF. “Children and their
families in poor and rural communities are most at risk of being left behind. Governments must
invest in their communities if we are going to bridge these economic and geographic divides and
deliver this essential human right.”

The report reveals that 1.8 billion people have gained access to basic drinking water
services since 2000, but there are vast inequalities in the accessibility, availability and quality of
these services. It is estimated that 1 in 10 people (785 million) still lack basic services, including
the 144 million who drink untreated surface water. The data shows that 8 in 10 people living in
rural areas lacked access to these services and in one in four countries with estimates for
different wealth groups, coverage of basic services among the richest was at least twice as high
as among the poorest.

“Countries must double their efforts on sanitation or we will not reach universal access
by 2030,” said Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director, Department of Public Health, Environmental and
Social Determinants of Health. “If countries fail to step up efforts on sanitation, safe water and
hygiene, we will continue to live with diseases that should have been long ago consigned to the
history books: diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A and neglected tropical diseases
including trachoma, intestinal worms and schistosomiasis. Investing in water, sanitation and
hygiene is cost-effective and good for society in so many ways. It is an essential foundation for
good health.”

The report also says that 2.1 billion people have gained access to basic sanitation services
since 2000 but in many parts of the world the wastes produced are not safely managed. It also
reveals that 2 billion people still lack basic sanitation, among whom 7 out of 10 live in rural
areas and one third live in the Least Developed Countries.

Since 2000, the proportion of the population practicing open defecation has been halved,
from 21 per cent to 9 per cent, and 23 countries have achieved near elimination, meaning less
than 1 per cent of the population is practicing open defecation. Yet, 673 million people still
practice open defecation, and they are increasingly concentrated in ‘high burden’ countries***.
Worse, in 39 countries, the number of people practicing open defecation actually increased, the
majority of which are in sub-Saharan Africa where many countries have experienced strong
population growth over this period.
 Finally, the report highlights new data showing 3 billion people lack basic handwashing
facilities with soap and water at home in 2017. It also shows that nearly three quarters of the
population of the Least Developed Countries did not have basic handwashing facilities. Every
year, 297 000 children under 5 years die due to diarrhea linked to inadequate WASH. Poor
sanitation and contaminated water are also linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera,
dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid.

“Closing inequality gaps in the accessibility, quality and availability of water, sanitation
and hygiene should be at the heart of government funding and planning strategies. To relent on
investment plans for universal coverage is to undermine decade’s worth of progress at the
expense of coming generations,” said Kelly Ann Naylor.   

E. Proper practices on sanitation and hygiene

Public Health Agency of Canada's Travelling Public Program provide the practices to
assist conveyances and terminal operators in determining appropriate infection control measures
to be used onboard a passenger conveyance or in a terminal.  Given the millions of travelers that
travel to, from and within Canada each year, and the close quarters they share for extended
periods, environmental sanitation practices are especially important to reduce the risk of
spreading communicable diseases. This guidance focuses on reducing the risk of transmitting
illnesses that can be spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or body fluids. It does
not address person-to-person or airborne transmission.

1. Personal hygiene:

 Wash your hands regularly and whenever they become soiled.

o Washing hands with soap and running warm water is best, because of the removal
action of soap and water on transient microorganisms.
o Hands should be washed using soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds.
o If soap and water are not available, an alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) can be
used.  Alcohols are the most rapidly active of all agents used in hand disinfection. 
However, alcohol may not be effective when there is organic material on your
 hands (e.g. after using the toilet).  For this reason, ABHR alone should not be
used on visibly soiled hands. Use wipes to remove soil, followed by an ABHR.
 Practice proper cough and sneeze etiquette. Cover your mouth and nose with your arm to
reduce the spread of germs.  If you use a tissue, dispose of it as soon as possible. Wash
your hands afterwards.

2. Cleaning and disinfection procedures

a. Equipment

The following equipment should be available for cleaning and disinfecting. Equipment should be
kept and stored together as part of a kit which can be easily accessed and transported to the area
where it will be used.

 Personal protective equipment (as required by the operator's health and safety protocol)
 Disposable cloths
 Paper towels and absorbent materials
 Waste disposal bags (identified as biohazard), labels and tape
 Cleaning agents
 Appropriate hard-surface disinfectants
 Test strips for verifying disinfectant concentrations.

