1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Emergencies and disasters are part of human consciousness and social reality

which is a glaring responsibility of humans and institutions to prepare from its

devastating effects. Countries all over the world and the agencies attached to it

government are aware of the need to prepare for emergencies and disasters, respond to it,

help communities recover from it and mitigate its effects to humans, animals and the

society in general. Laws on climate change and disaster risk reduction and management

have been created and place to safeguard families at home and people in the workplace.

Several non-government organizations and private institutions have already partnered

with the government to downplay the effects of emergencies and disasters. In most

countries, these safety nets are guaranteed protection for people and its resources while

some are still struggling to attend to these predicaments with full force of the law.

The approach use by the countries around the world to address the daunting

challenges of escalating number of emergencies and disasters shows their level of

preparedness in securing the safety of their people and all its resources. However, many

countries  are at risk for increasing fatality and ecological destruction in their failure to

respond effectively to disasters, leading to significant livelihood, social order and

property damage (Comerio, 2014). For instance, the present pandemic caused by the

novel corona virus has exposed 89 percent of countries for their inability to provide a
2

sophisticated system for dispensing medical countermeasures especially during health

emergencies (Sun, 2019). In the regional level, the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) region, faces high levels of risk because they are geographically

located in one of the most disaster prone regions of the world (Simm, 2016) and

accounted for more than fifty percent of global disaster deaths from 2004 to present but

are less well prepared to address the overwhelming challenges of emergencies and

disasters (ASEAN Secretariat, 2016) in spite of very good laws related to climate change.

In the 2019 World Risk Index, the Philippines ranked number 9 with a very high

risk (20.69%), very high exposure (41.93%), high vulnerability (49.34%), medium

susceptibility (28.86%) and achieved high rating in its lack of coping capacities (80.98%)

and lack of adaptive capacities (38.17). It goes to show that the country has a high level

of vulnerability when it comes to emergencies and disasters and has been at par with

Tonga, Vanuatu and other Pacific countries – nations with highest risk index, in so far as

the level of preparedness and ability to respond effectively to disasters, ability to adjust

and form long-term strategies for climate change and the quality of the socioeconomic

conditions of its population are concerned. This place the country in a challenging

position to address the daunting task of continuously preparing the country, its people and

communities to emergencies and disasters. The present world risk index of the country

has raised an alarm for the government with the passage of the Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Act (DRRM Act) in 2010 that adopted a disaster risk reduction and

management approach which aims to build disaster resilient communities.

The implementation of DRRM Act of 2010 is synchronized with the

decentralization policy as emboldened in the Local Government Code of 1991. As

3

disaster risks and their impacts are experienced locally, proactive undertakings and inputs

from municipalities, cities and barangays call for the complementary integrative role of

regions and provinces and for the harmonization of efforts in line with the policy

directions of the national government (Aspiras and Santiago, 2016). Hence, the DRRM

architecture consists of multi-tiered bodies at the community level, comprising the

DRRMO in each province, city, town and barangay which are responsible for vertical

coordination operations as mandated by the DRRM Act (United Nations Office for

Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 2019). The government makes a substantial

contribution to capacitating local government units by establishing a checklist of steps

and resources along with contact and emergency preparedness planning models (Alcayna,

Dy, Bollettino. and Vinck, 2016).

However, there have been issues that were raised in the implementation of the

emergency and disaster preparedness of the LGUs. The challenges with localizing the

DRRM system often cause uncertainty in the disaster response processes, including

access to funds and recovery which makes the development of local DRR institutional

capability as a high priority (UNDRR, 2019). Wherever decentralization is being

pursued, further measures are required to strengthen local community’s capacity to take

on responsibilities (Parry and Terton, 2019). Furthermore, DRRM concepts must be

internalized, imbedded and applied inside and outside of bureaucratic institutions

(Domingo, 2017). Furthermore, barangays through its Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Office (BDRRMO) have obstacles to work efficiently like ensuring

maximum resource usage and decision-making for this essential public service mission

(Fajardo, 2013).
4

A microcosm in the implementation of the DRRM policy at the grassroots level is

the Sitio Bani which is located at Purok 2 west section of Brgy. Cataning, City of

Balanga, Bataan. It is upland sitio of the barangay which is a farming community where

sugar cane, palay, corn, and other root crops are planted and harvested. As an adopted

community by government and non-government organizations like Department of

Science and Technology (DOST) and Bataan Peninsula State University (BPSU) through

the ANCOP Bani project, the potential of the community to become a center of economic

activity for the city is high. However, recent natural disasters that wrought havoc in the

province for the past two years may have the likelihood to impede this potential. Hence,

as part of strategic planning, there is a need to look into the implementation of the

disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani from 2018 to 2020 so that a

disaster risk reduction and management policy improvement plan may be designed.

The researcher observes that communities like Sitio Bani is continually challenge

by many factors that affect its capability to respond to all sorts of challenges, including

emergency situations and natural disasters. These are institutional factors, stakeholders-

related and harmonizing national and provincial policies on DRRM with that of the

barangay while localizing its programs and projects to meet the emerging needs of the

people and the challenges pose by the emergencies and disasters that are putting the

community at risk. As such, the researcher would like to engage in this problem.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study is: How does the disaster risk reduction
5

and management  policy in Sitio Bani, Barangay Cataning, City of Balanga is

implemented from 2018 to 2020?

Specifically, it will seek answers to the following questions:

1. How may the profile of participants be described in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 highest educational attainment;

1.4 area of work; and

1.5 number of relevant trainings attended?

2. How may the disaster risk reduction and management policy of Sito Bani be

described in terms of:

2.1 preparation;

2.2 response;

2.3 recovery; and

2.4 mitigation?

3. What are the challenges being faced by Sitio in the implementation of its disaster

risk reduction and management policy?

4. How does the Sitio officials address these challenges?

5. What insights can be derived from the case analysis of the implementation of the

disaster risk reduction and management policy of Sitio Bani?

6. How can the findings be used in designing a disaster risk reduction and

management policy improvement plan for Sitio Bani?

6

Significance of the Study

This study has contributions to the following:

Barangay Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Office (BDRRMO). The

findings of the study maybe used by the  Barangay Disaster Risk and Reduction

Management Office (BDRRMO) in understanding how Sitio Bani has fared in terms of

preparation, response, recovery and mitigation of emergencies and disaster for the past

three years. The experiences of Sitio Bani in planning and attending to various

emergencies and disaster may provide valuable information on how to continuously

improve their services and better the way they do things in their operations. The

emergency and disaster preparedness improvement plan that this research hopes to design

from the findings and insight from the lived experiences of the personnel may help one

way or another in bringing more positive changes in the way the BDRRMO delivers it

services to its clients and the community as a whole.

City of Balanga Local Government Unit. The findings of the study may provide

the city administration on how the Barangay Risk Reduction and Management Office

(BDRRMO) prepares and plans for emergencies and disasters. This will provide a clear

picture on how this agency operates by looking into the preparation, response, recovery

and mitigation mechanisms used by BDRRMO in the past as well as the problems met

along the way that challenge the implementation. By looking at these data, the city

government may design measures on how to enhance and improve the operation of the

office and continuously fulfil its mandate of helping the communities mitigate the effects

of climate change. As such, the findings of the study may serve as basis for better funding
7

and wider logistical support to the organization by both the local government and

external stakeholders.

Members of the Emergency Response Team. The findings of the study may

help the members of the emergency response team view the how the emergency and

disaster preparedness operations of Barangay Disaster Risk and Reduction Management

Office (CDRRMO) works as well as the challenges it face on its day to day operation as

well as in the actual emergency and disaster operations. Hence, the study may provide

them a clear picture on how these people work in an the emergency and disaster

preparedness agency and how challenging the work is for them given a somehow

inadequate related learning experiences they got from their baccalaureate preparations.

The study will also provide them understandings of the emergency and disaster

preparedness operations from the lived experiences of their fellow team members who

are part of the incident command system of the BDRRMO.

Community. Continuous improvement in the delivery of services of the

Barangay Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Office (BDRRMO) will surely

benefit the community. It will mean better services to the community in terms of

reparation, response, recovery and mitigation, hence, the community people will be

assured that their local government unit is working hard for them to ensure their safety

before, during and after an emergency or disaster. Hence, these findings will look into the

possible ways on how the BDRRMO may be able to upgrade its services and enhance the

way and means it operations which eventually would mean better services to the

community in times of peace and during emergencies and disaster.

8

Future Researchers. This study may serve as reference for future researchers

when they try to investigate how their own Disaster Risk and Reduction Management

Office (DRRMO) prepare for and respond to emergencies and natural and man-made

disasters. Likewise, the study maybe replicated by future researchers as they look into the

role of DRRMO in responding to emergencies and disasters.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This descriptive single case study aims to investigate the manner by which the

disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani, Barangay Cataning, City of

Balanga is implemented from 2018 to 2020. The participants of the study will be the

personnel of the 11 officials from the Sitio who are taking an active part in the disaster

risk reduction and management activities of the community. Inclusion and exclusion

criteria will be used for the selection of the participants. In gathering the data needed for

the study, in-depth interview, participant observation, document analysis and reflective

notes will be used as data gathering tools.

Moreover, the profile of participants in terms of age, sex, highest educational

attainment, area of work and number of relevant trainings attended will be gathered and

described. Also, the emergency and disaster preparedness of the barangay in terms of

preparation, response, recovery and mitigation. Furthermore, the challenges being faced

by the Sitio in the implementation of its disaster risk reduction and management policy

will be explored as well as the ways in which they address these challenges. The insights

can be derived from the case analysis of the implementation of the disaster risk reduction
9

and management policy of Sitio Bani. The findings of the study will be used in designing

a disaster risk reduction and management policy improvement plan for Sitio Bani.

In analyzing the data, the profile of participants will be presented using frequency

and percentage distribution. On the other hands, data gathered from the in-depth

interview, focus group discussion, direct observation, document analysis and reflective

notes will be analyzed using Yin’s (2011) 5-step approach to data analysis which include

the following 5-steps: (1) compiling the data; (2) disassembling the data; (3)

reassembling the data; (4) interpreting the meaning of the data; and (5) concluding the

data. To ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of the findings of the study, credibility,

transferability, dependability and confirmability (Lincoln and Guba, 1985) will be

observed. Also, the rights of the participants as stipulated in the Belmont Report will be

upheld.

The findings of the study is delimited to the case of Sitio Bani in the City of

Balanga. Hence, the experiences of the barangay officials may not be true to the

experiences of other cities and municipalities within and outside the province of Bataan.

Also, the insights that may be derived from the case analysis may not reflect the case of

other barangays although there may be similarities in the narration of challenges and

experiences of the personnel working at the DRRMO.

10

Notes in Chapter I

Comerio, MC. (2014). Disaster recovery and community renewal: Housing approaches.
cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 16(2): 51-68.

Sun, L. (2019, October 25). None of these 195 countries — the U.S. included — is fully
prepared for a pandemic, report says. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/24/none-these-countries-us-
included-is-fully-prepared-pandemic-report-says/.

Simm, G. (2016). Disaster response in Southeast Asia: The ASEAN agreement on

disaster response and emergency management. Asian Journal of International
Law, 8(01), 116–142.doi:10.1017/s2044251316000205.

World Risk Index. (2019). WorldRiskReport 2019. Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft

and Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International Law of Peace and
Armed Conflict (IFHV).

