PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY USING

GLASS POWDER AND M-SAND

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

DAVOOD HUSSAIN (721917103502)

SHANMUGA PRABHU S (721917103106)
THAMILVANAN A (721917103117)

VIJAY S (721917103120)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI -600 025

APIRL-2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY :CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE

AGGREGATE BY USING GLASS POWDER AND M-SAND ” is the bonafide
work of DAVOOD HUSSAIN(721917103502), SHANMUGA PRABHU S
(721917103106),THAMILVANAN A(721917103117),VIJAY S(721917103120),
who carried out the project undermy supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.M.KARTHIKEYAN M.E.PhD., Mr.KUMARAGURU M.E..,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

DhanalakshmiSrinivasanCollege ofEngg Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College ofEngg

Salem to Cochin National Highway, Salem to Cochin National Highway,

Near NandhiTemple, Navakkarai-PO, Near NandhiTemple,Navakkarai-PO

Coimbatore, PIN:641 105 Coimbatore,PIN:641 105

Submitted for VIVA-VOCE of CE8811 – Project work examination held at 7219 -Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan
College of Engineering, Coimbatore……………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the most graceful creator of the universe, GOD almighty, who gave the
knowledge to finish this project.

We express our grateful thanks to our Secretary Shri. P.NEELARAJ and Director Dr.N.
VINOTH, of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering, Coimbatore for
providing vast facilities inside the campus during the course of the project.

We convey our special, sincere and heartfelt thanks to our esteemed Principal and
Professor of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering, Coimbatore Dr.P.
MALATHI.,Ph.D, for giving the real inspiration to bring out the project successfully.

We take this opportunity with pride and immense pleasure in expressing our gratitude to
Dr.M.KARTHIKEYAN.,M.E.,Ph.D., Head of the Civil Engineering Department for his
worthiest support and innovative suggestions throughout the development of this project.

We heart fully gratify our deep sense of gratitude and thankfulness to our project guide
Mr.DHINESH.,M.E.,(Ph.D)., and project coordinator Mr KUMARAGURU S.,ME.
for their guidance through endless encouragement up to our successful project work
completion.

We also feel very happy to express our heartfelt thanks to all the Teaching and Non-
Teaching staff members of Civil Engineering Department who has helped and
encouraged in all our activities to complete the project in a better manner.

We forward our special thanks to all persons who helped to complete the project as
successful.

Finally, the special credit goes to our beloved family members for their moral and
financial support which helped us to complete this project in a successful manner.
 ABSTRACT
Glass powder (GP) used in concrete making leads to greener environment. In
shops, damaged glass sheets & sheet glass cuttings are go to waste, which are not
recycled at present and usually delivered to landfills for disposal. Using GP in
concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and
conservation of environment. This project examines the possibility of using GP as
fine aggregate replacement in concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (0%-
30%) with GP in concrete. Tensile strength, Compressive strength (cubes and
cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 7 , 14 , 28 days of age were compared with
those of high performance concrete made with m sand.

i
 LIST OF CONTANT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF NOTATIONS vii

1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4-7

3 METHODOLOGY 8-23

3.1.METHODOLOGY 8

3.2.EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL 9

3.2.1.CEMENT 9

3.2.2.COARSE AGGREGATE 10

3.2.3.GLASS POWDER 11

3.2.4.WATER 12

3.3.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 13

PROPERTIES OF GLASS 13

PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 14
OTHER PROPERTIES FOR 15

MATERIAL
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIE 16
OF MATERIALS

3.4.MIX DESIGN 18

4 FRESH CONCRETE 24-31

FRESH CONCRETE 24
CURING 24

CASTING 25
HARDENED CONCRETE 26

COMPRASSIVE STRENGTH 26
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH 27

TEST
FLEXURAL STRENGTH 29

5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF 32-42

TEST RESULT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 32

GLASS POWDER

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND 33

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 34

COARSE AGGREGATE

5.4.COMPRESSION TEST 35
TENSILE STRENGTH OF 36

CYLINDER
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 37

6 CONCLUSION 43

7 REFFERENCES 44-45
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 14

PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 15

OTHER PROPERTIES FOR MATERIAL 15

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL 16

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OTHER 17

MATERIALS

COMPRESSION TEST 35

TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER 36

FLEXURAL STRENGTH 37

CONVENTIONAL BEAM 39

10% REPLAEMENT OF BEAM 40

20% REPLACEMENT OF BEAM 41

30% REPLACEMENT OF BEAM 42

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 FLOW CHART 8

3.2 CEMENT 9
3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE 11
3.4 GLASS POWDER 12
3.5 WATER 13
4.1 CURING IMAGE 24
4.2 CASTING IMAGE 25
4.3 COMPRASSIVE STRENGTH 27
4.4 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST 29
4.5 FLEXURAL STRENGHT 31
5.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY GLASS POWDER 32
5.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST SAND 34
5.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY COARSE 35
AGGREGATE
5.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 36
5.5 TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER 37
5.6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 38
5.7 CONVENTIONAL BEAM 39
5.8 DEFLECTION 40
5.9 DEFLECTION 41
5.10 DEFLECTION 42

