EXPECTATIONS

This module is created with activities that will help you understand and appreciate
the different applications of Momentum and Impulse to real-life situations. In this
module, your knowledge, skills, and values will be developed.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate kinetic and potential energy;
2. analyze the conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa to given
situations; and
3. realize the importance of energy conversions in real-life situations.

PRETEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

A. Kinetic energy is chemical energy while potential is mechanical energy.
B. Kinetic energy is affected by mass and velocity while Potential energy is affected
by mass only.
C. Rock on top of the hill has kinetic energy while the rock rolling downhill has
potential energy.
D. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by moving objects while potential energy
is the one possessed by objects at rest.

2. Which of the following happens to an apple that falls freely?

A. It gains both kinetic and potential energy.
B. It loses both kinetic and potential energy.
C. It loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy.
D. It loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.

3. In the figure, at what location do the coaster cars

have the maximum kinetic energy?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

4. The following pictures show the transformations of kinetic and potential energy
EXCEPT

A B C D
5. In what situation is a balanced potential and kinetic energy of our life
shown?
A. Do not sleep until the work is done.
B. No clear boundaries between our work and home.
C. Have a break after a long hour of work to regain our energy.
D. Rest all day without working to make ourselves free from stress.

RECAP
You have learned in Module 2 the free-falling body and how its velocity is affected
by the pull of gravity and in Module 9, you have learned that the force of impact of
moving bodies could be decreased by changing its momentum and the contact
time.

Direction: Read each of the following and identify whether the

word INCREASES or DECREASES fits the sentence. Use the
figure on the right as a clue. After 1 s

1. The distance the apple covers ___________ in every second of

its fall. After 2 s
2. From the magnitude of the distance it covers every second, it
only shows that the velocity of the apple _________ as it falls.
3. As the apple gains velocity, its momentum ____________.
4. Moving your hand backward in catching the apple to extend
the time of contact _______ the impact force. After 3 s
5. On the second diagram, the girl throws the ball upward. The
distance the ball covers _____ on its way up.
6. The magnitude of the distance it covers every second shows
that the velocity of the ball _____ as it goes up and becomes zero
at the highest point.

LESSON

Energy is the measure of the capacity of an object to do work. More energy

means more work can be done. Energy comes in different forms such as light,
sound, chemical, heat, and mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy of
a particle due to its motion and its position. There are two types of mechanical
energy, kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of bodies in
motion while Potential energy is the energy possessed by objects due to their
position.
In kinetic energy, the two factors involved are mass and the velocity. In the
𝑚(𝑉 2 )
equation, 𝐾𝐸 = where the kinetic energy is directly proportional to the
2
object’s mass and to the square of its velocity. This can be clearly explained by
these examples: 40 kg
20 kg If you
double the
V= 3 m/s V= 3 m/s mass, the
KE is also
𝑚 doubled.
𝑚𝑉 2 (20𝑘𝑔)(3 )2 9𝑚2 𝑚.𝑚
𝐾𝐸 = = 𝑠 (40𝑘𝑔)( 2 ) 360𝑘𝑔 2
𝑠 𝑠 = 180 𝐽
2 2 𝐾𝐸 = =
2 2
9𝑚2 𝑚.𝑚 If you
(20𝑘𝑔)( ) 180𝑘𝑔 20 kg
𝑠2 𝑠2
= = double the
2 2 velocity, the
V= 6 m/s
𝑚 KE will be
= 90𝑘𝑔 2 . 𝑚 = 90𝑁. 𝑚 = 90 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 ( 𝐽) increased
𝑠 6𝑚 𝑚2
(20𝑘𝑔)( 𝑠 )2 20𝑘𝑔(36 𝑠2 )
𝐾𝐸 = = = 360J 4x.
2 2

Potential energy is the energy possessed by bodies at rest. This type of

potential energy due to an object’s position is called Gravitational Potential Energy
(GPE). In an equation, 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ , where the mass, acceleration due to gravity and
height are directly proportional to it. The “zero point” of potential energy can be
chosen by the physicist in solving the problem. Depending on the situation, this
could be the center of the earth, sea level, the floor, tabletop, or any other point. Let
us compare the PE of the rocks at different distances off the floor. In the examples
below, let us consider the floor as the zero point of the GPE:

A. Rock on top of 1-m C. Rock on top of 2-m container

container Given: 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔
Given: 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑚 𝑔 = 9.8 2
𝑔 = 9.8 2 𝑠
𝑠 ℎ = 2𝑚
ℎ = 1𝑚 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚
= (2𝑘𝑔)(9.8 2)(2𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠
= (2𝑘𝑔)(9.8 2)(1𝑚) 𝑚
𝑚
𝑠 = (19.6𝑘𝑔. 2) (2𝑚)
𝑠
= 19.6𝑘𝑔. .𝑚
𝑠2 = 39.2 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 39 𝐽
= 19.6𝑁. 𝑚 0𝑟 19.6 𝐽
The 2-kg rock on top of a 1-m The PE of the body was doubled when
tall container, has a PE of 19.6J the height is doubled.

The above examples show that PE energy was doubled when the altitude is
doubled. This is also true when you double the mass of the object.
But what happens to the potential energy of the rock when it falls off the
container? As it falls, the PE energy decreases and becomes zero as it reaches the
floor. Does this mean that the energy has been dissipated? The answer is NO. The
PE energy was just converted to another form called kinetic energy. Let us consider
at least 2 types of collision to illustrate energy conversion:

1. Elastic Collisions –involve objects which separate after they collide, without any
deformation or damage. Billiard balls, ping-pong balls, and other hard objects may
collide elastically. Kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions.
KE PE PE KE
“ “
“ “

Before the collision After the collision

 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2
+ 0 0 +
2 2

Total mechanical energy before the collision = Total mechanical energy after the collision.
The red ball comes to rest after collision because its kinetic energy has been transferred to
the blue ball. Loss in KE is gain in PE. Energy is not lost but was conserved.
2. Inelastic Collisions- the objects separate after they collide and there is
deformation in some way by the interaction. Kinetic energy is not conserved. In this
case, kinetic energy after the collision is less than than before because the kinetic
energy is converted into PE in the form of sound, heat, and deformation of the
objects.
5,000 J 4,000 J 3,000 J 6,000 J
KE KE KE + PE
Before the collision After the collision

KE + KE KE + PE
Total mechanical energy before the collision = Total mechanical energy after the collision.
KEtotal < KEtotal
The total KE before the collision is less than the total KE after the collision because some KE has
been converted to PE. But energy is still conserved!
Loss in K.E. = Gain in P.E.

Let us study energy conversions in a free fall and in a ball

thrown upward:

After 1 s
Figure 1: You have learned that the velocity of a falling body
increases by 9.8m/s in every second of its fall. The apple is
initially at rest therefore KE at its highest point is zero while
its PE is maximum. But its KE energy increases as it falls
After 2 s because the velocity increases while the PE decreases due to
the decrease of height with respect to the ground.

Figure 2: The velocity of the ball decreases because it moves

opposite to the pull of gravity. The decrease in the velocity on
After 3 s its way up means a decrease in the ball’s KE. On the other
hand, PE increases since the height increases.
Fig. 1
After analyzing the figure, you will come up with the idea
that the loss of KE is the gain of PE and vice versa. The sum
of the KE and PE at any point is equal. This only shows that
energy was just converted, and nothing is lost.
Fig. 2
 ACTIVITIES
To deepen your understanding of the lessons and to discover new concepts,
perform the following activities.
Activity No.1: KINETIC ENERGY VERSUS POTENTIAL ENERGY

Learning Competency: Analyze the conversion of potential to kinetic energy and

vice versa to given situations. S9FE-IVc-37.1
Learning Objective: To compare kinetic and potential energy.

Direction: Complete the table by classifying the given descriptions as Kinetic or

Potential energy. Write the number associated with each type of energy.
MECHANICAL ENERGY DESCRIPTIONS:
KINETIC POTENTIAL 1. Energy possessed by moving objects.
2. Stored energy
1. 1. 3. mgh
4. Increases when velocity increases
2. 2.
5. The rock on top of the mountain
3. 3. 6. Maximum when the body at its
highest point
4. 4. 7. It is quadrupled when the object’s
mass and height are doubled.
5. 5.
8. A ball is thrown upward.
9. Maximum at the lowest point
1
10. 𝑚𝑣 2
Closure: 2
Kinetic energy is the (1) ________ that
moving objects have. Its magnitude is determined by the object’s mass and (2)
_____. On the other hand, Potential energy is possessed by bodies at (3) ____. Its
magnitude is determined by the mass, acceleration due to gravity, and (4) ____.
These two are measured in a unit (5) _____.