ASEAN Secretariat. (2016). ASEAN Vision 2025 on disaster management. Online:

ASEAN <http://www. asean.org/storage/2016/02/ASEAN-Vision-2025-on-
Disaster-ManagementAdopted.pdf> at para. 6 [ASEAN Vision 2025].

Aspiras, K. and Santiago, A. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of the decentralization

policy on disaster risk reduction and management: The case of Hagonoy,
Bulacan, Philippines. Springer International Publishing.

UNDRR (2019). Disaster risk reduction in the Philippines: Status 2019. Bangkok,
Thailand, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), Regional
Office for Asia and the Pacific.

Alcayna, T., Dy, P., Bollettino, V. and Vinck, P. (2016). Resilience and disaster trends in
the Philippines: Opportunities for national and local capacity building. PLOS
Currents Disasters. 2016 Sep 14.

Silver, E. (2014). Priority, capacity, information (A three stage approach to

implementing disaster risk reduction and management at the local level).
11

Retrieved from: https://center.noah.up.edu.ph/priority-capacity-information-a-

three-stage-approach-to-implementing-disaster-risk-reduction-and-management-
at-the-local-level.

Parry, J. and Terton, A. (2019). How are vulnerable countries adapting to climate
change? Retrieved from: https://www.iisd.org/faq/adapting-to-climate-change.

Domingo, N. (2017). Institutional issues on disaster risk reduction and management.

Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Discussion Paper Series No. 2017-
50.
CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories, the related literature and studies,

conceptual framework, assumptions and definition of terms used in the study.

Relevant Theories

The present study is anchored on the following theories: Systems Theory by Von

Bertalanffy (1973), Rogers’ (1983) Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Paton’s

(2018) Community Engagement Theory (CET).

The first theory applicable to the present study is Systems Theory by Von

Bertalanffy (1973), which suggests that effective organizational systems comprise of

several internal subsystems that need to be consistently aligned. As organizations grow,

they are developing and becoming more complicated subsystems that need to

synchronize in transforming inputs into outputs. These interconnections can quickly

become so complicated that elsewhere in the entire organization, a minor incident in one

component can exacerbate into significant unforeseen effects. The organization involves
12

a wide range parts known as subsystems. These subsystems come together to support the

entire organization survive and succeed. Once a part doesn't work well it affects the

others. The whole subsystems work together interconnectedly and in synchronous

movement, hence, a failure in any of the subsystem may affect the whole operations of

the systems. Thus, systemic problems result from feedback loops and cascading effects

along all various systems and are prompted by densely connected systems evolving or

formed to maximize productivity.

The relevance of the Systems Theory to this study lies in the premise that the

disaster risk reduction and management  system of Sitio Bani can be considered a system

composed of various committees that are the subsystems. As such if a part of the system

fails to deliver its mandate or perform way below expectations, it may affect the

performance of the entire organization as unfulfilled targets may also affect the objectives

of other units. Interestingly, this study investigates how the Sitio prepares and responds to

emergencies and natural and man-made disasters. The intention is to evaluate how the

sitio performs their staff tasks in preparation, response, recovery and mitigation. As such,

the Systems Theory can guide the researcher in understanding how the disaster risk

reduction and management policy of Sitio Bani is implemented.

Another theory that has relevance to the present study is Rogers’ (1983)

Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).  It notes that stakeholders' motivation to defend

themselves from risk is strengthened by the following four perceptions: (1) the

seriousness of the danger, (2) their susceptibility to the threat, (3) self-efficacy, i.e., their

faith in their abilities to cope with the threat and execute behavior-reducing threat, and

(4) the efficacy of the solution, i.e. the ability of the response approach to mitigate the
13

threat. It includes stakeholders' objectives to conduct a prescribed precautionary action,

and the two sub-processes of hazard assessment and managing assessment affect the

expectations. The danger evaluation involves an assessment of the magnitude of the

hazard and the sensitivity of the stakeholder to the risk, and involves perceived dangers,

perceived severity, and activation of fear, whereas the coping assessment involves an

assessment of stakeholder self-efficacy and response efficacy that includes cost of

response, self-efficacy, and response. If a person assumes the solution to be successful

and is secure in conducting the necessary actions and interprets the cost of the disaster

response exercise to be minimal, so he/she is more likely to follow the recommended

approach. Protection motivation theory should also be used to research the influencing

forces guiding organizations to adopt disaster management and disaster recovery.

In this study, an attempt is made to study disaster risk reduction and management 

policy in Sitio Bani in terms of preparedness, action, recovery and mitigation through

PMT lens to explain what may be the factors affecting  the policy in planning for and

reacting to emergencies and natural and man-made disasters. This research is driven by

the theory framework, which calls for recognizing how the local disaster risk reduction

and management  office in Sitio Bani leads the community to take preventive steps

against disasters and deal with the consequences of these disasters. The theory thus leads

the researcher in investigating the numerous initiatives and activities that Sitio Bani is

conducting to support the community plan, respond and recover from disasters as well as

reduce the impact of this phenomena.

Finally,  the Community Engagement Theory (CET) espoused by Paton

(2018) has relevance to this study. The theory articulates how key features of partnerships
14

with, and within, group stakeholders and community risk assessment organizations

perform different interdependent roles. It explores organizations' interaction with

neighborhood residents as to how the former interacts and engages the latter in different

activities that relate to people's lives, including disaster preparedness. The principle may

be used to improve knowledge of these systems, and may affect policy efficacy such as

catastrophe risk mitigation strategies. The theory therefore discusses the functional

features of social interactions between agencies and individuals and the measures and

procedures describing social predictors of the behavior of agencies. When applicable to

disaster risk mitigation and management, the principle captures the dedication of local

disaster risk reduction and management units with the group to ensure citizens recognize

and execute disaster-related services efficiently.

As such, the hypothesis is applicable to this analysis as facets of the disaster risk

reduction and management  policy of Sitio Bani and officials’ interaction with

community citizens are also examined. The social network created between the barangay

and the citizens informs a lot of the needs and methods for risk management that the

office imposes to support the group avert catastrophe. As such, the philosophy offers a

basis for identifying the office's difficulties in executing catastrophe risk prevention

activities and services and how to overcome and climb above these odds. The theory

gives insights into how the barangay's disaster risk prevention and management systems

address community expectations and help advance people's disaster preparedness as well

as alleviate climate change, how they react to calamities, and eventually, rebound from

the onslaught of catastrophic man-made and natural disasters.

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All the theories mentioned above - Systems Theory by Meliti (1999), Rogers’

(1983) Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Paton’s (2018) Community Engagement

Theory (CET) are very much relevant to the present study since their theoretical

frameworks provide insights and guides in understanding how disaster risk reduction and

management policy of Sitio Bani fare in terms of implementation and in improving the

preparedness of the community to disasters. Hence, the theories suggest that the disaster

risk reduction and management strategies in preparing for and responding to emergencies

and natural and man-made disasters can be investigated in order to build the case on how

effective or not the barangay in attending to the needs of the people relative to disasters.

Related Literature

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

Preventing and mitigating disasters are essential to healthy society. According to

the disaster risk reduction office of the United Nations (UNISDR, 2015), the essence of

Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is to establish a systemic mechanism that helps reduce

risks and hazards. Process by leveraging organizational expertise, institutions, and

technical resources to execute programs and strategies. Increased coping skills to mitigate

harmful consequences of threats and the likelihood of catastrophe are focused on

UNISDR's perception of disaster danger (2015). All organizations are urged to develop

government officials' expertise at all stages. Civil society, governments, volunteers, and

the private business community. This occurs by common good management interactions,

instruction and schooling Including the usage of teaching methods and peer teaching As

such, the need to community and local government empowerment is indeed needed.
16

Hence, at the community level, Community-based Disaster Risk Management

(CBDRM) is a mechanism where at-risk populations are deeply engaged in recognizing,

evaluating, treating, tracking and measuring disaster threats to increasing their

weaknesses and improve their ability (Kuusikallio, 2017). This means individuals are at

the center of decision-making and disaster response practices. In this phase, the

participation of the most disadvantaged social community groups is deemed essential,

whereas help from the least marginalized communities is crucial for effective adoption.

CBDRM methodology is people-oriented, development-oriented which  treats disasters as

weakness. It allows people to solve the problems of poverty by changing social,

economic and political systems that produce deprivation and lack of development. The

strategy frequently includes prevention, preparedness, disaster management and

rehabilitation. Disaster preparation and response requires a structure of vast numbers of

collaborating entities, a dynamic network of interconnected bi-directional power

structures between players with vastly different qualities. Good management is essential

to the successful operation of different government departments in the various phases of

emergency recovery.

As mentioned by Victoria (2017), community-based disaster management

(CBDM) is grounded in disaster risk mitigation. CBDM encompasses a wide variety of

strategies, initiatives, events, ventures and services planned mainly for individuals in at-

risk areas focused on their immediate needs and abilities. Clearly speaking, CBDM's

mission is to 1) mitigate weaknesses and increase the capacity of vulnerable people and

societies to manage, avoid or mitigate losses and harm to lives, assets, and the climate, 2)

reduce human misery, and 3) accelerate recovery. Via CBDM, fragile populations and
17

societies can be turned into disaster-resilient communities that can survive and rebound

from natural/physical and socio-economic political pressures and disruptions. Though

resilience is a promising trend in CBDM, primary metrics are protection, safety and

sustainable fiscal, social and physical growth. Success factors in community-based

disaster reduction methods demonstrate crucial performance indicators such as adapting

community-based best practices to disaster mitigation, leveraging existing hierarchical

frameworks and processes.

Additionally, Republic Act (RA) 10121, better known as the 2010 Philippine

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act was passed on May 27, 2010 to improve

the Philippine disaster risk reduction mechanism. It explicitly provides for designing

strategies and proposals and adopting activities and initiatives relating to all areas of

disaster risk mitigation and management involving strong governance, risk evaluation

and early warning, creating and raising knowledge, mitigating root causes and planning

for successful response and early recovery (Jurilla, 2016) . This legislation contains a

provision to establish a dedicated office solely administering DRRM programs. The

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) is the country's

top policy-making entity on disaster risk reduction and management. It oversees the state

of national and local disaster preparedness, preparation, recovery, response and

rehabilitation. Accordingly, RA 10121 was approved by Congress to improve the

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System.

Furthermore, Villanueva and Villanueva (2017) pointed out that RA 10121

established the National DRRM Framework (NDRRMF) and National DRRM Plan

(NDRRMP). Both NDRRMF and NDRRMP predict a country for safer, responsive and
18

disaster-resilient Filipino communities toward environmental sustainability.  Along with

the paradigm shift, four thematic areas are created: disaster prevention and mitigation,

disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster rehabilitation and recovery. Each

area  has long-term priorities and objectives contributing to overarching vision of disaster

risk mitigation and management (DRRM). The  DRRM  resources invested in the four

thematic areas would emphasize disaster reduction and mitigation, disaster preparedness

and climate change adaptation to be more successful in achieving their priorities and

goals. All of these is cascaded from the national government to the barangay,

the  smallest administrative entity; and the closest to the communities acting as the main

coordination and execution unit of government services, initiatives and events. As

grassroots political body, the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Committee (BDRRMC) was required to enforce RA 10121 (Sec. 12(a)).