vi
 LIST OF NOTATIONS

L : LENGTH OF TIE BAR

P : PERIMETER OF TIE BAR
d : DIAMETER OF TIE BAR
I : RADIUS OF RELATIVE STIFFNESS
As : AREA OF STEEL BAR
a : RADIUS OFAREA OF CONTACT OF WHEEL
P : LOAD
q : TYRE PRESSURE
h : SLAB THICKNESS
Z : JOINT WIDTH
L : RADIUS OF RELATIVE PRESSURE
Fb : PERMISSIBLE BEARING STRESS IN CONCRETE
fck : CHARACTERSTIC COMPRASSIVE STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE
b : DIAMETER OF THE DOWEL BAR
Pt : DOWEL BAR
w : LANE WIDTH
F : COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
γ : DENSITY OF PLASTIC
ft : TENSILE STRESS IN PLAIN BARS

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL
Concrete is the second largest of widely used material, but there
environmental issue related with is user which are needed to under taken
consideration. Due to various factories and industries large volume of glass
waste procedure daily the disposal of glass waste generation from industries
has become serious issue solid waste management is one of the major
environment concerns in the world .The recycle and reuse of waste glass has
become the best alternatives their disposal problem waste .The reuse of such
waste will reduce the environment impact and is more economical the energy
require to reuse the recyclable material is less than that of virgin materials.
Use of natural aggregate at a great rate leads to a question about the
preservation of natural aggregate source .In addition , operation association
with aggregate extraction and processing is the principle causes
environmental concern .In civil engineering construction,using alternative
material in place of natural aggregate in concrete production makes concrete
as sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material .
Nowadays, many recycling company realize that they gain little or even have
a loss of income by processing glass. The general process recycling included
of collecting, sorting, transporting,beneficiating, and manufacturing glass
back into bottles, is the most common form of glass recycling and has costs
embedded in each step of the process . Glass is produced in many
forms,including packaging or container glass, flat glass, bulb glass, and
cathode ray tube glass. All of each type of glass have a limited life in the
form in which they are

1
 produced and need to be reused in order to avoid environmental problems
.s. The most common of these is silica (SiO²). The land filling of waste
glasses is undesirable because they are not biodegradable, which makes them
environmentally less friendly. There is huge potential for using waste glass
in the concrete construction sector. When waste glasses are reused in making
concrete products, the production

OBJECTIVES

 Experiment of concrete prepared by partial replacement of glass powder of

particle size of 600 micron.
 Partially substitute for the ordinary Portland cement.
 To investigate the structure behaviour of such replaced concrete `
 To determined the percentage of glass powder which gives maximum
strength compare to control concrete.

 Identify the effects of adding waste glass on the properties of fresh concrete
mixes such as workability by slump measures.

 To check the effectiveness of fine aggregate replacement by recycled glass

powder in concrete.

 Study the influence of waste glass on properties of hardened concrete mixes

such as: strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting resistance.

 To evaluate the recyclability of powdered waste glass as partial replacement

of fine aggregate in the concrete.

2
SCOPE

 It reduces the amount of waste glass to be disposed.

 It is a remedy to the increasing impact of sand dredging .

 Reduces waste disposal crisis.

3
 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Rakesh Sakale et.al (2015) Studied the replacement of fine aggregate
by glass powder in steps of 10% , 20% , 30% respectively by volume by
volume of cement and its effect of compression strength ,split tensile strength
,workability and flexural strength are determined . Its found that the
compressive ,flexural and split tensile strength of concrete increase initially
as powder increases and become maximum at 20% and later decrease .

[2] Chikhalikar S.M.(2012) et.al There is a need to replace a part of fine

aggregate by waste glass powder to reduce the consumption of fine aggregate
and its environmental pollution can be checked to some extent
.waste glass where grounded to the very fine powder show some properties
because of its silica content. The fine aggregate , contributes for the strength
development and also enhance durability of the concrete.

[3] N.Bhavanishankrrao (2014)Glass is the indeterminate material which

has a waste glass when grounded to very fine powder (600 micron) reacts
with alkali in cement and cementation product that helps to contribute to the
strength development.

[4] Idir R et.al (2009) Demand for recycled glass has considerably
decreasing in recent years . glass is cheaper to store than to recycle ,as it is
expensive for the recycle, as expensive for the recycling process there are
several alternatives for the reuse of waste glass .in order to provide a
sustainable solution to glass storage a potential and incentive way would be
to reuse this type of glass in concrete

4
 [5] Vasudevangunalan et.al(2013) Investigated the test result at 7,14,28
days curing of specimen containing waste glass powder as partial
replacement of fine aggregate and his result showed that the 20% of glass
powder mix amount shows a positive value of which 10%,15% in not
achievable even thought have very little increment for 14 days result.

