Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 https://doi.org/10.

1088/2053-1591/ab5a20

PAPER

Mechanical waves study in tri-materials bars having sinusoidally

RECEIVED
24 August 2019
interfaces (i.e. Fiber-reinforced, Poroelastic and Isotropic)
REVISED
12 November 2019
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
Raju Kumhar , Santimoy Kundu, Manisha Maity and Shishir Gupta
21 November 2019 Department of Mathematics and Computing, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School Mines) Dhanbad, India
PUBLISHED
E-mail: raju.ism92@gmail.com
4 December 2019
Keywords: fiber-reinforcement material, poroelastic material, isotropic material, sinusoidally interfaces, dispersion relation

Abstract
The present article is framed to investigate the existence of shear wave in an initially stressed
poroelastic material with corrugated boundary surfaces sandwiched between upper fiber-reinforced
material and isotropic inhomogeneous half-space. The governing equations have been solved
analytically for each medium and interior deformations are obtained. Using the appropriate boundary
conditions, dispersion equation has been procured for the considered layered structure. In addition,
some particular cases of the dispersion equation have been discussed. The numerical assessment has
been carried out for three cases I, II and III. Case I represents the initially stressed poroelastic medium
bounded by upper flat surface and lower corrugated surface, case II indicates the poroelastic medium
bounded by upper corrugated surface and lower flat surface and case III shows the poroelastic medium
bounded by both upper and lower corrugated surfaces. Furthermore, the influence of all affecting
parameters included in the present model such as reinforcement, porosity, initial stress, inhomogene-
ity, undulated and position parameters have been discussed graphically for three different cases.

1. Introduction

In the present time earthquake is considered to be one of the most challenging natural hazard. Study on seismic
waves may finds more importance in order to minimize the inevitable outcomes of such natural disaster. Also,
the study of seismic waves in various media such as inhomogeneous or homogeneous, isotropic, anisotropic,
poroelastic, fiber-reinforced, orthotropic, viscoelastic, etc is of paramount importance since it is used to analyze
the Earth’s internal structure. The consequenses of the study may useful for civil, mechanical and geophysical
engineering sciences, also to design of earthquake resistant buildings, bridges as well as exploration of coal,
natural gas, minerals, crude oil etc A detailed theoretical information as well as applications regarding the
analysis of seismic waves in layered media are provided in well established literatures (Shearer [1], Bullen [2],
Ewing et al [3] and Pujol [4]).
The characteristic feature of reinforced material is their components, viz. steel and concrete, act together as a
single anisotropic unit until remain in the elastic state, i.e., the components are interconnected, so that there is
no mutual displacement between the componets. There are large number of fiber-reinforced composites that
exhibit anisotropic behaviour, for example alumina, concrete, fiberglasses and reinforced light alloys. Spencer
[5] first introduced fiber-reinforced anisotropic materials with constitutive equations. Latterly, Belfield et al [6]
represented the model of a continuous self-reinforcement in an elastic solid. Also, Abd-All et al [7], Rhee et al [8],
and Huang et al [9] examined the propagation of surface waves through fiber-reinforced media.
In general, the interface between two adjacent layers of the Earth is neither perfectly regular nor in a flat
shape. Rather, some boundaries or interfaces of the layers may be approximated as irregular. Some examples of
irregular boundaries of the Earth are mountains, basins, man-made artificial structures, turbine bores,
amusement park rides and surface of various tanks etc The influence of such types of boundaries on the
propagation of seismic wave has been discussed (Zhang and Shinozuko [10]; Chaudhary et al [11, 12] and Nirwal
et al [13]). The inner structure of the Earth may have different kinds of irregularities, it may be a triangular shape,

© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd

Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

parabolic shape, rectangular shape, corrugated or a very complicated shape. In such types of corrugated
boundaries, the traversal of waves is not only affected by the various material properties of the layer, but also by
the undulating surface. Due to these reasons, it is important to study the influence of undulated boundaries on
the wave propagation so that the industrial engineering and construction activities can be performed
accordingly without any disruptions. Many studies have been conducted over the period on the propagation of
waves through corrugated boundaries (Asano [14], Singh and Tomar [15], Tomar et al [16], and Pandit et al
[17]).
The porous stratum is found naturally in the lower part of the Earth’s surface. The idea of the poroelastic
material is being used in different fields of engineering and applied sciences, namely materials science,
hydrogeology, biophysics and civil engineering, etc. Therefore, studying the propagation characteristics of
seismic waves in such media becomes particularly important. Biot [18] was the first to delineate the governing
equations in poroelastic media. Besides that, Biot [19] also invented the generalized theory of acoustic
propagation in porous media. Vaishnav et al [20] considered the irregularity in the form of rectangular at the
interface of the layer and half-space and found in the presence of porosity, irregularity and initial stress in
obtained dispersion equation have significant impact on the propagation of Love-type surface waves. The
propagation behavior of Love waves in an inhomogenous fluid-saturated parous layered half-space is explored
by Ke et al [21]. Recently, Vishwakarma et al [22] developed the theory of Love wave frequency in an orthotropic
crust over anisotropic porous mantle. It is well known that variations in the chemical and physical properties of
matter are generally associated with their dynamic behavior, the study of dynamic response of wave propagation
in the Earth’s surface under the initial stress is a crucial approach. Biot [23] described the initial stresses have
significant impact on the propagation of elastic waves generated by earthquakes or explorations and explained
that the propagation of waves in an initially stressed body is vastly different from classical theory of elasticity. In
addtion, Many studies have been conducted on wave propgataion in various type of medium under initial stress
(Guz [24], Singh et al [25] and Singhal et al [26, 27]).
Basically, there are several inhomogeneous layers with different geological parameters existing in the crustal
region of the Earth that significantly affect the large alteration and acute changes in the material properties and
also influence the seismic wave propagation. Many seismologists and researchers usually prefer the
inhomogeneous coupled structure for analyzing the subterranean response of seismic waves. Wilson [28] was
the first to study the propagation of surface waves through heterogeneous elastic media. After that, the
propagation of suface wave through inhomogeneous materials has been carried out by Sato [29], Gupta et al [30]
and Sinha [31]. Some notable works on the traversal of surface elastic waves in triple layered structure associated
with different models have been examined (Sahu et al [32], Singhal et al [33]; and Gupta and Bhengra [34]).
In this article, the principal objective is to analyze the effect of undulated surfaces on the traversal of shear
wave in an initially stressed poroelastic medium bounded between fiber-reinforced layer and inhomogeneous
half-space. The interfaces of the configuration geometry have been considered irregular. Initially stressed
poroelastic medium is bounded by both upper and lower corrugated surfaces, mathematically expressed as
z = -H1 + j1 (x ) and z = j2 (x ) respectively, where j1 (x ) and j2 (x ) are periodic functions of x and both are
continuous. All the possible cases of irregularities have been elaborated and at last, it is seen that our problem
gets its complete validation with some pre-established results of Love wave which has been elucidated in
particular case-IV. In addition, it has been observed that the dynamic response of all physical parameters
involved in this model significantly affects the propagation of shear wave in the proposed layered structure.
Novelty: The following noteworthy novelty as well as outcomes of the present study are encapsulated as
follows:

• It is a well-known fact that as we proceed deep inside the Earth’s crust, the inhomogeneity increases. Thus,
owing to the strictly increasing nature of the exponential function, the authors have considered an exponential
form of variation of half-space of the considered geometrical model. Therefore, taking into account of
exponential form of variation with material parameters like shear elastic modulus and mass density in the
present study leads to much closer representation of inhomogeneous Earth’s interior and make the study
more relevant to the real scenario.
• The interface between two different materials has been considered irregular (i.e., sinusoidal or corrugated
type) and its crucial effect on wave propagation has been studied. It is very clear from the study that the
presence of corrugated irregularities has prominent effect on the propagation of SH-waves, especially for
unequal amplitudes of corrugations.
• The inspection of various physical circumstances seeks the widespread application of the consequence of the
present study in the area of science and technology. In this regard, analytical and numerical calculations have

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 1. Geometry of the triple layered Earth model.

been performed to understand the dynamic behaviour of all physical factors of the considered Earth’s model
during its deformation.
• Inclusion of the concept of corrugated irregularity with initial stress in the fluid saturated porous medium and
exponentially graded inhomogeneity in the semi-infinite medium brings a novelty to the existing literature
related to the study of SH-waves. In addition, different cases of free and common surface corrugations are
studied which serve as a focal theme of the study. These results may play a vital role to understand and predict
the seismic wave behaviour at various geographical regimes of the Earth’s crust comprising of continental
margins, mountain roots, etc.
• The comparative study among the different cases for varying magnitudes of all the considered parameters has
been carried out graphically which is one of the principal highlights of the present study. This comparative
analysis clarifies that the shear wave propagates with higher velocity in an isotropic medium as compared to
corrugated layered structures.