Furthermore, Section 5 of the Implementing Rules of RA 10121 specifies

BDRRMC as a regular committee of the existing BDC (Barangay Development

Council) and subject to it (Caldo, 2015). The barangay captain shall promote and

guarantee the involvement of at least two (2) CSO (Civil Society Organization) members

from established and committed community-based organizations serving the most

disadvantaged and oppressed communities in the barangay. This clause also emphasizes

the barangay selection to be included in the report. The rules also state that the local

government units (LGUs) with partner stakeholders build community disaster resilience,

establish disaster risk reduction structures and initiatives and enhance disaster

preparedness and response capacity at all levels.  Accordingly, in Section 384 of the

Republic Act No. 7160, also recognized as the 1991 Local Government Code, it is
19

established that as the basic political unit, the barangay acts as the main planning and

management unit of policy decisions, projects, activities and action plans of the

government in the community. 

According to the Office of Civil Defense (OCD, 2015), the BDDRM committee is

merged into the BDC. Each BDC committee is headed separately by kagawads or

barangay officials. The council should nominate someone to serve as the action

officer for the BDRRM committee and each team falls under the BDRRM committee

should have team leaders and representatives from the barangay officers or group

recognized by the BLGU to compose in certain framework like purok leaders as members

of the early warning team. Also, the BDRRMC establishes priorities, creates, executes

and coordinates catastrophe risk management systems within their geographical

jurisdiction. It also designs programs and manages disaster risk prevention and consistent

management activities. Likewise, the department encourages and promotes state-level

risk evaluations and strategic preparation programs, consolidating local disaster risk

knowledge that encompasses natural disasters, vulnerabilities, and climate change

dangers, and developing a local risk chart. It also organizes preparation, education and

information management programs on disaster risk prevention and local management.

Finally, it runs a multi-hazard early warning device related to disaster risk mitigation to

offer prompt, reliable guidance. Hence, BDRRM is pretty much the grassroot

organization that serves as the primordial defense of the people and the community

against the disaster.

The BDRRMC also performs the Participatory Capability and Vulnerability

Analysis (PCVA), a comprehensive attempt to evaluate and control the sources of

20

disasters by mitigating risks and improving ability to minimize detrimental impacts and

risks and the threat of catastrophe by assessing the degree of danger risk (Gumiran,

Moncada, Gasmen, Boyles-Panting and Solidum, 2019). Until preparation, the evaluation

is essential to underline the various factors. The assessment process also aims to evaluate

capabilities in terms of societies' economic practices if their livelihood activities will lead

to the adverse effects of hazards; current physical infrastructure and services are adequate

to avoid danger risks and future disasters; social capital; environmental protection; and

climate and catastrophe risks. Furthermore, the BDRRMC coordinates Barangay Tanods,

actively engaged in recognition, study, treatment, tracking and assessment of hazard

threats to reduce their vulnerabilities and develop capability through skill development

initiatives in basic emergency training.

Since the implementation of the BDRRMC, barangays and LGUs have faced

several challenges relative to the how the office respond to and prepare for disasters. In

the Commission on Audit (COA) report in 2017, the agency noted that the low

accomplishments of the LGUs when it comes to their disaster risk preparedness

program’s projects and activities are due to their failure to regularly monitor and

evaluate the implementation of the program, activities, and projects related to disaster

preparedness. There was also an observed non-use of the performance indicators

prescribed by the NDRRM Plan, which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and

time- bound. The barangay LGUs’ disaster preparedness is viewed as a measure of their

functionality and effectiveness in strengthening the adaptive capacity and resilience of

their communities to disaster occurrences as contemplated under the structural-

functionalist theory and the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act. It
21

is likewise assumed as a fulfillment of their mandated role in protecting their

communities’ safety and security from whatever hazards.

Emergency and Disaster Management

An emergency and disaster response policy examines future crises and incidents

focused on the threats posed by possible hazards; establishes and executes programs

aimed at mitigating the effect of these incidents on the population, plans for certain

dangers that cannot be removed; and recommends the steps expected to address the

effects of current events and to rebound from such events (Hugelius, Adolfsson,

Örtenwall and Gifford, 2017). Disaster management helps to reduce the detrimental

health consequences induced by the disaster, minimize the likelihood of another incident

happening, minimize insecurity or enhance society's resilience, and strengthen

preparedness for potential disasters 42. The normal period in crisis management explains

disaster management in four phases: mitigation, prepared- ness, response, and recovery.

Mitigation involves methods for mitigating or removing risks. The preparedness process

involves initiatives to train people and community structures to maintain and cope at all

stages, e.g. through conducting training activities or facilities. The response phase

focuses on activities to minimize the effect of the catastrophe incident on preserving

lives, maintaining wellbeing and other factors e.g. financial) and mitigating distress. The

recovery process attempts to reconstruct society's functions to the same or greater degree

than before the dis-aster case. The phases of the emergency response continuum are not

unique periods, typically overlapping

22

As mentioned by Reid (2016), preparedness efforts are important to the degree

that prevention strategies have not prevented disasters. LGUs, organizations, and people

create strategies to save life and mitigate catastrophe harm. Preparations also aim to

improve disaster response operations. It requires acts requiring a mixture of preparation,

capital, instruction, exercise, and organization to develop, maintain and strengthen

organizational capabilities. Preparedness is the practice of determining the resources,

preparation and facilities required for a wide variety of future accidents and creating

jurisdiction-specific measures to provide skills as an event needs. Preparedness is an

ongoing mechanism including activities across all levels of industry, government, private

sector and non-governmental organizations to recognize risks, identify gaps, and identify

the services needed.

Furthermore, Cadag and Gaillard (2012) pointed out that preparedness involves

actions undertaken in expectation of a disaster to prevent death and efficient decisions are

made during an emergency such as setting up warning systems, coordinating and

institutional structures, managing relocation and operational environments, awareness

campaigns, disaster and evacuation drills, and storage. Emergency responses are

interventions necessary to keep safety and help stop even more degradation. These

include search and rescue, instantaneous repair and restore critical facilities and utilities,

performing needs for damage and capacity assessment, food and non-food aid, medical

support, evacuation center management, and collaboration.

For disaster preparedness at the barangay level, the NDRRM Framework seeks to

develop and enhance societies' capacity to predict, manage and rebound from the

damaging consequences of emergencies and disasters (Maguigad, 2017). To assess

23

success, NDRRM Framework has provided four key results areas (KRAs), namely:

community awareness and knowledge of risk factors; local crisis planning including

emergency command system, early warning systems, pre-emptive evacuation, storage

and equipment; local drill and simulation exercises; and national disaster management

planning. Once the KRAs are completed via the different techniques of each DRRM

aspect, the desired outcome will be achieved. Thus, the preparation phase is a long-term

planning process for the community leaders so that they will be able to establish

procedures and measures, infrastructures and funding resources which can be made

readily functional and available in anytime emergency and disaster happens.

Another phase of emergency and disaster management is the response to these

events. After the onslaught of an emergency or disaster, whether mand-made or natural in

nature, response activities follow. These activities are basically placed to offer medical

help to victims like in search and rescue operations, emergency shelter, medical care and

mass feeding. As mentioned by Chari, Petrun Sayers, Amiri, Leinhos, Kotzias,

Madrigano and Uscher-Pine (2019), response activities often aim to minimize the risk of

secondary harm and may include shutting off electrical supply, closing off polluted water

supplies, cordoning off and patrolling loot-prone areas and pace recovery activities like

damage assessment. Naturally, activities involving response as an emergency happens

soon following an incident involving actions that resolve an incident's short-term,

immediate impact. The response often involves conducting emergency operation plans

and emergency prevention exercises intended to limit life lost, personal injury, collateral

destruction, and adverse outcomes.

24

In the barangay or community level, response activities are the local government

unit’s reaction to a catastrophe or other major incident that may affect the whole

population. As such, activities, jobs, services, and structures can involve life protection,

satisfy essential human needs, sustain business processes, and protect property and

climate (Lai, Tao and Cheng, 2017). An emergency response of the barangay can involve

evacuating a building, implementing a disaster management plan, conducting damage

evaluation, and all other appropriate steps to get the people to a more secure status. The

barangay also tasks to conduct a situation assessment as one of the first response

activities. It is accountable for disaster management and continuing review of the

capacity to protect the residents and infrastructure. To perform this obligation,

respondents and local authority leaders must undertake an urgent, swift review of the

local condition. Hence, the assessment may cover all emergency intervention tasks that

are specifically related to recognizing original, life-sustaining requirements and

identifying imminent hazards. The capacity of the local community or barangay to

execute a swift evaluation during the first few hours after an incident is essential to

ensuring effective response to life-threatening conditions and potential dangers.

After responding to emergencies and disasters, what follows is another important

phase of disaster and emergency management which is recovery which takes place until

all processes return to usual or great. Fundamentally, recovery is the creation,

coordination and execution of service and site reconstruction plans for damaged

communities and the reconstitution of government operations and services by human,

corporate, non-governmental and community aid programs (Misra, Goswami, Mondal

and Jana, 2017). The aim of this phase to normalize the situations as well as enhance the
25

life of the community people which may involve providing loans to the people, extending

legal assistance and undertaking community planning. As such, recovery phase is

normalizing the community's processes and behaviors and continues immediately after

emergency. Any rehabilitation practices can overlap with response efforts and long-term

regeneration involves restoring economic growth, and repairing homes and community

infrastructure. The recovery phase is comprised of two sets of operations: short-term

repair activities which aimed at restoring critical life-support services to working

minimum levels like housing and long-term repair activities.

In the barangay or community level, the local disaster risk reduction and

management council or office is involve also in the recovery phase following

emergencies or natural and man-made disasters. It labors on developing, organizing and

implementing facility and site reconstruction strategies, providing societal, democratic,

environmental and economic initiatives to people, monitoring post-incident and creating

initiatives to reduce potential accidents (Krishnan and Twigg, 2020). As such, the

community council embarks on short and long-term recovery initiatives. The short-term

activities of the community council involves provision of vital public health and security

facilities, repair of disrupted services and other public utilities, re-establishment of travel

roads, and the provision of food and accommodation to displaced people. For long-term

rehabilitation beyond the system, it may require several of the same behavior that may

extend for several months or even years depending on the degree and duration of the

harm suffered. Long-term rehabilitation, for example, can require full reconstruction of

affected parts.
26

Another important phase of emergency and disaster stage is the mitigation phase

which requires all activities that minimize or decrease the risk of a catastrophe or disaster

like infrastructures and legislation that will seek to help the community and people in

facing these phenomenon. Hence, mitigation phase calls for planning for long-term

activities intended to minimize inevitable consequences brought by disasters like

establishing comprehensive emergency management programs or imposing building

safety codes (Luo, Liu, Huang, Yang, Deng, Yin and Wang, 2013). There is a need to

plan for activities that establish a vital basis in an attempt to minimize the loss of life and

property incurred by natural and/or manmade disasters which can be done by preventing

or lessening the effects of a catastrophe and by building healthy neighborhoods. In the

long term basis, mitigation aims to repair the loop of destruction, restoration, and

repetitive damage which can often have a sustained long-term impact. It also aims to

reduce susceptibility of this state to destruction, injury, and loss of life and property

arising from natural, technical, or manmade crises.

In general, interventions in mitigation and prevention are linked to development

planning. In the community or barangay level, mitigation activities are very essential as a

formidable way of ensuring safety and security of the people and their properties. The

barangay or community leaders may improve infrastructural designs and integrity of

buildings, dikes, bridges, overpass, houses and churches (Kapiarsa and Sariffuddin,

2018). They also conduct evaluation on the neighborhood risk of emergencies and

disasters, trainings on mitigating community, improving people’s civic awareness,

espousing project that aims to protect community food sources among others. There is

also undertaking of trainings on emergency response and disaster mobilization. In

27

addition, citizen and community control, engagement and coordinated disaster reduction

efforts, including resource mobilization, produce a broad variety of relevant, creative and

doable mitigation strategies, cost-effective and sustainable.