Disinfectants must be registered for sale in Canada with a Drug Identification Number (DIN).
More information is available on Health Canada's website.

b. Response to public health events

Following a public health event, such as the suspected carriage of an infectious passenger or the
contamination of a conveyance or terminal surface with body fluid (i.e. diarrhea, vomit, blood),
the cleaning and disinfecting procedures outlined below should be followed.

Body fluids such as blood, vomit, and diarrhea may contain microorganisms that cause disease. 
These fluids, and surfaces that come in contact with them, should always be considered as
contaminated and should be handled with care so that diseases are not spread from one person to
another.

1. Treat anybody fluid as though it is infectious.

2. Where possible, restrict access to the affected area until disinfection activities are
completed.
3. Put on disposable, impervious gloves.  Avoid contact with the face, especially the nose
and eyes.
4. Bring all supplies needed to the affected area at the beginning of the process. This
includes waste disposal bags identified as biohazard, a disinfectant that is effective
against human Norovirus or an acceptable surrogate (feline calicivirus), water, paper
towels, cloths and a detergent/cleaner.
5. Use paper towels to absorb material.  Place waste into waste disposal bags identified as
biohazard.
6. Clean visibly soiled surfaces with water and a detergent/cleaner.  Cleaning is a critical
step prior to disinfection.    Clean equipment or surfaces in a way that avoids possible
generation of aerosols.  Vacuum cleaners should only be used after disinfection has taken
place. 
7. Apply the disinfectant to the surface and allow the surface to air dry for a minimum of 10
minutes or as per manufacturers' instructions.  Start at one end of the affected area and
move in one direction until all surfaces have been disinfected.  Do not use a circular
motion.
8. Special cleaning of upholstery, carpets, or storage compartments is not required unless
obviously soiled with fresh body fluids.  If a seat cover is obviously soiled with body
fluids, it should be removed and discarded by the methods typically used for
contaminated items.
9. Frequently replace cleaning and disinfection cloths, especially when moving from one
area to another.
10. Change gloves frequently during cleaning and disinfection activities, especially if they
become heavily soiled or damaged during use.
 11. Dispose of soiled cleaning cloths, disinfection cloths, disposable gloves and any other
item in contact with body fluids (eating utensils, linen) in a biohazard waste disposal bag.
12. Replace items such as blankets or pillows provided to affected passenger(s). Replace
print materials from affected seat(s).
13. Wash hands when finished, using proper hand washing techniques:  Wash hands with
soap and warm running water for at least 20 seconds. Use ABHR containing 60-90%
(optimally over 70%) alcohol concentration when working in areas not equipped with
hand washing facilities.  If hands are visibly soiled, use wipes to remove soil, followed by
alcohol based hand sanitizers.
14. Clean and disinfect equipment that will be reused prior to storing.
15. All final biohazard waste disposal should be done according to appropriate biohazard
waste protocols.

c. Routine sanitation

Routine cleaning and disinfection practices play a critical role in minimizing the spread of a
number of infectious diseases.  Frequently touched areas in a conveyance or terminal should be
targeted for regular cleaning and disinfection.  Frequently touched areas include:

 Lavatories including doors, toilet handles, faucets and waste bins

 Luggage storage bin handles, tray backs and handles, arm rests, seatbelts, television
screens, bulkheads, windows and window shades,  remote controls and aisle seat
headrests
 State rooms
 Gaming machines and playing chips
 Child play areas or daycare centers (including toys)
 Service counters
 Waiting and holding areas including tables and chairs
 Food, beverage and retail service areas
 Accommodation areas
 Corridors, stairwells and elevators
  Any other common use areas (e.g. play areas)

A general or hospital disinfectant is acceptable for routine disinfection for most environmental
surfaces.  Disinfectants with efficacy as a general or hospital disinfectant may have the label
claims "germicide" or "kills germs".  Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the
recommended dilution rates, contact times and conditions specific to the surface.

III. Objectives

1. Explain the importance and the practices that the citizen needed to do to maintain
cleanliness on their surrounding and their own body.

2. Give a list of the illness and their causes that the citizen might caught when they are not
being careful on their self and surrounding. By that citizen will be more cooperative with the
barangay in terms of cleanliness.