2. Mathematical modelling and governing equations

Let us consider a model that is comprised of a corrugated poroelastic medium under the initial stress bounded
between an upper fiber-reinforced layer and a lower inhomogeneous half-space. A rectangular Cartesian
coordinate system is chosen in order to represent our model where the origin O is taken at the interface of the
intermediate porous layer and semi-infinite medium. Propagation of surface shear wave (SH-wave) is taken
along x-axis i.e. along the horizontal direction whereas the alignment of z-axis is in vertically downward
direction, as depicted in figure 1. The average width of the uppermost layer and intermediate medium are H2
and H1, respectively. The uppermost fiber-reinforced layer, intermediate porous medium and lower
inhomogeneous half-space are defined as M1: -(H2 + H1)  z  j1 (x ) - H1, M2: j1 (x ) - H1  z  j2 (x )
and M3: j2 (x )  z < ¥ , respectively.
Taking into account an appropriate origin of coordinates, the Trigonometric Fourier series of j1 (x ) and
j2 (x ) may be represented as Asano [14]
¥
jj (x ) = å (j nj e inbx + j-j n e-inbx ) , j = 1, 2 (1)
n= 1

Where j nj and j-j n represent the Fourier expansion coefficients, n denotes the order of series expansion.

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Let us introduce the constants aj , l nj and qnj as

aj (l nj  iq nj )
j j 1 = and j j n = , j = 1, 2 and n = 2, 3, ...
2 2
Therefore, the equation (1) takes the following form:
¥
jj (x ) = a j cos (bx ) + å (lnj cos (nbx ) + qnj sin (nbx )) , j = 1, 2 (2)
n= 2

In the present investigation, we consider that the expansion of the Fourier series is of the first order, so that the
boundary surfaces can be expressed as only one cosine term, i.e., j1 (x ) = a1 cos (bx ) and j2 (x ) = a2 cos (bx ),
where a1 and a2 stand for the amplitudes of corrugation while the wavelength of corrugation is taken as 2p/b. It
will be convenient to describe the undulated nature on the propagation of shear waves.

2.1. Horizontally polarized shear wave (SH-wave) conditions

Let the components of displacement for uppermost fiber-reinforced layer M1 and lower isotropic
inhomogeneous half-space M3 are (u1, v1, w1), and (u3, v3, w3) respectively. For the porous medium M2,
(u2, v2, w2) and (Ux , Vy , Wz ) are displacements of solid and liquid phase, respectively. Hence the
characteristics of SH-wave propagation is given by
u i = wi = 0 and vi = vi (x , z , t ) where i = 1, 2, 3 ⎫
⎬ (3)
Ux = Wz = 0 and Vy = V (x , z , t ) ⎭

2.2. Fiber reinforced material M1[−(H2+H1)„z„j1(x)−H1]


With respect to direction a, the stress-strain relationship for the considered fiber-reinforced layer as deduced by
Spencer [5] and Belfield [6] is written as:
tij = le kk dij + 2mT e ij + a (ak a m e km dij + a i a j e kk)
+ b (ak a m e km a i a j ) + 2(mL - mT )(a i ak e kj + a j ak e ki ) (4)

for all i , j , k , m = 1, 2, 3, where tij are the components of stress tensor, e ij are components of infinitesimal

strain and a i = (a1, a2, a3) are components of a such that a12 + a 22 + a32 = 1 all referred to Cartesian
coordinates. l , mL - mT , a, b are reinforced elastic parameters with dimension of stress. The transverse and
longitudinal shear modulus in the preferred direction are denoted by mT and mL, respectively. The traversal of
shear waves is assumed to be along x-axis and the direction of reinforcement is considered as (a1, 0, a3).
With the help of equation (3), the equation of motion for uppermost medium M1 is
¶t12 ¶t ¶ 2v
+ 23 = r1 21 (5)
¶x ¶z ¶t
where r1 is density and
⎛ ¶v ¶v ⎞ ¶v
t12 = (mL - mT ) a1 ⎜a1 1 + a3 1 ⎟ + mT 1 (6)
⎝ ¶x ¶z ⎠ ¶x
⎛ ¶v ¶v ⎞ ¶v
t23 = (mL - mT ) a3 ⎜a1 1 + a3 1 ⎟ + mT 1 (7)
⎝ ¶x ¶z ⎠ ¶z
Using the equations (6) and (7) in equation (5), we get