[6] Parag S.kambli&Sandhya et.al (2014) Prepared three different mix

design for M20,30, 35 grade of concrete. Percentage by glass powder varies
as 10%, 20%,30% recpectively. Its is concluded in this study that for M30
grade concrete cubes with 30% replacement of aggregate had given strength
of 23MPa at 28 days. Concrete cubes with 30% replacement of CS aggregate
has given strength of 42MPa at 28days for M30. For concrete cubes with
30% replacement of glass power aggregates had given strength pf 51MPa at
28 days.

[7] Vishwasp.kulkarniet.al(2013)

Studied that aggregate provide volume at low cost ,comprising 66 percent to

78 percent of the concrete conventional coarse aggregate namely gravel and
fine aggregate is sand in concrete will be used to control .while natural
material will be investigate to replace the aggregate in concrete

[8] Vandiyan R et .al (2013) Studied the replacement of fine aggregate by

using of the glass powder concluded that the considerable increase in the
yearly strength and particularly at the specimen 15% GP gave 29 % of
strength has been increased 7th days more than the control specimen. At 28
days different is reduce to 23 % the increment is optimal at 10 % replacement
.

5
 [7] Sunny O. and Poutos Konstantinos I. (2013) in their research on the
influence of Waste Glass Powder on the Properties of concrete
thatWaterabsorption increases with increase in glass powder content.

[10]J.P. RIES (2015) Lightweight aggregate (LWA) plays important role

in development of today’s sustainable concrete. Lightweight aggregates
contributes to sustainable development by lowering transportation
requirements, optimizing structural efficiency that results in a reduction in
the amount of overall building material being used, conserving energy,
Reducing labour demands & overall cost and increasing the survive life of
structural concrete

[11] Amarnath and Ramachandrudu (2012) studied the effect of fly ash
on concrete with coarse aggregate partially replaced with coconut shell
aggregate. It was observed that coarse aggregate replaced with equivalent
weight of fly ashhad no influence when compared to the properties of
corresponding coconut shell replaced concrete.

[12] Daniel Yaw Osei (2013) used a concrete mix of 1:2:4 as control
concrete, while coconut shells were used to replace crushed granite by
volume. The density and compressive strength of concrete were found to
reduce as the percentage replacement increased. Concrete produced with
20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% replacement attained 28day compressive
strengths of 19.7 N/mm2 , 18.68 N/mm2 , 17.57 N/mm2 , 16.65 N/mm2 and
9.29 N/mm2 corresponding to 94%, 89%, 85%,79.6% and 44.4% of the
compressive strength of the control concrete. The study recommended that
concrete produced by replacing 18.5% of the crushed granite with coconut
shell aggregate can be economically used in reinforced concrete.

6
 [12] Damre Shraddha and ShrikantVarpe (2014) replaced conventional
coarse aggregate with coconut shell and concluded that- with 50%
replacement of coarse aggregates by coconut shells, the strength attained
reduces invariably from 10%-20% as compared to the conventional coarse
aggregate concrete.

[13] Abdulfatah and Saleh (2011) conducted experiments to determine the

suitability of coconut shell as full replacement for coarse aggregate in
concrete works. A total of 72 concrete cubes of size 150×150×150 mm with
different mix ratios of 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:3:6 were casted, tested and their
physical and mechanical properties were determined. Compressive strengths
comparable to that of plain concrete were observed. The study concluded that
cost of producing concrete can be reduced up to 48%

[13]Damre Shraddha and ShrikantVarpe (2014)replaced conventional

coarse aggregate with coconut shell and concluded that- with 50%
replacement of coarse aggregates by coconut shells, the strength attained
reduces invariably from 10%-20% as compared to the conventional coarse
aggregate concrete. With 50% replacement of coarse aggregates by coconut
shells, the flexural strength attained reduces invariably from 10%-15% as
compared to the coarse aggregate concrete.

7
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

Collecting of material, study of physical properties of

materials, mix design

Casting of specimen
Curing of specimen

Harden concrete
1. Compression strength
2. Split tensile strength
3. Flexural strength

Analysis and discussion of test result

Conclusion

Fig 3.1. FLOW CHART

8
 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS
Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 (OPC- 43) is manufacture by the
cement limited was use in all concrete mixes. Physical properties of cement i.e.,
Fineness , soundness ,standard consistency ,initial and final setting time
,compressive strength, specific gravity are evaluate by the procedure given IS
standard specification . Fineness of cement was tested as per the procedure BIS 4031
(part 1): 1996 , Given by sieve through 90 micron sieve .Soundness was tested as
per the procedure of BIS 4031 (Part 3) 1988,by le-Chartlier apparatus. Standard
consistency and initial and final setting time are tested as per IS 4031(part 4)1988
and BIS (part 5):1988, Respectively ,byVicat apparatus. Compressive strength of
cement id tested as per procedure of BIS 4031(part 6) 1988 1:3 cement Mortor cubes
were made having the dimensions . were these cubes are tested in the compression
testing machine (CTM) conforming to BIS 516:1959 at loading rate of 70 kN /minute
to evaluate the compression strength of cement mortor cubes at age of 7 days ,14
days and 28 days.