3. Help and assess the citizens on how they can prevent the illness that might be able to get
because of uncleanliness.

IV. Hypothesis

1. This study may influence the citizen, its either teenager or adult to cooperate on their
municipalities about the cleanliness of their own surrounding and their personal hygiene, by that
the chances of getting viruses that roam around dirty places can be prevented.

2. This will help citizen on any barangay, to understand the importance of sanitation and their
own hygiene when it comes to their health, by that citizen will be willing to continue the
practices on being clean.

3. Improve the percentage of cleanliness in their barangay, as the fact by doing practices of
sanitary in every household this prevent the community to be unclean.
V. Methodology

Conducting this project need a following cooperation for the program to be complete and
successful, the program should have help of controlling the citizen to listen and for them to learn
from the barangay officials about the sanitation practices and the information we needed to
deliver to all of the people who attended the program, and also the cooperation of citizen to
attend willingly to learn about sanitation and hygiene.

The audiences may include:

 State associations of county and city health officials

 Public health associations
 Caregiver groups
 Community groups
 Schools
 Local government
 Health care providers/centers

Conducting a Sanitation and hygiene program by barangays about the importance of

sanitation and hygiene in daily life, and also give them lessons about the illness they might
caught when disobeying the sanitation practices.

 Creating a program- Building a sanitation and hygiene program begins with collecting
information about the community’s needs and challenges, and the factors that affect the
population’s health, for the example increasing percentage of garbage in community or
the amount of people in community having illness because of dirty environment.
 Developing Program - It is important to review the gathered data base when developing a
rural community health program. It may be possible to implement or adapt an existing
evidence-based or promising program model that has been shown to be effective in other
rural communities
 Implementing the program - Once a health program has been created there are
considerations and steps to help ensure that it is successfully implemented. How a
program is implemented shapes how it is received by the individuals, stakeholders, and
 partners within the community. Regardless of how well planned a program is, it is likely
that implementers will run into some type of challenge, so preparation is necessary to
consider what those challenges might be and how best to address them when they arise.
 Evaluating programs- Evaluations are used to measure the effectiveness of programs and
policies, including what worked well and what could be improved. Evaluations can help
to show that a rural community health program is producing measurable outcomes, such
as improving access to care and health outcomes. Depending on the goals of the
evaluation and the evaluation research questions, it may be necessary to collect
qualitative and/or quantitative data from different stakeholders. Evaluations should also
consider contextual factors that may affect the success of the program.
 Planning for sustainability - A sustainability plan is a roadmap for achieving long-term
goals and documents strategies to continue the program, activities, and partnerships.
Sustainability can be defined in different ways—the sustainability of the values that the
project promotes, the sustainability of relationships between organizations, and the
sustainability of services.

VI. Timeline
Information Dissemination; Proper Hygiene and Sanitation
April 2021

Date Program

April Disseminating information on the

local radio station or through posters
April Seminar about the Proper Hygiene and
Sanitation
April Monitoring, evaluation and training

Plans
 Creating a program
 Developing Program
 Implementing the program
 Evaluating programs
 Planning for sustainability
VI. CONCLUCION

After conducting the project in every barangay, the percentage of unhealthy citizen and
poor sanitation in their community should be able to decrease. This project may change
someone’s life, as the fact that by attending on this program people around the community will
be able to cooperate and maintain the cleanliness not only in their own self but to their
surroundings. This project does not only benefit the citizens but also the barangay officials, as
the fact that the increasing of garbage and poor sanitation on their barangay might decrease
because of this program.

VII. Reference

https://byjus.com/biology/need-for-hygiene-and-sanitation/

https://www.reach-initiative.org/what-we-do/news/reach-and-unicef-publish-the-results-of-a-large-scale-

assessment-on-sanitation-and-hygiene-behavior-in-the-philippines/

https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2017-2-1-billion-people-lack-safe-drinking-water-at-home-more-

than-twice-as-many-lack-safe-sanitation

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emergency-preparedness-response/centre-emergency-

preparedness-response/travelling-public-program/environmental-sanitation-practices-control-spread-

communicable-disease-passenger-conveyances-terminals.html

https://byjus.com/biology/need-for-hygiene-and-sanitation/