Finally, Victoria (2017) stated that the best practices in community-based disaster

reduction methods demonstrate crucial performance drivers such as adapting community-

based best practices to disaster prevention, taping conventional organizational

frameworks and processes (including formal and informal group leaders) and creating

resources through community crisis boards. The value of diverse forms and channels of

collective information and education using local languages, culture and values and

partnerships with numerous stakeholders such as associations,

local leaders, LGUs, higher government, NGOs, less-favored populations, and

contributors was likewise recognized.

Related Studies

The study of Mohammed (2018) centered on Tarlac's Catastrophe Risk Mitigation

and Management. The risk prevention and response structure of the city disaster; the

identified threats and relocation zones; the Tarlac City DRRM Strategy in four thematic

areas as identified in the NDRRM Plan; the CDRRMO cars, facilities and resources; and

the community-based respondents are presented here. The following findings was drawn

dependent on knowledge and evidence collected. The CDRRMC and CDRRMO are

developed and working according per their mandate, based on DILG's certificate of

recognition of disaster preparedness granted to the Tarlac City Government. The city

council approves CDRRMO's structure but needs funds to fill the defined vacancies.
28

CDRRMO has a danger chart with known flood-prone barangays, lahar flow and

earthquake. Local Government's thematic response strategies comply with the Sendai

Catastrophe Risk Mitigation System. This is apparent in their action reports detailing

services and initiatives. The presence of community-based responders demonstrates that

through educating local authorities in how to act in times of emergency, the City

Government provides assistance to the barangay level.

Moreover, the study of Villanueva and Villanueva (2017) offers an outline of the

Barangay Disaster Risk Mitigation and Management Committees (BDRRMCs) of Laur,

Nueva Ecija, Philippines. It centered on Laur's flood-prone, landslide-prone barangays,

Nueva Ecija. The research used the Organizational Philosophy Target Model to assess

BDRRMC's perception. BDRRMCs' understanding was assessed against the goals of

Republic Act 10121, also recognized as the Philippines Catastrophe Risk Mitigation and

Management Act (DRRM). The research used as a guide the Emergency Preparedness

Checklist grouped into four thematic areas: a) Disaster Avoidance and Reduction, b)

Disaster Preparedness, c) Disaster Response, and d) Disaster Reconstruction and

Recovery. The study demonstrated the need to annually assess the efficacy of Barangay

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees (DRRMCs) and set the success

benchmark not just for policy assessment purposes, but also to calculate community

participation in disaster risk reduction. Results showed that BDRRMCs can be most

successful when executing their duties and as required by statute, should prioritize all

thematic fields, including prevention and mitigation, and disaster preparedness to achieve

RA 10121's priorities and goals.

29

Likewise, Cuya-Antonio and Antonio (2017) analyzed the operational

performance of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees

(BDRRMCs). (BDRRMCs). (BDRRMCs). Based on Cabanatuan City, Philippines flood-

prone barangays. The research used the Organizational Philosophy Target Model to

assess BDRRMC efficacy. BDRRMC's efficacy was assessed against the objectives of

the Republic Act 10121 or the Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

(DRRM) Act.. The research used as a guide the Emergency Preparedness Checklist

grouped into four thematic areas: a) Disaster Prevention and Reduction, b) Disaster

Preparedness, c) Disaster Response, and d) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery. The

findings were represented using the Disaster Preparedness Effectiveness Index. The study

demonstrated the need to annually assess the efficacy of Barangay Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Committees (DRRMCs) and set the success benchmark not

just for policy assessment purposes, but also to calculate community participation in

disaster risk reduction.

Moreover, the Mercader and Sesio (2014) analysis of the Municipality of

Balangkayan, Eastern Samar's emergency preparedness for Super Typhoon Yolanda.

Furthermore the study seeks concerns about the effectiveness of the Balangkayan

municipality's disaster preparedness programme, the LGU's operations and local

residents' opinions on the people's preparedness during Super Typhoon Yolanda. Nested

sampling was used to classify primary informants for this case study. As a result, primary

informants representing the esteemed municipality's LGU Officials and Civil Society

were chosen to assess the locality's preparedness for Super Typhoon Yolanda. The

disaster preparedness priorities originating from the National Risk Reduction

30

Management Plan of the Philippines is used as a reference in performing case study in

Balangkayan, Eastern Samar. It was noticed that there is no current disaster preparedness

plan in Balangkayan Municipality, Eastern Samar, throughout Yolanda Super Typhoon.

Given the matter, there were no confirmed fatalities in the municipality, while obvious

storm damage occurred. 'The research ends with the idea that civil society's involvement

in politics with the LGU's immediate planning during Super Typhoon Yolanda was a

critical aspect in the lack of injury reports in the community amid the scarcity of a

disaster preparedness strategy.

In addition, Pongan's (2014) study evaluates how effective Albay's DRRM

activities are in tackling the causes that render populations insecure at first, such as lack

of economic opportunities or public health problems. The harm in recent years was

significant in the Philippines sense. In addition to the devastating casualties and

disruption to wildlife and property, the average global disaster-induced damage amounts

to PHP 19.7 billion over the last two decades, equal to an annual average of 0.5 percent

of GDP. Tacloban City serves as an indicator of Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (DRRM) breakdown after the November 2013 super typhoon Haiyan. By

comparison, Albay's DRRM activities translate nuanced, convoluted DRRM laws and

structures through a deeply contextually relevant participatory growth paradigm that can

save lives and minimize economic and property-damage threats. Growth and DRR are

profoundly entangled and development also becomes a discourse that ignores the same

populations it represents. Participatory DRRM provides a way to regain a degree of

effectiveness to climate change refugees, even in the midst of events that are impossible

to foresee.The main purpose of the study of Kuusikallio (2017) is to develop the disaster
31

preparedness plan to Kimbilio centre customers and staff ́s daily use. The objectives are

assessing the risk impact of disasters at Kimbilio and provide recommendations to

mitigate the risk of all kind of disasters having a significant effect at Kimbilio. The

theoretical background used for this thesis was WHO ś and UN ́s definitions of disaster

and theories about safety as a human need and human right. These theories were the

frame and background through the entire development process. This fully implemented

learning process helps them to build safer environment for Kimbilio customers and

workers. The two days' workshop was held on February 2017. It helped the staff to build

their disaster preparedness capacity. As the result of the development workshop, it was

discovered in Kimbilio that the disaster preparedness level was not appropriate. One of

the workshop core findings was the lack of exit doors in the shelter building. In case of

fire or terrorist attack that can be destructive. The entire thesis process was planned and

co-operated with Kimbilio owners and donators in Tanzania and Finland. The workshop

got financial support from Finland. The results of the thesis are recommendations to the

Kimbilio staff in aim to build the safer environment and arrange more training for

Kimbilio’s workers.

Using case study style, Viloria's research (2012) explains the disaster

preparedness of Iligan City's four typhoon Sendong impacted barangays: Hinaplanon,

San Roque, Upper Hinaplanon and Tibanga. -The research is focused on barangay

emergency preparedness before the typhoon, post typhoon behavior  and the

corresponding methods and practices. Community interviews and in-depth interviews

with 20 barangay informants and 6 primary informants were undertaken respectively.

Observation approach was used to produce the general profiles of the four impacted
32

barangays. Data evaluated using content review. The study shows that most barangays

are not equipped for the catastrophe given the lack of funding, which obviously resulted

in incompetence and over-confidence; only one barangay was able to execute its

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRMP). (BDRRMP). Lack

of adequate relevant data services and citizens' indifference added to their

unpreparedness. Delayed response and relief was partially attributed to inaccessible

paths. Afterwards, barangay government officials helped disperse the disaster relief and

organized their long-term recovery with the local and national governments, NGOs, and

other private sector organizations. The four impacted barangays are now under

rehabilitation; reinforcing their BDRRM strategy and committee is their focus. Getting

adequately equipped for potential catastrophe after Sendong, these barangays succeeded

in achieving their target of "zero-victims" when typhoon Pablo hit Mindanao in

December 2012.

Furthermore, the study of Florano (2014) seeks to examine the role of societies in

disaster recovery and creating resilience to address how the community at large function

in disaster recovery, the positions that stakeholders perform in community-led disaster

recovery and whether community-based emergency recovery is influenced by danger and

disaster exposure or community stage of socio-economic development. To address these

concerns, the 12 barangays from Tacloban, Iligan, Dagupan, and Marikina Cities

evaluated five factors. The cases were examined by examining their records, questioning

officials of the local council, and holding meetings with barangay officials and citizens.

This were all performed using unstructured questionnaires and checklists for the Disaster-

Resilient Group Index (DRCI), used to measure barangay resilience levels. The study
33

showed that disaster recovery group governance appears to be trapped in pre-NDRRMC

(National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management) years while recovery preparation

remains inactive and reactive. There is no early response strategy, and with each

catastrophe, the government has focused on post-disaster needs evaluation for years.

Thus the lowest relation appears to be among the four foundations of catastrophe risk

mitigation and management (DRRM). Disaster recovery in barangays appears to be a

result of socio-economic growth rather than awareness of barangay officials and citizens'

vulnerability to hazards and disasters. The position of numerous stakeholders in disaster

recovery is very significant, however without substantive barangay intervention, recovery

moves at a snail's rate. Lastly, the study showed that resilience is developed  over time,

but it can be slowed if critical recovery areas (e.g. accommodation and livelihood) are

neglected; this makes people especially the disadvantaged who are often the hardest hit in

unsafe areas) feel vulnerable to hazards and disasters. The report proposes regulations on

pre-disaster emergency preparation, public sector continuity strategies, and shifting

residents from disaster-prone regions to safer places as cost-effective recovery measures,

plans, and initiatives. For further studies, further DRCI testing and expansion of study

coverage are recommended.

Likewise, the study of Maguigad (2017) evaluated disaster management of ten

barangays in Tuguegarao City that had Super Typhoon Lawin's most impacted families.

Specifically this study measured the level of preparedness of barangay's disaster plan and

early warning system, evacuation control, response/relief system, and resilience in

executing calamity response and post-calamity procedures for the super typhoon. It also

measured the trust level of impacted families in adopting disaster management based on
34

preparedness and reaction. Often decided were the disaster response programs that the

barangays have, challenges faced and suggestions for strengthening emergency

management. The analysis used detailed architecture using triangulation test approach.

Interview, interview, documentary study and on-site observation were used to collect

evidence. Data is handled using descriptive statistics.

Findings found that the impacted families remain ambivalent regarding the

presence of typhoon and/or flood mitigation plan and early warning system before the

super typhoon. They still don't know if their barangays were trained for evacuation

management before and after the super typhoon and have a response/relief mechanism

after. The impacted families were not happy or disappointed with planning and reaction

practices and facilities. Popular disaster response measures among the post-super typhoon

barangays were relief delivery, clean-up drive, and damage evaluation. In addition, the

challenges addressed by the BDRRMC and impacted families is as follows: deficient

resources and services, insufficient emergency preparedness support, shortage of disaster

risk prevention and management workshops and preparation, lack of personnel and

negligence. Especially impacted families faced unequal and biased allocation of relief

products and other help.