¶ 2v1 ¶ 2v1 ¶ 2v ¶ 2v
P + 2Q + R 21 = r1 21 (8)
¶x 2 ¶x ¶z ¶z ¶t

where

P = (mL - mT ) a12 + mT , Q = a1 a3 (mL - mT ) and R = (mL - mT ) a32 + mT

2.3. Initially stressed fluid-saturated porous material M2[j1(x)−H1„z„j2(x)]

Let (u2, v2, w2) and (Ux , Vy , Wz ) be the constituents of displacement vector of solid and liquid part of porous
medium in x , y and z direction, respectively. Dynamic equations of motion for an initially stressed porous
medium without body force and neglecting the fluid viscosity given by Biot [23] are

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

¶s11 ¶s ¶s ⎛ ¶w ¶w y ⎞ ¶2 ⎫
+ 12 + 13 - P1 ⎜ z - ⎟ = 2 (r11 u2 + r12 Ux )⎪
¶x ¶y ¶z ⎝ ¶y ¶z ⎠ ¶t ⎪
⎪
⎪
¶s21 ¶s ¶s ¶w ¶ 2
⎬
+ 22 + 23 - P1 z = 2 (r11 v2 + r12 Vy ) (9)
¶x ¶y ¶z ¶x ¶t ⎪
¶ w ⎪
¶s31 ¶s ¶s y ¶ 2
⎪
+ 32 + 33 - P1 = 2 (r11 w2 + r12 Wz ) ⎪
¶x ¶y ¶z ¶x ¶t ⎭
¶s ¢ ¶2 ⎫
= 2 (r11 u2 + r 22 Ux ) ⎪
¶x ¶t ⎪
¶s ¢ ¶2 ⎪
= 2 (r11 v2 + r 22 Vy ) ⎬ (10)
¶y ¶t ⎪
¶s ¢ ¶2 ⎪
= 2 (r11 w2 + r 22 Wz )⎪
¶z ¶t ⎭
where P1 represents the initial stress, sij (i , j = 1, 2, 3) are the incremental stress components of solid part and
s ¢ (=-fp, f is the porosity and p is the fluid pressure) is the stress vector of liquid part of porous medium.
The components of the rotational vector wx , wy and wz are defined as
1 ⎛ ¶w2 ¶v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ¶u ¶w2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ¶v2 ¶u2 ⎞
wx = ⎜ - 2 ⎟, wy = ⎜ 2 - ⎟ , wz = ⎜ - ⎟ (11)
2 ⎝ ¶y ¶z ⎠ 2 ⎝ ¶z ¶x ⎠ 2 ⎝ ¶x ¶y ⎠
The mass coefficients r11, r12 and r22 are related to the total mass density r¢ of solid-liquid. If rs and rw are
mass density of the layer in solid and liquid porous media, respectively, then we have a relation as
r11 + r12 = (1 - f ) rs, r12 + r 22 = frw ,
therefore, the total mess density is
r ¢ = r11 + r 22 + 2r12 = rs + f (rw - rs).
Besides that, these mass coefficients also obey the following inequalities:
r11 > 0, r 22 > 0, r12 < 0, r11 r 22 - r12
2
> 0.
Thus, the stress-strain relation are
s23 = 2Le yz , s12 = 2Ne xy. (12)
where N and L represent the shear moduli of the anisotropic layer in the direction of x and z axis, respectively.
With the help of equations (3), (9), (10), (11) and (12), we get
⎛ P1 ⎞⎟ ¶ 2v2 ¶ 2v ¶2
⎜N - + L 22 = 2 (r11 v2 + r12 V ) , (13)
⎝ 2 ¶x⎠ 2 ¶z ¶t
¶2
(r12 v2 + r 22 V ) = 0. (14)
¶t 2
From (¶ 2/¶t 2)(r12 v2 + r22 V ) = 0 and r12 v2 + r22 V = d ¢¢ (say), then V = (d ¢¢ - r12 v2 ) /r22.
Now, (¶ 2/¶t 2)(r11 v2 + r12 V ) = d ¢ (¶ 2v2 /¶t 2), where d ¢ = r11 - r12
2
/r22.
Therefore, equation (13) can be written as
⎛ P1 ⎞⎟ ¶ 2v2 ¶ 2v2 ¶ 2v2
⎜N - + L = d ¢ (15)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ¶x 2 ¶z 2 ¶t 2