Fig 3.2. CEMENT

9
Coarse aggregate

A combination of 20 mm normal size aggregate and 10 mm nominal size

of aggregate used in coarse aggregate in experimental program .Both type of coarse
were locally produce the physical properties of both aggregate,i.e., sieve analysis
,specific gravity ,water absorption ,bulk density , are evaluate by procedure is given
in BIS Specification aggregate were sieved through the set of sieve is obtained the
sieve analysis per procedure is given BIS (part 1) : 1988 and compare with
requirement is given in BIS 383, specific gravity , water absorption and bulk density
of the coarse aggregate was tested in the procedure . For calculation of the specific
gravity of both types of the coarse aggregateof the method was used
.Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and
will pass through 3- inch screen, are called coarse aggregate. The coarser the
aggregate, the more economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the
particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of the largest permissible
maximum size of coarse aggregate permits a reduction in cement and water
requirements. Using aggregates larger than the maximum size of coarse aggregates
permitted can result in interlock and form arches or obstructions within a concrete
form. That allows the area below to become a void, or at best, to become filled with
finer particles of sand and cement only and results in a weakened area.. Construction
aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium grained
particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag,
recycled concrete and geosyntheticaggregates. Aggregates are the most mined
materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as
concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength
to the overall composite material.

10
 Fig 3.3. COARSE AGGREGATE

Glass powder

Water glass is available locally in the shops is been collected into glass
powder. Glass waste is very hard material. Before adding the glass powder in the
concrete it has to be powder to desire size. In the study of glass powder grounded in
ball for a period of 30 to 60 minute. Resulted in particle size less than the size 150
µm and sieved in 75 µm .The physical and chemical composition are presented . The
sample of the crushed glass powder has sieved in 2.36 mm sieves .then it is used by
the replacement of fine aggregate in different percentage .Glass powder is taken in
10 %, 20% and 30% of fine aggregate .Glass dust waste was used as a partial
replacement for sand at 10%, 20% and 30% of concrete mixes. Compression strength
for 7, 14 and 28 days concrete of age were compared with those of concrete made
with natural fine aggregates. The results proved that highest strength activity given
by glass dust waste after 28 days.

11
 Fig 3.4.GLASS POWDER

Water

The goal of this work is to investigate the effect of immersion time of glass
powder (GP) in water before mixing it with the other concrete ingredients on the
fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Six immersion times (0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and
12 h) were investigated with different amount of GP as cement replacement (0, 2.5,
5, 10 and 20%).The dissolution of GP in water leads to form more Na ions than Ca
ions, because Na ions have less mobility than Ca ions. The concentration of Na
decreased as a function of immersion time as it bonds with the SiO 2 on the surface
of GP particles.Immediately after putting the glass powder in the water, the
workability of concrete decreased with the increase of GP content due to the sorption
of water molecules on GP particles. As the immersion time increased the workability
of concrete increased with the amount of glass powder due to the bleeding effect of
the water from the GPThe locally available in portable water , which free from the
concentration of acid and organic substance, If we used to mixing in the concrete.
The permissible limit as per the water as per IS 456- 2000

12
 Fig 3.5.WATER

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

properties of glass powder

Also glass powder is proved to be economical and is considered as environmental

friendly construction material.

Keywords— Glass powder, solid waste, compressive strength, curing,

replacement of cement, cost effective material
13
 Property Glass powder

Specific Gravity 2.4 – 2.8

Bulk density 2.53

Moisture content (%) Nil

Fine particle less than 0.075 mm (%) 12 – 15

Sieve analysis Zone ΙΙ

Table 3.1.PHYSICAL PROPORTIES

Properties of cement

1. It is a corrosion resistance material and atmospheric agent has no appreciable

effect on it.
2. It hardens with age the process of hardening continues for a long time after the
concrete has attained sufficient strength. It is this property of cement concrete
which gives it a distinct place among building materials.
3. It is more economical than steel.
4. It binds rapidly with steel and as it is weak in tension, the steel reinforcement
is placed in cement concrete at suitable places to take up the tensile stresses.
This is termed as the reinforced cement concrete or simply as R.C.C.
5. Under the following two conditions, it has a tendency to shrink:
1. There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete which is mainly due to the
loss of water through forms, absorption by surfaces of forms etc.

14
 2. The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it hardens. This tendency of
cement concrete can be minimized by proper curing of concrete.