In addition, Galindo, Villanueva, and Enguito (2014) researched the natural

disaster preparedness of government and non-governmental agencies directly responsible

for managing essential facilities and emergency response functions in Ozamiz City. The

region was chosen as economic operations depend on coastal areas and much of its

residents are situated along the coastal area, rendering it vulnerable to hydrological

events. This research utilized survey form. Survey questionnaires were provided to 254
35

managers and staff from 45 organisations, follow-up interviews were held. Overall results

showed reasonably trained entities for natural disasters. However, results from the

individual infrastructure group revealed fewer equipped services, utilities and transport

organizations. Electrical power, carbon, energy, waste and water utilities organisations

rated number one with the lowest preparedness standard. The results of this study can

help identify weaknesses and solutions to improve the resilience of these vital

infrastructures and organizations, and provide the foundation for improving disaster

preparedness local policies.

Likewise, the study of Lopez, Echavez, Magallen, and Sales, E (2018) determines

the degree of conformity with school risk mitigation and disaster preparedness program

among public high schools in Buenavista City, Bohol, Philippines. It aimed to assess

enforcement in instructional areas of healthy learning environments, school emergency

prevention, and disaster risk mitigation. The research using quantitative approach via a

survey questionnaire on instruments established by the Department of Education

(DepEd). The results showed that schools had strong emergency preparedness

enforcement. There were some challenges, however, such as insufficient preparation

materials and lack of training among school disaster risk mitigation teams. Nevertheless,

all instructors and students acknowledged that public high schools were largely obedient.

Continuation of emergency preparedness preparation and workshops as well as

expenditure allocation to fund the publication and dissemination of training materials for

the school distribution program was seen.

Meanwhile, the study of Ngcamu (2014) seeks to help devise a comprehensive

system in managing disaster and strategy like the construction of a completely equipped
36

center on managing disaster inside the eThekwini Municipality. In addition, to allow the

emergency unit within eThekwini Municipality to work easily and more effectively by

implementing new systemic disaster risk mitigation strategies. In addition, add value to

South Africa's knowledge base when there is a small amount of researches in managing

and provide more worth to strategy, encourage investors and secure marginalized

populations by incorporating disaster reduction, preparedness and mitigation. A survey

was self-administered to many respondents, from whom 140 have finished answering the

survey-instrument. Interviews were also performed among local leaders, dealing mostly

on preventing disaster. Study aspects are disaster preparedness, prevention, intervention,

recovery and reconstruction, financial and potential goals. Analyzed results using SPSS.

Variables relations were calculated using Pearson chi-square. This report introduces

disaster management analysis results using frequency charts, diagrams, and cross-

tabulations tables collected for each question. Data analysis showed substantial

discrepancies between biographical variables and five aspects respectively. Results

analysis showed that substantial relationships occur among the study's main variables in

disaster management. This research applies to different academic fields, municipal

government, and culture as it proposes techniques and suggestions that can be applied to

address disaster management problems and reduce disaster risk. It is recommended that

the council create a framework to identify threat prevention techniques in five groups,

including regulation of hazard origins, community safety works, land-use policies,

building design practices, and building material protection. The study proposes that the

research locale accept mitigation interventions and integrate this aim into the plan for
37

rehabilitation. On the financial consequences factor, the study proposes that LGU

allocates fund for providing assistance financially to victims of disasters.

Furthermore, the study of Erjautz (2017) sought to define core elements of

community-based preparedness preparation. A systematic literature review offers a

substantial foundation for this research. In addition, professionals and community

representatives representing two groups, one that has and one that has not undergone

Community-Based Preparedness Instruction, were consulted on training relevant

information. Comparison across these cultures, together with knowledge from scholarly

research, forms the center of the conversation as well as the foundation for defining

discourses and techniques in planning instruction. Finally, the conclusion offers some

main points that can be targeted in low-income community-based preparedness

preparation. Disaster response is more successful where there is a strong preparedness

degree before natural disasters hit. Since many low-income countries are underfunded in

disaster risk mitigation, it is also lower-cost initiatives such as community-based

preparedness preparation that they focus on to include solutions to minimize community

vulnerability. This trainings are commonly used to resolve threats at local level.

The purok mechanism in the Philippines is marketed as a cooperative sub-village

self-organization that enhances group resistance to natural hazards. In 2011, the method

won the UN Sasakawa Award and gained popularity among practitioners. Centered on a

qualitative analysis by Matthies (2017) in San Francisco Municipality (Cebu Province)

from December 2014 to March 2015, the article discusses the successes and difficulties

of the purok method. Striking merits provide efficient and accurate measurements of in-

formation distribution and evacuation between all stages of political ad-ministering,

38

arising from the impressive enforcement of human and social resources by the

framework. It is underpinned by a strong determination of duties and obligations within

the responsibility principle. The purok method, however, faces inter-nal maintenance

problems and suggests profound philosophical ambiguities about the notion of

voluntarism and clientelism-friendly capability. Nevertheless the pu-rok method

distinctly separates itself from traditional community-based catastrophe risk management

methods and suggests extremely advantageous capacity for improving stability in

disaster-prone areas.

Moreover, the research of Baybay and Hindmarsh (2019) is essential to help

Philippines establish more successful community involvement adaptation methods and

policies to better respond to climate change and disaster risk management locally. To

investigate this, literature analysis accompanied by interviews and focus group meetings

with local professionals and community leaders. Findings from literature review were

that active group involvement responses to climate change and catastrophe risk

management were more successful than poor (passive and consultative) approaches. In

two typhoon-prone Philippine provinces, these findings were linked to fieldwork

interviews and focus group discussions. Findings showed that while strong and poor

community involvement methods exist in the Philippines, regional and local respondents

favored the implementation of strong community engagement including capacity building

and transparent knowledge and discussion. Major interaction with partners and through

industries that adopted customs and features of Filipino cultural engagement.

To help grasp and objectively assess how capability construction is achieved in

reality, Snowbarger (2016) performed a primary qualitative research in the Philippines

39

concentrating on the Eastern Visayas. Typhoon Yolanda was a modern catastrophe

occurrence, culminating in unparalleled devastation. In this environment of transition and

complexity, conventional ways of capacity building and catastrophe risk mitigation do

not suffice. Research illustrates the need to concentrate on improving resilience-oriented

skills that equip citizens to take advantage and respond to change whilst promoting

learning. Based on the results, 10 suggestions are suggested for organisations and

practitioners aiming to develop the ability of local players for disaster risk reduction:

engage in prevention and mitigation, not just response and preparedness; enhance

technological and functional capacity to increase absorption capacity through engaging in

subsistence communities, emphasis on adaptive capacity; promote adaptive capacity;

The Sobremisana and Pilar (2014) research was conducted to determine the City

of Mandaluyong's existing preparedness for a major earthquake. In selecting respondents,

8 city heads and 21 barangay chairmen/representatives, purposeful sampling was used.

Descriptive analysis approach and personal interview were used. The updated data

collection method was extracted from the MMEIRS "Disaster Mitigation Capability

Assessment Matrix." Study findings show Mandaluyong City is poised for a big

earthquake. Six of the eight (8) preparedness elements were considered as strengths:

regulatory context, risk evaluation, DRRM plans, institutional/organizational

frameworks, group understanding, and emergency response. Results reveal that

Mandaluyong City's preparedness is slow in terms of private-public cooperation and

recovery/rehabilitation. Statistical study indicates no substantial variation in community

understanding of legal structure, DRRM strategies, and exposure to disasters. The study

states that although a legislative basis has been established, the current mandate is just an
40

administrative order imposed by the mayor, not an ordinance issued by the City Council.

Also, private sector reluctance to engage in the research initiative could suggest a general

tendency not to reveal details. The report proposes the city council enact and RA 10121-

compliant ordinance. Public-private relationship should be improved. Further analysis on

DRRM, not restricted to the like hood of an earthquake, can be undertaken, inviting the

participation of private industry.

Also, Lee's (2019) research incorporates a qualitative technique utilizing a case-

study approach. The situation included handling flood-caused events. Focal entity is

Malaysia National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA), a nodal disaster

management agency. Semi-structured interviews used to gather results. The study

participants were 24 strategic and organizational decision-makers in 12 emergency

recovery agencies. Six disaster relief applicants were also interviewed. Primary

government statistics and press accounts complemented interview data. The data analyzes

used involved two periods of coding, memo, continuous contrasts and analytical

saturation (Charmaz, 2008, 2014; Saldaña, 2016). The study identifies three obstacles to

cross-sector cooperation by disaster stakeholders: a) perceived corporate rank and

hierarchy; b) varying degrees of willingness to cooperate; and c) organizations lack the

capacity to collaborate in disasters. The study suggests four forms of collaboration

focused on the desire to collaborate and the expectations of one's and others' willingness

to collaborate: (1) optimistic, (2) mandate-driven, (3) unwilling, and (4) non-

collaborative. For clinicians, this research proposes incorporating collective methods into

a system for successful emergency response.

41

Moreover, Fajardo's (2013) research indicates that CBMS knowledge can provide

useful details for catastrophe risk control preparation, disaster response, information

sharing, human resource management, networking, and legislative support. The study

recommends: more efforts to establish a robust and applied set of guidelines for local

governments; more studies to better understand how CBMS can be used for DRRM;

initiatives to further enhance local DRRM functionality; and more horizontal linkages

between local government units to enable mutual learning, systematic cooperation and

other synergies to mitigate disaster risks Disaster Risk Mitigation and Management

(DRRM) is a significant global problem, compounded by climate change issues creating

increasingly severe natural hazards. DRRM's bulk of legwork is located at state or

grassroots level—communities, local administration, and other local growth actors. The

Disaster Risk Mitigation and Management Act (RA 10121) explicitly notes in the

Philippines that districts, towns, cities and barangays are involved in mitigating and

mitigating disaster risks. However these municipal councils have logistical obstacles to

work successfully and efficiently. To ensure maximum resource usage and decision-

making for this essential public service mission, Philippine LGUs require specific

knowledge on hazards and vulnerability. Aside from the normal disaster-related

knowledge gathered through the years, LGUs require substantial information regarding

their respective constituents' socio-economic circumstances. Community-based

monitoring system (CBMS) databases are deemed a viable source of socioeconomic data

to produce useful knowledge for disaster risk mitigation and management.

In addition, the study of Quilleza (2020) was undertaken to assess Dolores, Abra's

local government entity initiatives. It discussed the LGU's programs and ordinances, the
42

LGU's preparedness, the perspectives of disaster rescue and disaster survivors, and the

issues in enforcing programs and ordinances. The thesis using qualitative analysis tool.

This study's respondents were 3 LGU staff, 3 disaster rescuers, 3 disaster survivors.

Respondents were picked by purposeful sampling. An interrogation guide was used as the

key instrument for a face-to-face interview. Results revealed that there are 5 services and

one LGU ordinance where earthquake exercises and critical life care preparation are best

known to LGU employees. Dolores plans for disasters by preparation, intelligence

sharing by Dolores Internet, and text blasting. Rescuers faced many difficulties, such as

late notifications and closed paths, although the survivors had problems with the rescuers

after the tragedy. Lack of citizen engagement was the LGU's biggest challenge in

enforcing services and ordinances, coupled with lack of manpower. Based on the results

and conclusions drawn, the following guidelines are forwarded: (1) To collect more

participants and delegates per barangay, programs and ordinances must be known to the

public to engage in seminars, workshops and trainings. (2) Creation of more disaster risk

control ordinances. (3) Further emergency rescue applicants for manpower. Trainings and

seminars are also expected. (4) The group can also engage in the Municipal Government

Unit of Dolores, Abra's events, services, seminars.