Activity No.2: THE UPS AND DOWNS OF KE AND PE

Learning Competency: Analyze the conversion of potential to kinetic energy and
vice versa to given situations. S9FE-IVc-37.1
Learning Objective: Analyze how roller coaster applies the principle of energy
conversion.
Direction: The image below
displays a roller coaster that is C
moving up and down from point A
to E. After studying the image, D
B
answer the questions by circling
the letter of the correct answer.
A
E

1. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with the maximum potential energy?
A B C D E
2. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with the least potential energy?
A B C D E
3. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with the maximum kinetic energy?
A B C D E
4. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with the least kinetic energy?
A B C D E
5. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with more kinetic energy than coaster B?
A B C D E
6. Which letter shows the rollercoaster with more potential energy than coaster B?
A B C D E
7. As the cart moves from point A to point C, it continues to slow down because the
kinetic energy is converted to potential energy. The PE is highest as it reached the
highest point ____.
A B C D E
8. At point ______, the rollercoaster has zero kinetic because it momentarily stops
at this point.
A B C D E
9. As the cart moves from point D to point E, the potential energy is converted to
Kinetic energy and the car speeds up. The KE is highest at point _____ making the
car to have enough KE to continue to go up.
A B C D E
10. The KE is highest while the potential energy is lowest at point ______.
A B C D E

CLOSURE:

Directions: Fill in the blank with potential or kinetic to complete the paragraph
explaining the energy transformations that occurs on a roller coaster.
The potential energy of the coaster cars at the peak of the first hill
determines the total amount of energy that is available for the rest of the ride. At
the top of the hill, the coaster cars have the most (1) __________. When these are
released and begin coasting down the hill, potential energy transforms into (2)
______ energy until they reached the bottom of the hill. As the car ascend to the
next hill, (3) _______ is transformed back to (4) _______ energy. Then when these
cars descend the hill, the (5) ______ is again changed into (6) ________. This
transformation between potential and kinetic continues throughout the ride until it
comes to a stop. This works behind the principle of Law of conservation of energy.
 WRAP-UP

Directions: Below is the transformation of kinetic and potential energy in a

pendulum. Fill in the blanks with the correct magnitude of energy. Use the
indicator value of the energies in each position of the bob as a clue.
PE KE
A. PE = 20 J
KE = ____
B. PE = ____
KE = ____
C. PE = ____
KE = ____
A E
D. PE = ____
B D KE = ____
C
E. PE = ____
KE = ____

VALUING

To deeply appreciate the importance of the lesson, answer this activity and
make a self-reflection.

Activity No.3: THE BALANCED LIFE

Learning Competency: Analyze the conversion of potential to kinetic energy and

vice versa in the given situations. S9FE-IVc-37.1

Learning Objective: To realize the real-life applications of energy

conversions
Directions: Make an essay on how you effectively balance the potential and
kinetic energy in your life like what is being shown in the given pictures.
 POSTTEST
Directions: Read each statement carefully then write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The following statements about kinetic and potential energy is true EXCEPT
A. Kinetic energy can be transformed into potential energy.
B. Kinetic energy is stored energy while the potential is energy in motion.
C. The two types of mechanical energy are kinetic and potential energy.
D. Kinetic energy and the potential energy of a body are both affected by its mass.

2. The rock rolls down a hill. The potential energy of the rock when it was on top of
the hill compared to its kinetic energy at the lowest point is _____.
A. equal B. lower C. higher D. not related

3. Which of the following events does NOT describe potential energy being changed
into kinetic energy?
A. B. C. D.

4. The magnitude of the kinetic and potential energy of a free PE= 8J; KE 0
fall for the first 2 seconds of its fall was given. What is the
potential and kinetic energy of the apple before hitting the PE= 6J; KE 2

floor?
A. PE= 8J; KE = 0 PE= 4J; KE=4
B. PE= 8J; KE = 8J
C. PE= 0; KE = 8J
D. PE= 0; KE = 4J
PE= ___; KE __

5. Which of the following statements can be best associated with the conversion of
kinetic to potential energy?
A. I need to eat a lot so I can do more work.
B. Energy transfers when people pay attention.
C. Activate your inborn skill to reach your highest potential.
D. I have higher kinetic energy, so I do not need to sleep at night.