From the above equation, the shear wave velocity along the x direction is (N - ) /d¢ and along the z
P1
2
direction is L /d ¢ .
In the anisotropic porous medium, the shear wave velocity in the direction of x axis is represented by
N - P1 / 2 1 - (P1 / 2N )
b= = b2 , (16)
d¢ d
where d = g11 - g 12
2
/g22, b 2 = N /r ¢ , b 2 is the shear wave velocity in the corresponding initial stress-free,
anisotropic, non porous, elastic medium along the x axis and
r r r
g11 = 11 , g12 = 12 , g22 = 22 , (17)
r¢ r¢ r¢
are the dimensionless parameters for the materials of the porous layer Biot [35].
Finally, it is concluded that:

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

1. If layer is fluid, then d  0.

2. If layer is non-porous solid, then d  1.
3. If layer is poroelastic, then 0 < d < 1.

2.4. Inhomogeneous isotropic half-space M3[z  j2 (x )]

The elastic half-space is considered to be inhomogeneous in rigidity and density, so the variation in rigidity and
density are taken as follows
m = m3 e az , r = r3 e az (18)
where a, r and m are inhomogeneity parameter, density and rigidity, respectively.
From the equation (3), the equation of motion for an inhomogeneous half-space without body forces is
represented by
¶t12 ¶t ¶ 2v
+ 23 = r 23 (19)
¶x ¶z ¶t
where
t12 = 2me xy , t23 = 2me yz . (20)
Using equations (18) and (20) in equation (19), we have
¶ 2v3 ¶v3 ¶ 2v3 r3 ¶ 2v3
+ a + = (21)
¶x 2 ¶x ¶z 2 m3 ¶t 2

3. Boundary conditions

For the propagation of SH-waves in the assumed layared Earth model, the following boundary conditions may
expressed as:

(i) Upper boundary surface of the fiber reinforced layer is traction free at z = -(H1 + H2),
t23 = 0 (22)

(ii) At common corrugated interface of the fiber reinforced layer and intermediate porous layer, the
displacements and stresses are continuous i.e. at z = j1 (x ) - H1,
t23 - j¢1 t12 = s23 - j¢1 s12 (23)
v1 = v2 (24)

(iii) At common corrugated interface of an intermediate porous layer and lower inhomogeneous half-space, the
displacements and stresses are continuous i.e. at z = j2 (x ),
s23 - j¢2 s12 = t23 - j¢2 t12 (25)
v2 = v3 (26)

4. Analytical solution of wave propagation

For a wave propagation along x-axis, we may assume the harmonic solution of the form
vk (x , z , t ) = Vk (z ) e ik (x - ct ) k = 1, 2, 3 (27)
2p
where k and c indicate the wave number and the speed of simple harmonic waves of wavelength k
.

4.1. Fiber reinforced material:

Using equation (27) in equation (8), we have
RV1¢ ¢ (z ) + 2ikQV1¢ (z ) + k 2 (r1 c 2 - P ) V1 (z ) = 0 (28)

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

The solution of equation (28) can be found as

V1 (z ) = A1 e ikℓ1 z + A2 e ikℓ2 z (29)
where
-Q  M
ℓ1, ℓ2 = ;M= Q 2 + R (r1 c 2 - P ) ,
R
From equations (27) and (29), the final displacement of the fiber-reinforced uppermost medium M1 is obtained
as
v1 (x , z , t ) = (A1 e ikℓ1 z + A2 e ikℓ2 z ) e ik (x - ct ) (30)
where A1 and A2 are arbitrary constants.

4.2. Initially stressed fluid-saturated porous layer

Using equation (27) in equation (15), we get
d 2V2
+ k 2m12 V2 = 0, (31)
dz 2
Hence, the solution of above equation (31) is presented by
V2 (z ) = A3 cos (km1 z ) + A 4 sin (km1 z ) , (32)
where

⎡ c2 1 - (P1 / 2N ) ⎤
m1 = gd ⎢ 2 - ⎥ , g = N /L, b2 = N / r¢ (33)
⎣ b2 d ⎦

Therefore, the final displacement of the intermediate porous layer M2 takes the form
v2 (x , z , t ) = (A3 cos (km1 z ) + A 4 sin (km1 z )) e ik (x - ct ) (34)
where A3 and A4 are arbitrary constants.