By and large, the Philippine local government units are at the forefront of

emergency response, particularly adapting to climate change impacts. With the need to

resolve this problem, Manalo's study (2018) aimed to recognize local government unit

(LGU) initiatives on climate change in Batangas. The thesis utilized descriptive analysis

involving quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Analysis triangulation

used. Study themes were Catastrophe Risk Prevention Management and Preparation
43

Officers from three component cities and twenty-seven Batangas municipalities. Data

predictive analysis used frequency counts, ratios, and overall weighted mean. Study

findings showed that LGUs in Batangas complied with the 2010 Philippine Catastrophe

Risk Mitigation and Management Act of Republic Act No. 10121. LGUs coordinate

collective catastrophe risk prevention and response committees. Likewise, Batangas cities

and municipalities enforce policies by local orders to enact and improve RA 9003. They

adopt programs empowering companies to support climate-smart facilities and activities.

Improved evaluation of agricultural activities, extension programs and linkages with

GOs, NGOs and other organizations in adopting climate change measures.

Furthermore, the study of Baquiran, Barbadillo, Barona, Castillo, Castro, Chan,

Cheng, Ching, Chio and Chong (2017) aimed to assess barangay preparedness in Metro

Manila along the West Valley Fault. This was a cross-sectional analysis of high-risk

barangays in six West Valley cities utilizing Disaster Preparedness Audit. A total of 40

barangays were evaluated in terms of percentage fulfillment of various requirements in

the four thematic areas: 1) prevention and mitigation 2) preparedness 3) response and

rehabilitation; 4) recovery. No barangay surveyed could fulfill all 27 disaster

preparedness requirements. Some only met 50-74 percent of the requirements. As per

thematic region, no barangay met approximately 75 percent of the criteria for prevention

and reduction, although 87.5 percent, 67.5 percent and 80 percent respectively met the

criteria for preparedness, reaction and recovery. In terms of overall disaster preparedness,

fewer than half of the barangays surveyed met around 75% of total requirements. Much

of the barangays surveyed was inadequately equipped to deal with devastation from a big

West Valley Fault earthquake.

44

In a greater level, Disaster Risk Mitigation and Management (DRRM) has

become a national and global priority due to climate change impacts that raise disaster

risk exposure. The Philippines anchored its 2010 RA10121 DRRM behavior. This

research by Bruno, Mendoza and Tandog (2017) explores the capabilities, requirements

and constraints of local DRRM Councils (DRRMC) in Bukidnon, prioritizing four towns,

one town and eleven barangays with high susceptibility to climate change impacts. The

data were then analyzed to conform with Hyogo and Sendai intervention frameworks.

Findings from this study showed that DRRMCs have a "moderate" to "high" need for

DRRM operational ability; IEC/ advocacy capacity "moderate" to "low financial

capacity. DRRMCs provide reliable, usable DRRM tools and services. However,

barangay DRRMC has no or no emergency/rescue equipment and fewer proximity to

essential utilities. Compliance with Hyogo and Sendai systems is limited by expenditure,

technological capability, DRRMC members' duties and political support. This study's

results are critical entry points and contributions to organizations and scientific/technical

communities' extension initiatives required to create resilience to catastrophe threats.

As events arise, individuals cannot be prevented or forecast for disasters,

particularly in highly industrialized nations worldwide. Bayod, Abawag, Luardo, Padlan

and Macias (2017) research aimed to examine and assess Aplaya's disaster preparedness,

a coastal neighborhood in Digos District, Philippines. It concentrated only on their forms

of disaster preparedness and the need to improve disaster preparedness. Using qualitative

study design, focus group dialogue and in-depth interviews were performed with selected

community members in Apalya, Digos Area. Results showed that their way of emergency

preparedness was by alertness to the neighborhood notification device, engagement in

45

exercises, obedience to a warning from upland relatives, and responding to a warning

from Community authorities. In addition, the city requires infrastructure funding by the

rehabilitation of the dike, active involvement of community representatives, and

neighborhood evacuation center. This research includes government officials, particularly

those responsible for disaster preparedness and relief operations, looking at the

possibilities of organizing communities for active involvement in disaster preparedness

and relief operations, supplying the academy with the skills required for disaster

preparedness and making use of whatever conventional is.

Conceptual Framework

The present study uses the Input (I) – Process (P) - Output (O) as the conceptual

framework of the study. Figure 1 presents the paradigm of the present research

undertaking.

The input of the study which is presented in the first box contains the profile of

participants in terms of age, sex, highest educational attainment, area of work and number

of relevant trainings attended. It also contains the disaster risk reduction and

management  policy of Sitio Bani in terms of preparation, response, recovery and

mitigation as well as the challenges being faced by the Sitio in terms of its operation and

how it addressed the challenges.

On the other hand, the process contains the data gathering and data analysis tools

that will be used in the study. Hence, the box contains the data triangulation tools that

will be used for gathering the data. The research instruments include in-depth interview,

focus group discussion, document analysis and direct observation. It also contains the
46

data analysis tool which is the within-case analysis through thematic analysis that is

considered as proper for a single case study.

Input Process Output

Profile of
Participants
 age
 sex
 highest
educational
attainment
 area of work
 number of
relevant trainings
attended

Disaster Risk and

Reduction Policy
 preparation
 response
 recovery
 mitigation

Challenges Faced by
Sitio Bani in
Implementing the Data Gathering Tools
Policy
 in-depth interview
Addressing the  focus group
Challenges discussion
 document analysis
Thematic Insights  direct observation Proposed Disaster
from the Case Study Risk and Reduction
Data Analysis Policy Improvement
 within-case Plan for Sitio Bani
analysis

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

47

Finally, the output of the study will be a proposed disaster risk reduction and

management  policy improvement plan for Sitio Bani. This will be drawn from the

findings of the study.

Assumptions of the Study

The following are the assumptions forwarded in the study:

1. Officials from Sitio Bani are excellent on how they prepare for and respond to

emergencies and natural and man-made disasters.

2. The participants are truthful in their recollection of experiences of implementing

the disaster risk reduction and management  policy of Sitio Bani.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined either operationally and/or conceptually:

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office. As used in the

study, this term refers to regular committee of the existing BDC (Barangay Development

Council) and subject as per the Implementing Rules of RA 10121 and headed by the

barangay captain and the involvement of at least two (2) CSO (Civil Society

Organization) members from established and committed community-based organizations

serving the most disadvantaged and oppressed communities in the barangay.

Mitigation. As used in the study, this term pertains to the activities being

undertaken by Sitio Bani that minimize or decrease the risk of a catastrophe or disaster. It

calls for planning for long-term activities intended to minimize inevitable consequences
48

brought by disasters like establishing comprehensive emergency management programs

or imposing building safety codes (Luo, Liu, Huang, Yang, Deng, Yin and Wang, 2013).

Preparation. Operationally, this term refers to the actions undertaken by the Sitio

Bani in expectation of a disaster to prevent death and efficient decisions.

Recovery. Conceptually, this term pertains to the creation, coordination and

execution of service and site reconstruction plans for damaged communities and the

reconstitution of government operations and services by human, corporate, non-

governmental and community aid programs (Misra, Goswami, Mondal and Jana, 2017).

Response. As used in the study, this term refers to the activities being undertaken

by Sitio Bani which aims to minimize the risk of secondary harm brought by disaster and

emergency. It may include shutting off electrical supply, closing off polluted water

supplies, cordoning off and patrolling loot-prone areas and pace recovery activities like

damage assessment (Chari, Petrun Sayers, Amiri, Leinhos, Kotzias, Madrigano and

Uscher-Pine, 2019).
49

Notes in Chapter II

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Hugelius, K., Adolfsson, A., Örtenwall, P. & Gifford, M. (2017). Being both helpers and
victims; health professionals’ experi- ences from working during a natural
disaster. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32(2):1–7.

Reid, H. (2016). Ecosystem-and community-based adaptation: learning from community-

based natural resource management. Climate and development, 8(1), 4-9.

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reduction: the contribution of participatory mapping. Area, 44(1), 100-109.

Maguigad, A. (2017). Emergency management: The case of most affected barangays by

super Typhoon Lawin in Tuguegarao City. Institutional research, Cagayan State
University, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.

Chari, R., Petrun Sayers, E. L., Amiri, S., Leinhos, M., Kotzias, V., Madrigano, J., …
Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). Enhancing community preparedness: An inventory and
analysis of disaster citizen science activities. BMC Public Health, 19(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7689.

Lai, C. H., Tao, C. C., & Cheng, Y. C. (2017). Modeling Resource Network
Relationships Between Response Organizations and Affected Neighborhoods
After a Technological Disaster. Voluntas, 28(5), 2145–2175.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9887-4

Misra, S., Goswami, R., Mondal, T., & Jana, R. (2017). Social networks in the context of
community response to disaster: Study of a cyclone-affected community in
Coastal West Bengal, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22,
281–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.02.017.

Krishnan, S., & Twigg, J. (2020). Role of local actors in WASH (water, sanitation and
hygiene) during disaster recovery: policy implications from evidence in Odisha,
India. Environmental Hazards, 19(4), 341–359.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2019.1667290.

Luo, Y., Liu, L., Huang, W. Q., Yang, Y. N., Deng, J., Yin, C. H., … Wang, X. Y.
(2013). A disaster response and management competency mapping of community
nurses in China. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(9), 941–949.

Kapiarsa, A. B., & Sariffuddin, S. (2018). Local knowledge: Empirical Fact to Develop
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and Environmental Science (Vol. 123). Institute of Physics Publishing.
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Mohammed, M. (2018). Disaster risk reduction and management of Tarlac City.

Procedia Engineering, 212: 77–84.
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Cuya-Antonio, O.C. and Antonio, H.D.P. (2017) Effectiveness of the Barangay Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs) in Flood-Prone
Barangays in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. Open Access Library Journal, 4:
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Mercader, S. and Sesio, V. (2014). A case study on the disaster preparedness of the
municipality of Balangkayan, Eastern Samar: The case of super typhoon
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Pongan, L. (2014). Participatory development and disaster risk reduction and

management in the Philippines: The case of Albay province. Unpublished thesis,
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Viloria, L. (2012). Barangay government disaster preparedness: the case of typhoon

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Galindo, R., Villanueva, G. and Enguito, R. (2014). Organizational Preparedness for

Natural Disasters in Ozamiz City, Philippines. Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1): 27-
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Lopez, A., Echavez, N., Magallen, J., and Sales, E. (2018). Level of compliance with the
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53

CHAPTER III

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the methods and techniques, population and sample,

research instruments, data gathering procedure and data analysis.

Methods of Research

The present study utilizes case study as the research method. As it investigates

how the disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani, Barangay

Cataning, City of Balanga is implemented from 2018 to 2020, the use of case study is of

paramount importance as the best fitting method of research. As mentioned by Yin

(2014), case study is a research method that investigates a current phenomenon in real-

world context to clearly define boundaries between context and phenomenon.

Categorically, this research method is useful when exploring the experiences of the

participants while their interactions are investigated (Rynes & Gephart, 2004). Hence, the

case study best fits the present study although it doesn’t discount the capability of other

methods in addressing the problems in preparation and response to disasters.

Furthermore, single case study design will be used in this study since this type of

case study is useful for the development and/or evaluation a program or policy. The use

of the single case study in assessing the implementation of the disaster risk reduction and

management  policy in Sitio Bani is important since the aim of case studies is to produce

context information to address a particular issue (Stelter, 2015). The policy

54

implementation can be best studied using case study since the method will allow for a

close, in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the program via comprehensive qualitative

study of a small number of incidents and their relationships. According to Yin (2014),

single case research is an in-depth longitudinal case study or a comprehensive means to

observe incidents, gather evidence, interpret details, and disclose long-term outcomes.