Properties Details

Grade 43 OPC

Consistency 34%

Specific gravity 3.15

Fineness 2%

TABLE 3.2.PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

Other properties for material

Bulk specific gravity (SSD) 2.55

Absorption capacity (%) 1.66

Fineness modulus (FM) 2.65

Field moisture content 0.68

TABLE 3.3. OTHER PROPERTIES FOR MATERIAL

15
 Chemical properties of material

S.NO MATERIALS PROPERTIES

Grading zone Zone ΙΙ

1. M – sand Specific gravity 2.70
Fineness 2.43%
Specific gravity 2.66
2. Glass powder Fineness 3.36 %

Specific gravity 2.60

3. Coarse aggregate
Fineness 7.14 %
4. Water Type Portable

TABLE .3.4.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

Cement industries emits carbon di – oxide which contributes 65% of global
warming. Around 7% of greenhouse gas emission happens through global cement
industries. In order to avoid such environmental effects the alternative binders
should be developed to prepare concrete. Main objective of the study is replacing
the cement with finely crushed glass powder of size 75 microns of 10%, 20% and
30%. This concrete is tested for compressive, tension and flexural strength and same
is compared with conventional concrete of 100% cement content. From the test the
glass powder concrete gives more strength as compared to conventional concrete
and can be used for normal construction process.

16
Constituent Glasspowder Natural sand

Silica ( sio2 ) 75.5 80.78

Alumina (Al2o3) 01.06 10.52

Iron oxide (fe2o3) 0.36 01.75

Lime (Cao) 08 03.21

Magnesia (ma) 4.18 00.77

Sodium oxide (Na2o) 13.1 0.37

Potassium oxide(k2O) 0.26 01.23

Sulphur trioxide(so3) 0.18 -

Nickel oxide 0.014

Strontium Oxide 0.016

Zirconium 0.20

TABLE 3.5.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OTHER MATERIAL

17
 MIX DESING
The design of concrete mix is demo as guideline of IS 10262 : 2009
STEP : 1
Grade : M30
Types of cement : 43Grade
Sp .gravity of cement : 3.15
Coarse Aggregate : 20mm
Sp .Gravity of C.A : 2.75
Sp.Gavity of glass powder : 2.48 – 2.5
Water Absorption : 5.48 %
Free moisture surface : NIL
Chemical Admixture : NIL
Fine Aggregate Zone : Zone ΙΙ
Slump required : 75 mm
Degree of supervision :Good
STEP : 2

Target Strenght for Properties

Standrad Deviation S = 5N/mm2

Fck =fck + 1.65S

= 30 + 1.65x5

= 38.25N/mm2

18
STEP : 3

Selection of water content

Max. water content for 20mm =186 liters

(from IS 10262:2009)

Estimated water content for 25-50mm =191.5 liters

STEP :4

Cement content

Water cement Ratio = 0.42

Cement Content = water content

=191.5 / 0.42

=456 kg/m3

STEP : 5

Calculation of coarse and fine aggregate

From IS : 10262:2009 Table 3

For 20mm glass material (zone 2)

For w/c water= 0.42=0.60

w/c Ratio = 0.42

Therefore the volume of C/A for Ratio = 0.062

Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.61

The volume of fine aggregate = 1- 0.61= 0.394

19
STEP :6

MIX CALCULATION

a Volume of concrete = 1 m3

b) Volume of cement= mass of cement /Sp.g of cement x 1/1000

= 456/3.15x1/1000

= 0.160 m3

c) Volume of water = water content /sp.gravity of waterx 1\1000

= 191.5/1x1/1000

= 0.192 m3

d) Volume of all aggregate

= a-(b+c)

= 1-(0.131+0.191.5)

= 0.648 m3

e) Mass of C. A= Volume of all aggregate x volume of C.A x Sp.gravity x 1000

=0.648x 0.61x 2.68x 1000

=1080 kg/m3

f) Mass of glass material = Volume of glass x sp.gravity of F.A x 1000

=0.648x0.39x2.65x 1000

=706 kg/m3

20
STEP : 7

Quantities of Materials

1) Cement = 456 kg/m3

2) Glass powder = 603 kg/m3
3) C. Aggregate = 1068 kg/m3
4) Water = 238.5 kg/m3

W /C Ratio = 0.42

STEP: 8
Mix Proportion

Cement :Glass powder :C .A: Water

456 : 603 : 1068 : 0.42

1:1.3 : 2.3 : 0.5

For 10 % replacement:
Amount of cement =470 kg
Mass of cement =470-470×5/100/297
= 1.42×3
=4.26 kg
Mass of cement powder= 20.334 /297
= 0.068×3
= 0.0204 kg
Amount of fine aggregate = 698/294 ×10/100
= 0.71kg
Amount of coarse aggregate =714/294×10/100

21
 = 446.5 kg
Glass powder = 10.167 kg
Mass of cement for 3cube =446.5 /297
= 1.5 ×3
= 4.5 kg
Mass of glass Powder = 10.167/294
= 0.0334×3
= 0.102 kg
Amount of fine aggregate =698/294 ×5/100
=0.22 kg
Amount of coarse aggregate = 417/294×5/100
=0.39 kg
For 20% replacement:
Amount of cement =470 kg
Mass of cement content = 470-470×10/100
= 423 kg
Mass of glass powder =20.334 kg
Amount of cement for 3 cube

=0.74 kg
For 30% replacement:
Amount of cement = 470 kg
Mass of cement = 470-470
=399.501 kg
Mass of glass powder = 30.501 kg Mass of cement for 3 cube
=399.5/294

22
 = 1.34×3
= 4.02 kg
Mass of glass powder= 30.501/297
= 0.10×3
=0.3kg
Amount of fine aggregate = 698/294 ×15/100
= 0.356 kg

23
 CHAPTER 4
FRESH CONCRETE

Curing

The curing of concrete is basically the control of moisture content and

temperature of concrete. The moisture content of concrete can be controlled either
by sealing it so that is own water is not really evaporate or , if not sealed providing
it water from external sources to compensate for evaporation . Finally In this
material gives the greater strength .Curing the in specimen in 24 hrs it gives more
durability . A compact size causes the high Temperature.Adding water to Portland
cement to form the water-cement paste that holds concrete together starts a chemical
reaction that makes the paste into bonding agent. This reaction, called hydration
produces a stone-like substance the hardened cement paste. Both the rate and degree
of hydration, and the resulting strength of the final concrete, depend on the curing
process that follows placing and consolidating the plastic concrete. Hydration
continues indefinitely at a decreasing rate as long as the mixture contains water &
the temperature conditions are favorable. Once the water is removed, hydration
ceases and cannot be restarted. In the field, the concrete is exposed to high
temperatures and hence the water gets evaporated.

Fig 4.1.CURING IMAGE

24
Casting

During the casting of concrete a large opening is needed. When the

mould is filled shake or compact slightly to get rid of the bubbles .A compact size
causes the high Temperature. Its recommended to cover the mould with foil for more
thanone day to prevent the concrete from drying out .It has continuously compacted
to removal of air voids in specimen ., the specimens were tested for compressive
strength on a typical concrete. The bed of testing machine ought to be supported,
and these rollers ought to be mounded that the gap from centre is 300mm for
1200mm specimen. The beam is just supportedCasting involves mixing the
ingredients together to obtain a homogenous mass of concrete, pouring the concrete
into the mould and compacting it adequately so that the concrete fills the entire
volume. The first step is mixing. Mixing should ensure that the concrete is
homogenous, uniform in colour and consistency. The two types of mixing are hand
mixing and machine mixing. The mixed concrete is then transported to the site. Then
the concrete is placed in the mould. This should be done carefully so as to ensure
that the entire volume of the mould is packed with concrete without any air voids.
The pouring of the concrete should also be done in such a way that the concrete does
not get segregated while being discharged into the mould.

Fig 4.2.CASTING

25
 HARDENED CONCRETE
Compressive strength

The compressive strength of a glass powder is that price of uniaxial

compressive stress reached once the fabric fails utterly. The compressive strength is
typically obtained through an experiment by means that of a compressive check. The
equipment used for this experiment is that the same as that employed in a tensile
check. However, instead of applying a uniaxial tensile load, a uniaxial compressive
load is applied. As is unreal, the specimen (cube and cylindrical) is shortened still as
unfold laterally. A Stress–strain curve is a forethought by the instrument and would
look the same as the following. Compressive strength of concrete is typically found
bytesting Cubes and cylinders. Cube of size a 150mm X150mm X 150mm concrete
specimens w were casting mistreatment M30 grade concrete.150mm specimen and
180kg/min for 100mm specimen, stress increase rate 0.06+/-0.04N/mm2.s according
to British standard). For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X
15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are
used. For most of the works cubical molds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are
commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mold and appropriately tempered so as not to
have any voids. After 24 hours, molds are removed, and test specimens are put in
water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and
smooth. This is done by placing cement paste and spreading smoothly on the whole
area of the specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after seven days
curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140
kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of
specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete

26
Test for compressive strength is carried out either on a cube or cylinder. Various
standard codes recommend a concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard
specimen for the test. American Society for Testing Materials ASTM C39/C39M
provides Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens.

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to
reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates

Split tensile strength test

Split durability of concrete is typically found by testing plain concrete

cylinders. Cylinders of size 100mm x 200mm were casting mistreatment M30 grade
concrete. Specimens with Nominal concrete and glass powder concrete is partly
replaced with (Natural sand) were casted. Throughout Moulding, the cylinders were
manually compacted mistreatment tamping rods. Once twenty four hours, the
specimens were off fromthe mould and subjected to watersolidifying for

27
twentyeightdays. Once solidifying, the specimens were tested for compressive
strength employing a label compression testing machine. The nominal concrete and
the glass powder and it was partially replaced by the natural sand and when compare
with the conventional concrete the glass powder concrete shows the strength is
increased of 9.45 % in 10% of replacement .specimen’s cube, cylinder, beam of the
shape of size (150mm*150mm), (100mm diameter *200mm) and
(400mm*100mm*100mm). The test is carried out in the following steps: first of all
the mould preferably of cast iron, is used to prepare the specimen size
(150mm*150mm), (100 diameter*200mm length) calculate the quantity of foundry
sand is evenly added into the concrete mix manually. During the placing ofconcrete
in the mould it is compacted with the tamping bar with not less than 25 strokes per
layer. After 24 hours the specimens are removed from the mould and immediately
submerged in clean fresh water. Initially, take the wet specimen from water after 7,
28 of curing; or any desired age at which tensile strength to be estimated.