Population of the Study

The participants of the study will be the personnel of the 11 officials from the

Sitio who are taking an active part in the disaster risk reduction and

management activities of the community. They will be selected using purposive

sampling technique.

The inclusion criteria used in the selection of the participants of the study are:

must be a member of the BDRRMO, has three or more years of engagement in disaster

response, has responded to at least 3 or more emergencies or natural disasters, is privy to

the operations of the BDRRMO from planning to actual implementation and evaluation

and is willing to participate in the study. Excluded in the study are those who are new

members of the BDRRMO and have spent less than three years in the office. Those who

are involved in the operations only will not be considered since the present study looks

into the planning to implementation phase of the emergency and disaster response.

Data Gathering Instruments

Since this is a case study, it is important that multiple sources of information

should be made available to the researcher in order to build a solid case on how the
55

implementation of the disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani is

being undertaken. As such, data triangulation will be used in order to solicit

comprehensive information to answer the problems raised by the study. The use of data

triangulation is a step towards the assessment of credibility as well as transferability of

the data (Shanton, 2004) and a way of data validation and confirming how authentic the

research data and the findings are (Goofman, 1989). The research instruments include in-

depth interview, focus group discussion, document analysis and direct observation.

In-Depth Interview. Typically, in-depth interviews are conducted with the aim of

looking for patterns emerging from the thick descriptions of the memories of the

participants of the study (Hesse-Biber and Leavy, 2011). The in-depth interview will be

conducted among the participants to look into the processes and protocols in disaster risk

reduction and management in terms of preparation, response, recovery and mitigation.

Through interview, a clear picture on how Sitio Bani operates will be uncovered as well

as the how the disaster risk reduction and management  policy is being implemented by

the concered barangay officials. Furthermore, the use of the in-depth interview will allow

for a deeper exploration of the various issues that cut accross the four aspects of disaster

risk reduction and management. The in-depth interview is essential in building and

establishing case study database.

Focus Group Discussion. The focus group discussion is essential in gathering all

the participants in one table to talk about the Sitio Bani’s policy in disaster risk and

reduction management in terms of preparation, response, recovery and mitigation. This

will also be an opportune time to verify the data gathered during the in-depth interview

and compare the practices of each barangay when it comes to disaster risk reduction and
56

management. In addition, the use of the focus group disucsion will help the researcher

compaere and contrast the practices of the barangay in respondin and preparin for prepare

emergencies and natural and man-made disasters Hence, the use of the focus group

discusion is of utmost importance in building and establishing a chain of evidence for the

case.

Document Analysis. The need to review and analyze the documents related to

disaster risk and reduction management in terms of preparation, response, recovery and

mitigation of Sitio Bani in essential also in building and establishing case study database.

Documents like the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management  Plan, Annual

Report, Incidence Report and the likes will be reviewed to look into the experiences,

gains, practices and even challenges faced by the barangay from 2018 to 2020. The use of

document analysis is of paramount importance also to corroborate the data gathered using

in-depth interview and the focus group discussion. Hence, the researcher will use

pertinent documents to understand further the case of Sitio Bani in planning and

responding to disasters as well as efforts undertaken to help barangay recover from the

disasters and mitigate its effects.

Direct Observation. Since the researcher is working as part of the City

Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO), the processes and protocols are all

familiar. Hence, direct observation will be conducted by the researcher in the Sitio

especially during the preparation phase for an upcoming disaster and the actual response

efforts to the affected families and individuals. The use of direct observation is important

to the study in order to verify if the barangay officials are actually doing what they say

during the interview and focus group discussion. This data gathering tool is essential to
57

examine the actual implementation of the implementation of the disaster risk reduction

and management  policy. The researcher will keep field notes during the direct

observation phase which may help in establishing a chain of evidence on the case being

studied.

Construction and Validation of Research Instruments

Since the researcher will make use of a researcher-made guide questions for the

in-depth interview and focus group discussion, it is important that the construction of

these research instruments are properly done so that the instruments will truly capture the

picture how Sitio Bani implements its disaster risk reduction and management  policy. A

comprehensive review of related literature and studies related to the disaster risk

reduction and management in the barangay level were conducted by the researcher to

look at the concepts and ideas that can be incorporated in the guide questions. These

include books, journal article, briefs, unpublished thesis and dissertation on disaster risk

reduction and management and how the concerned organizations or agencies prepare and

respond to emergencies and natural and man-made disasters and implement recovery and

mitigation plans. The data taken from the review were carefully converted into question

as guided by the general and specific problems under the Statement of the Problem.

Afterwards, the interview and focus group discussion protocols were subjected to

experts’ validation in order to ensure that the questions are contextualized and represent

the culture of disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. Three experts in

said field were consulted regarding the protocol. Copies of the documents were given to

the three experts so they can study and scrutinize its contents. They were asked to
58

identify the applicability of the questions to the emerging culture of disaster risk

reduction and management at the barangay level. Comments were made by the experts

and notes were written on the draft protocol. After the initial validation, the copies were

returned to the researcher. Modifications and/ or revisions of the same were made based

on the results of the validation. Afterwards, the revised protocols were given back to the

experts for the final phase of validation. When the protocols entered the final validation

phase, the researcher prepared the final draft of the protocols as the data gathering

procedures begins to commence.

Data Gathering Procedures

The preliminary phase of data gathering starts with securing permit from the

Office of the Dean of the Graduate School. Afterwards, a letter seeking permission to

conduct the study at the barangay level will be forwarded to the provincial office of

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). The letter will be asking for

permission and endorsement to the City Mayor and City Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Office (CDRRMO) to undertake the study in Sitio Bani. When permission

is granted and endorsement is secured, a letter will be sent to the Barangay Captain of

Brgy. Cataning of which will served as research locale to seek permission and inform

them about the objective of the study and intention of the researcher to interview the

barangay officials, conduct focus group discussion and direct participation, and review

barangay documents related to disaster risk reduction and management. When

permission is finally given, the data gathering will commence immediately.

59

Informed Consent Form. The researcher will begin the data gathering by

contacting the identified participants either personally, by phone or by social media.

When contacted, the objectives of the study will be discussed to the participants as well

as the different activities that will be conducted like in-depth interviewing, focus group

discussion and direct participation. The risks of joining the study will also be discussed

like recollection of painful memories of disaster response that might trigger emotional

breakdown among the participants. Also, the benefits of the study will be explained like

how the findings of the study may be used to improve further the implementation of the

disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani. Their rights as participants

like anonymity and right to withdraw from the study anytime without penalties or

sanction will likewise be explained to them. When they agreed on the terms and

conditions of the study, they will be asked to sign the informed consent form.

In-Depth Interview. A series of in-depth interview will be conducted in the

workplace of the participants to capture the drama of their experiences. Data saturation

will be observed in this data gathering instrument. It means that the researcher will

continue to interview the participants again and again until such time that no new

information is being given anymore and the same answers are being provided. This

saturation principle in in-depth interview allows for maximum generation of answers

from the participants. Prior to the start of the interview, the participants will be asked to

provide consent for the recording of the interview for the purpose of transcription.

Focus Group Discussion. After the completion of the in-depth interview for each

participant, focus group discussion will be undertaken. Herein, all participants will be

invited for an online meeting via Zoom to inquire on their works as part of the disaster
60

risk reduction and management team. The discussion will center on the disaster risk and

reduction management implementation of the barangay in terms of preparation, response,

recovery and mitigation and the challenges being faced by Sitio Bani in terms of its

operation and how it addressed the challenges. The saturation principle will be likewise

applied in this data gathering procedure.

Document Analysis. To supplement the data gathered through in-depth interview

and focus group discussion, the researcher will request for copies of important documents

that can be perused and used in building up the case. A letter of request will be sent to the

Barangay Captain to ask for copies of pertinent documents needed for the study of the

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (BDRRMO). Some of

documents that will be perused are the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan, contingency plan, annual plan and annual report. These documents

must be studied over a period of time in order to verify, support or corroborate the data

gathered using other data gathering procedures.

Direct Observation. In order for the researcher to make sense of the data

gathered during in-depth interview, focus group discussion and document review, the

researcher needs to immerse herself with the works of the personnel in Sitio Bani

especially along the implementation of the disaster risk reduction and management 

policy. As such, the researcher will spend some considerable time with each barangay

especially during disaster response. Since this direct observation strategy, the researcher

will in no way participate in the task being done by the personnel but will only observe

the whole events. While observing, field notes will be taken so that important
61

observations will be written down and captured. The field notes will be used to establish

a chain of evidence which can be very helpful in drawing up the case for Sitio Bani.

Data Analysis

Since the present research is a qualitative descriptive single case study, within-

case analysis through thematic analysis will be used to analyze the data that will be

gathered. As mentioned by Daly, Kellehear, and Gliksman (1997), within-case analysis

through thematic analysis is done by searching for themes that are surfacing as something

significant in describing the case. There is a meticulous reading and re-reading of the data

gathered in the study. In the case, the various themes that are emerging from the pattern

formed within the data becomes the categories that will be subjected for the analysis. In

this single case study, the thematic analysis will incorporate inductive approach which is

driven by the data that will be gathered. It will also utilize the priori template of codes

approach which is deductive in nature. Both approaches are appropriate in the study

since it will complement the research questions raised in the Statement of the Problem.

The data points which will serve as the sources for constructing the case will

include the in-depth interview with the interview with the leaders, researcher’s field notes

and memos, published documents in the public domain (for the leader level data),

research analyst reports, company documents (including company website), news reports

and leaders’ interviews (for the sector and company data). The audio recordings that will

be created from the in-depth interviews and focus group discussion will be transcribed.

When transcriptions are available, the researcher will have an analytic immersion in all
62

the transcribed interviews. This is done in order to ensure that the researcher will develop

a sense of the case under investigation. There will also be immersion in all transcribed

interviews in order to identify the significant statements that can be useful in the data

analysis. When analytic immersion and immersion are achieved, the researcher will have

to identify the different categories of statements which are common or similar to all

participants of the study. The identification of categories is important for the researcher to

reconnect with the important statements from the conducted interviews. The reconnection

to the interviews is essential to ensure faithfulness to the original account.

After the reconnection, the researcher will do intuiting as well as critical

reflection from the interviews as well as the documents reviewed and field notes written.

Intuiting is the essential reflection and recognition of themes contained in various

participants' accounts (Yin, 2014). The aim of critical reflection and intuiting is to help

the research identify the themes from data gathered. Free writing will soon follow and the

specific questions from the Statement of the Problem will be answered. These include

drawing categories along the emergency and disaster preparedness of the barangay in

terms of preparation, response, recovery and mitigation and the challenges being faced by

the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (BDRRMO) in terms of

its operation and how it addressed the challenges. Hereafter, the researcher will now

undertake thematic organization of different categories of important and essential

statements in order to form significant structures. The insights that will be drawn from

this case analysis will be used in designing a disaster risk reduction and management 

policy improvement plan for Sitio Bani. Finally, the analysis will returned to the

participants for evocation as well as intensification.