Then, wipe out water from the surface of specimenAfter that, draw diametrical lines
on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on the same axial place.

 Next, record the weight and dimension of the specimen.

 Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
 Place plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.
 Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and
centered over the bottom plate.
 Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.
 Bring down the upper plate so that it just touch the plywood strip.

28
  Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate within the range 0.7 to
1.4 MPa/min (1.2 to 2.4 MPa/min based on IS 5816 1999)
 Finally, note down the breaking load(P)

Fig 4.4. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Flexural strength

 Flexural strength is that the one in every of the live of durability of concrete.
It's the power of a beam to resist failure in bending. It's measured by loading
un-reinforced150mmX150mm concrete beams with a span 1200mm.Beam of
size 150mm x 150mm x 1200 mm were casting mistreatment M30 grade
concrete. Specimens with Nominal concrete and glass powder concrete (glass
powder)is partly replaced with (Natural sand) were castedThroughout
moulding. The beams were manually compactedmistreatment tamping rods.
Once twenty four hours, thespecimens were off from the mould and subjected
to water solidifying for 28days. Once solidifying, the specimens were tested
for compressive strength on a typical concrete. The bed of

29
 testing machine ought to be supported, and these rollers ought to be mounded
that the gap from centre is 300mm for 1200mm specimen. The beam is just
supported.The test should be conducted on the specimen immediately after
taken out of the curing condition so as to prevent surface drying which decline
flexural strength.
 Place the specimen on the loading points. The hand finished surface of the
specimen should not be in contact with loading points. This will ensure an
acceptable contact between the specimen and loading points.
 Center the loading system in relation to the applied force.
 Bring the block applying force in contact with the specimen surface at the
loading points.
 Applying loads between 2 to 6 percent of the computed ultimate load.
 Employing 0.10 mm and 0.38 mm leaf-type feeler gages, specify whether any
space between the specimen and the load-applying or support blocks is greater
or less than each of the gages over a length of 25 mm or more.
 Eliminate any gap greater than 0.10mm using leather shims (6.4mm thick and
25 to 40mm long) and it should extend the full width of the specimen.
 Capping or grinding should be considered to remove gaps in excess of
0.38mm.

30
 Load the specimen continuously without shock till the point of failure at a
constant rate (Indian standard specified loading rate of 400 Kg/min for150mm
specimen and 180kg/min for 100mm specimen, stress increase
rate 0.06+/-0.04N/mm2.s according to British standard).

Fig 4.5. FLEXURAL STRENGTH

31
 CHAPTER -5

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (glass powder)

Fig 5.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY GLASS POWDER

G = (w 2 -w 1) / [(w 3 -w 2 )-(w 4 -w 1 )]

W 1 = 0.68 kg

W 2 = 1.80 kg

W 3 = 2.18 kg

W 4 = 1.626 kg

G =(1.80-0.68)/[(2.18-1.80)-(1.626-0.681)]

= 1.12/ (0.56-1.0)

G = 2.545

32
Where,

W 1 = Empty pycnometer

W 2 = Pycnometer + Sand

W 3 = Pycnometer + Sand + Water

W 4 = Pycnometer + Water

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SAND)

G = (w 2 -w 1 )/ [(w 3 -w 2 )-(w 4 -w 1 )]

W 1 = 0.68 kg

W 2 = 1.56 kg

W 3 = 2.05 kg

W 4 = 1.72 kg

G = (1.56-0.68)/[(2.05-0.68)-(1.72-0.68)]

= 0.88/ (1.37-0.946)

= 2.09

Where,

W 1 = Empty pycnometer

W 2 = Pycnometer + Sand

W 3 = Pycnometer + Sand + Water

W 4 = Pycnometer + Water

33
 Fig 5.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST SAND

Specific gravity(COARSEAGGREGATES)

G = (w 2 -w1)/ [(w 3 -w 2 )-(w 4 -w 1 )]

W 1 = 0.68 kg

W 2 = 2.18 kg

W 3 = 2.63 kg

W 4 = 1.73 kg

G = (2.18-0.68)/[(2.73-2.25)-(1.73-0.68)]

= 1.57/ (0.48-1.05)