63

Ethics of the Study

The researcher will strictly observe ethical considerations when conducting a

research. At the onset of the data collection, participants' privacy and confidentiality will

be maintained by not disclosing their names and identification in research results, data

collection, interpretation and publication, if applicable. Privacy and secrecy of the

interview setting will be closely controlled during interview session, data collection and

results distribution. Likewise, the ethical principles included in the Belmont Report

(National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and

Behavioral Research, 1978) will be observed. These are the following:

Respect for Persons. In the present study, the researcher treats each participant as

autonomous individual and while their autonomy diminishes, they become more entitled

to protection. The participants of the study who are directly involved in the

implementation of the disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani will

be informed that their participation to the study is voluntarily and that they have the right

to withdraw from the study anytime. Also, the participants are provided with adequate

information about the study and its objectives. Their rights of the participants like

anonymity and right to withdraw from the study anytime without penalties or sanction

will likewise be explained to them. When they agreed on the terms and conditions of the

study, they will be asked to sign the informed consent form.

Beneficence. The participants of the study are ensured that they will be treated in

a highly ethical manner by first, respecting their decisions and two, protecting them from

any harm for the entire duration of the data collection and securing their well-being. The
64

researcher fully understands that obligation towards the participants. As such, it is well

within the understanding of the researcher that no harm should be done to the participants

and that possible benefits are maximized while minimizing possible harms. Hence, at the

onset of data gathering, the risks of joining the study will be discussed like recollection of

painful memories of disaster response that might trigger emotional breakdown among the

participants. Also, the benefits of the study will be explained like how the findings of the

study may be used to improve further the disaster risk reduction and management  policy

improvement plan for Sitio Bani.

Justice. The principle of justice is also observed in the present study especially

during the selection of the participants. All participants were selected using the inclusion

and exclusion criteria so that their selection will not be simple due to their availability or

compromised positioned or manipulability. They were systematically selected due to the

fact that they are directly related and are immersed in the problems under investigation.

Furthermore, the researcher assures that there will be a fair distribution of the burdens

and benefits of research among the participants.

Trustworthiness

The researcher ensures that the methodology, in all its phases, is trustworthy. As

such, it considers the four measures of trustworthiness of qualitative research (Lincoln,

Lynham and Guba, 2011). These include credibility, dependability, conformability, and

transferability.

In ensuring internal validity or in establishing credibility in this single case study,

the researcher established a statement with clear causal construction by using a variety of
65

sources and data collection tools like in-depth interview, focus group discussion, direct

observation and document analysis. On the other hand, the researcher ensures that there is

a consistent chain of evidence in the case being studied so that readers may be able to

reconstruct how the researcher answers the initial research questions until conclusions.

Furthermore, the researcher ensures a thick description of the case. This is being done in

order to increase the construct validity or conformability of the case study.

On the other hand, the external validity or transferability of the results is

addressed by the researcher by presenting with proof that the can extend to other

circumstances, conditions, periods, and populations. This knowledge create the scene that

surrounds the research, from participants' everyday lives to how unconscious prejudices

can influence their answers. This helps outside scholars and readers to create self-

transferability decisions. Finally, the reliability or dependability is being established by

maintaining clarity of the study procedures in order to enable replication by other

researchers. Here, well-described methodology and protocols are presented in this

chapter.
66

Notes in Chapter II

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.

Rynes, S., & Gephart Jr, R. P. (2004). Qualitative research and the Academy of
Management Journal. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 454-462.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2004.14438580.

Stelter, R. (2015). “I tried so many diets, now I want to do it differently”—A single case
study on coaching for weight loss. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on
Health and Well-being, 10, 1-13.

Hesse-Biber, S. N., & Leavy, P. (2011). The practice of qualitative research (2nd ed.).
Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.

Daly, J., Kellehear, A., & Gliksman, M. (1997). The public health researcher: A

methodological approach. Melbourne Oxford University Press.

Lincoln, Y.S., Lynham, S.A. & Guba, E.G. (2011). Paradigmatic controversies, contra-
dictions, and emerging confluences, revisited. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln
(eds), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th edn; pp. 97–128).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and

Behavioral Research. (1978). The Belmont report: Ethical principles and
guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. [Bethesda, Md.]: The
Commission.
67

Appendix A
Informed Consent Form

I am Danica Santos, a graduate student of the Graduate School of Bataan

Peninsula State University-Main Campus. At present, I am completing my thesis as a
final requirement to the program Master in Public Administration. My study aims to
explore how disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani, Barangay
Cataning, City of Balanga is implemented from 2018 to 2020.

I would like to consider you to be a participant in this study due to your rich
experience of engagement with Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office. As such, I will conduct an in-depth interview with you and observe
you in your workplace. Likewise, you will be invited to participate in a focus group
discussion (FGD) together with other participants.

Data Gathering Procedures

The in-depth interview will take around 1 to 2 hours per session while the FGD
will last for 2 to 3 hours. Direct observation in your workplace will take about 2 to 3
hours twice a week. Throughout these data gathering procedures and data analysis, your
anonymity and confidentiality of records and data will be strictly observed.

Benefits and Rewards

Furthermore, please be advised that there will be no direct benefits or rewards for
you when you decide to participate in this study. Instead, your barangay will benefit since
the findings of the study will be used in designing an emergency and disaster
preparedness improvement plan for the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (BDRRMO). In addition, there are no foreseeable hazards that are
inherent in your participation in this study.

Rights as a Participant
68

Please bear in mind that your participation in this study is optional. As a

participant, you can withdraw anytime during the whole duration of the data gathering
without any penalty or sanction to pay.

Please email me if you have any doubts or complaints about this study.. If you
have concerns regarding your privileges as a research subject or would like to contact
anyone concerning a research-related accident, please contact BPSU's Dean of Graduate
School.

Sincerely,

DANICA SANTOS, RN
Phone: _____________

I ________________________________________(print name) attest that I am at least

18 years of age and agree to take part in this research study.

Signature: _________________________________Date: ____________________

69

Appendix B
Focus Group Protocol

Facilitator’s Instructions to the Participants 

Good day everyone. I would like to thank you for aggreging to participate in this
focus group discussion (FGD). You are invited to participate in this FGD because of your
rich experience of engagement with Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office. I appreciate your attendance in spite of your busy schedule.

Introduction

This focus group discussion will explore your experiences on how disaster risk
reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani, Barangay Cataning, City of Balanga is
implemented from 2018 to 20200. This FGD will not last longer than three hours.

Before we start our discussion, I would like to ask for your permission to record
this conversation. (If yes, turn on the recorder).

Anonymity

While our conversation is being recorded, rest be assured that the conversation
will remain private. The recordings of the focus group discussion will be stored in the
computer until these are transcribed and coded. Your name will be withheld and codes
will be used instead.

During the interview, please try to respond and explain honestly and truthfully
your experiences in the disaster risk reduction and management  policy implementation in
Sitio Bani. If there are concerns you would like to address, please do not hesitate to
inform me. During the whole course of our discussion, please respond actively and
participate in the conversation as much as possible.

Simple Rules:
70

These are some of the rules that we should follow in our FGD:

Only one member of the discussion table must speak at a time. If there is an urge
to speak, let the speaker finish his/her sharing and then raise your hand to be
acknowledged.
 There will be no correct or incorrect answers, hence, do not be cautious of your
sharing.
 You don't need to talk in any order.
 If you have anything to say, please raise your hand to be acknowledged. There are
many of you in the group, and it is vital that I get your views 
 You do not have to conform with other participant's opinions
 Do you have any questions? (Responses). Well, let's go.
Warm-up:
To start our discussion, please introduce yourself one by one.

Introductory Question

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (DRRM Act) which was
passed in 2010 adopted a disaster risk reduction and management approach which aims to
build disaster resilient communities through strengthening the capacity of the national
and local government units (LGUs). The implementation of DRRM Act of 2010 is
synchronized with the decentralization policy as emboldened in the Local Government
Code of 1991. The DRRM architecture consists of multi-tiered bodies at the community
level, comprising the DRRMO in each province, city, town and barangay which are
responsible for vertical coordination operations as mandated by the DRRM Act (United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). Hence, there exist the Barangay Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Office.

Guiding Questions:

1. Please tell me something about yourself: age, sex, highest educational attainment,
area of work and number of relevant trainings attended.
2. How do your Sitio implements disaster risk and reduction management policy in
terms of:
2.1 preparation;
2.2 response;
2.3 recovery; and
2.4 mitigation?
3. How do your Sitio implements disaster risk and reduction management policy in
terms of:
3.1 preparation;
3.2 response;
3.3 recovery; and
3.4 mitigation?
4. What are the programs and activities that your Sitio plans and implements with
regards to:
71

4.1 preparing for man-made disasters;

4.2 responding to man-made disasters;
4.3 recovery or rehabilitation from the effects of man-made disasters; and
4.4 mitigating man-made disasters?
5. What are the programs and activities that your Sitio plans and implements with
regards to:
5.1 preparing for natural disasters;
5.2 responding to natural disasters;
5.3 recovery or rehabilitation from the effects of natural disasters; and
5.4 mitigating natural disasters?
6. What are the challenges being faced by the Sitio in terms of the implementation of the
disaster risk and reduction management policy?
7. Which challenges were Sitio Bani able to overcome and how?
8. Which challenges still need to be addressed? How do you think they can be dealt
with?

Concluding Question:
Of all the things we’ve discussed today, what would you say are the most important
issues you would like to highlight and why?

Conclusion:
 I thank you all for participating in this seminar. It has been a great discussion.
 We hope you have found our discussion interesting.
 Thank you very much and God bless us all.
72

Appendix C
Interview Protocol

Introduction

I welcome you in your participation in this interview. I am Mrs. Danica Santos, a

graduate student from Bataan Peninsula State University-Main Campus. At present, I am
conducting a research study with the title ‘Policy Implementation of Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management at Sitio Bani, Brgy. Cataning, City of Balanga’ as partial
fulfillment for the Master in Public Administration program.

This in-depth interview will take about one to two hours and will include a series
of questions on how disaster risk reduction and management  policy in Sitio Bani,
Barangay Cataning, City of Balanga is implemented from 2018 to 2020. I would like to
request for your permission to record this interview. If at any time during the interview
process you wish to

I also want your consent to record this interview on video, so I can properly log the
data you have. If you plan to withdraw the use of the recorder or from the interview
itself at any point during the interview, please feel free to let me know. Both answers are
protected. Your answers will stay private which will be used to try and make sense of
how you and your peers perceive and affect your life satisfaction. This research aims at
improving our knowledge of social work students and fostering their well-being.

At this point, I also want to inform you of the informed consent form to this report.
I'm the researcher accountable, stating your involvement in the research study. You and
I signed and dated each copy, certifying we consent to pursue this interview. Thanks.

1. How do your Sitio implements disaster risk and reduction management policy in
terms of:
1.1 preparation;
1.2 response;
73

1.3 recovery; and

1.4 mitigation?
2. How do your Sitio implements disaster risk and reduction management policy in
terms of:
2.1 preparation;
2.2 response;
2.3 recovery; and
2.4 mitigation?
3. What are the programs and activities that your Sitio plans and implements with
regards to:
3.1 preparing for man-made disasters;
3.2 responding to man-made disasters;
3.3 recovery or rehabilitation from the effects of man-made disasters; and
3.4 mitigating man-made disasters?
4. What are the programs and activities that your Sitio plans and implements with
regards to:
4.1 preparing for natural disasters;
4.2 responding to natural disasters;
4.3 recovery or rehabilitation from the effects of natural disasters; and
4.4 mitigating natural disasters?
5. What are the challenges being faced by the Sitio in terms of the implementation of the
disaster risk and reduction management policy?
6. Which challenges were Sitio Bani able to overcome and how?
7. Which challenges still need to be addressed? How do you think they can be dealt
with?