= 2.75

Where,

W 1 = Empty pycnometer

W 2 = Pycnometer + Sand

34
 W 3 = Pycnometer + Sand + Water

W 4 = Pycnometer + Water

Fig 5.3.SPECIFIC GRAVITY COARSEAGGREGATES

Compression Test

Types of specimen Compression strength

S.no Load in KN Strength in

N/mm2

1. conventional 1176.6 52.29

2. 10% 1288.6 57.25

3. 20% 1231.6 54.72

4. 30% 1250 55.55

TABLE 5.1.COMPRESSION TEST

35
 COMPRESSION STRENGTH
Series 1

30 % 55.55

20 % 54.73

10 % 57.25

C ONV E NT I ONA L 52.29

FIG 5.4.COMPRESSION STRENGTH

Tensile strength of cylinder

Types of specimen Tensile strength

S.no Load in KN Strength in

N/mm2

1. Conventional 222.66 3.14

2. 10% 274.33 3.88

3. 20% 228.33 3.31

4. 30% 248.33 3.51

TABLE 5.2. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER

36
 30 % 3.51

20 % 3.31

10 % 3.88

C ON V E NT I O
NAL 3.14

Fig 5.5. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER

Flexural strength

Types of specimen Flexural strength

s.no Load in KN Strength in N/mm2

1. Conventional 16.3 4.34

2. 10 % 28 7.46

3. 20% 21.30 5.68

4. 30% 20 5.33

TABLE 5.3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH

37
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
flexural strength

30 % 5.33

20 % 5.68

10 % 7.46

CON V E NT IONAL 4.34

Fig 5.6. FLEXURAL STRENGTH

V. DISCUSSION

Based on the results of the materials properties and also the experimental
investigation on concrete created with glass powder, the explanation for the variation
ascertained is summarized as follows. A. outline of fabric properties

1. Fineness modulus of sand is quite that of glass powder.

This suggests glass powder is finer than sand.

2. Grading curve of each sand and glass powder is uniform and sand falls at
intervals the bounds of zone II

3. Sand particles rounded and global wherever as glass powder particles are
angular, flaky and irregular inform.

4. The explanations with the actual fact that tumbler powder is finer than sand.

5. The compressive strength of concrete with glass powder is quite the traditional
concrete .The rise in compressive strength is that the interlocking properties of
particles with in the glass powder.

38
6. Split durability of concrete will increase for glass powder. The explanation for
variation is that the form and texture of glass powder.

Conventional Vs Deflection Curve of concrete Beam of 28Days Standard

Beam Table

Load in KN Deflection in mm Stiffness in KN/mm

12 0.5 24

18 1 18

31 1.5 20.67

Table 5.4.CONVENTIONAL MEAAM

Series 1
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.5 1 1.5

Series 1

Fig 5.7.CCONVENTIONAL BEAM

39
 10 % Replacement Beam

Load in KN Deflection in mm Stiffness in

KN/mm
Days

7 days 10 0.5 20

14 days 20 1 20

28 days 33 1.5 22

TABLE 5.5. 10 % REPLACEMENT BEAM

Deflection in mm
100 Deflection in mm

80

60

40

20

0
0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 5.8.DEFLECTION

40
20 % Replacement Beams

Load in KN Deflection in mm Stiffness in

KN/mm
Days

7 days 12 0.5 18.6

14 days 23 1 21.43

28 days 33 1.5 23.0

TABLE 5.6. 20 % REPLACEMENT BEAM

DEFLECTION IN
MM
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 5.9.DEFLETION

41
30 % replacement beams

Load in KN Deflection in Stiffness in KN/mm

mm
Days

7 days 15 0.5 13.26

14 days 24 1 24

28 days 35 1.5 23.33

TABLE 5.7. 30 % REPLACEMENT BEAM

30 Series 1
25

20

15

10

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
Series 1

Fig 5.10.DEFLECTION

42
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The development of concrete with glass powder as fine mixture has been with
success completed and also the results were conferred and analysis. Within the
previous chapters.Supported the check results of M30 concrete the subsequent
conclusion are drawn. A General Conclusions

1. Its potential to interchange glass powder by scarce sand for concrete.

2 .The glass powder concrete is a smaller amount practices, robust and study
compared to sand concrete

3. The rise of 9% throughout the 28 day cube compressive strength of glass

powder concrete when put next standard concrete.

4. Increase cylinder durability there's a rise of concerning23% in 28 days of glass

powder concrete when put next to standard concrete.

5. There’s a rise of 74 % throughout the 28 day flexural strength of glass powder

concrete when put next to standard concrete.

43
 CHAPTER-7
REFERENCES

[1] RakeshSakale,“Experimental Investigation on Strength of Glass Powder

Replacement by Fine Aggregate in Concrete with Different Dosages”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,
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[2] Chikhalikar S.M. and Tande S.N. (2012) “An Experimental Investigation On
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44
[7] Maninder Kaur &Manpreet Kaur, Review On Utilization of Coconut Shell
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[8] YerramalaAmarnath and C Ramachandradu, “Properties of concrete with

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[10] Daniel Yaw Osei, “Experimental assessment on coconut shells as aggregate

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[11]. IS 516-1959, Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete, Bureau of Indian

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[12]. IS 383-1970, Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural
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45