4.3. Inhomogeneous isotropic half-space

With the help of equations (27) and (21), we obtain

d 2V3 dV3 ⎛ 2⎞
+ - 2 1 - c
a k ⎜ ⎟ V3 = 0 (35)
dz 2 dz ⎝ b 32 ⎠
m3
where b3 = r3
.
a
= V (z ) e- 2 z in equation (35), we get
dV3
To remove the first order derivative (i.e., dz
) making the use of V3 (z )
2
dV
- k 2m32 V = 0 (36)
dz 2
c2 a2
where m3 = 1- b 32
+ 4k 2
.
We know that as z  ¥ , we have V (z )  0, so the solution of (36) is given by
V (z ) = A5 e -m3 kz
where A5 is an arbitrary constant.
Therefore, the final displacement component for lower inhomogeneous half-space M3 is
a
v3 (x , z , t ) = A5 e -m3 kze - 2 ze ik (x - ct ) (37)

5. Dispersion relation

Now, applying the equations (30), (34) and (37) in the boundary conditions (22)–(26), we get the five linear and
homogeneous system of equations for coefficients Ar , (r = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Eliminating these constant
coefficients, using the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of non-trivial solutions, we have
∣ D ij ∣ = 0, i , j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (38)
where, all values of Dij (i , j = 1 - 5) are defined in appendix A

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

This will take the form

Lkm1 cos (km1 (j2 - j1 )) T1 + 2 sin (km1 (j2 - j1 )) T2
tan (kH1 m1) = (39)
Lkm1 sin (km1 (j2 - j1 )) T1 - 2 cos (km1 (j2 - j1 )) T2

where T1 and T2 are mentioned in appendix B.

Equation (39) is the required dispersion relation of SH-waves in an initially stressed porous layer with
corrugated boundary surfaces sandwiched between a fiber reinforced layer and inhomogeneous half-space.

6. Particular cases

6.1. Case I
If the pre-stressed porous medium is bounded by the lower corrugated surface j2 = a2 cos (bx ) and the upper
plane surface j1 = 0, then j¢1 = 0 and j¢2 = -a2 b sin (bx ). Therefore, the dispersion equation (39) can be
expressed as
Lkm1 cos (km1 a2 cos (bx )) T3 + 2 sin (km1 a2 cos (bx )) T4
tan (kH1 m1) = (40)
Lkm1 sin (km1 a2 cos (bx )) T3 - 2 cos (km1 a2 cos (bx )) T4
where T3 and T4 are mentioned in appendix B.
Equation (40) represents the dispersion relation for the propagation of SH-wave in a pre-stressed poroelastic
medium bounded by upper planar surface and lower corrugated surface.

6.2. Case II
If the pre-stressed porous medium is bounded by upper corrugated surface j1 = a1 cos (bx ) and lower plane
surface j2 = 0, then j¢1 = -a1 b sin (bx ) and j¢2 = 0. Therefore, the dispersion equation (39) becomes
- (Lkm1 cos (km1 a1 cos (bx )) T5 - 2 sin (km1 a1 cos (bx )) T6 )
tan (kH1 m1) = (41)
Lkm1 sin (km1 a1 cos (bx )) T5 + 2 cos (km1 a1 cos (bx )) T6
where T5 and T6 are mentioned in appendix B.
Equation (41) is the dispersion relation for the propagation of SH-wave in a pre-stressed poroelastic medium
bounded by upper corrugated surface and lower planar surface.

6.3. Case III

If the pre-stressed porous medium is bounded by both upper and lower corrugated surfaces i.e.,
j1 = a1 cos (bx ) and j2 = a2 cos (bx ), respectively then j¢1 = -a1 b sin (bx ) and j¢2 = -a2 b sin (bx ).
Therefore, the dispersion equation (39) becomes
Lkm1 cos (km1 (a2 - a1) cos (bx )) T7 + 2 sin (km1 (a2 - a1) cos (bx )) T8
tan (kH1 m1) = (42)
Lkm1 sin (km1 (a2 - a1) cos (bx )) T7 - 2 cos (km1 (a2 - a1) cos (bx )) T8
where T7 and T8 are mentioned in appendix B.
Equation (42) is the dispersion relation for the propagation of SH-wave in a pre-stressed poroelastic medium
bounded by both upper and lower corrugated surfaces.

6.4. Case IV
If the amplitude of the corrugated boundary surfaces are vanished (a1 = a2 = 0 ), the upper layer is neglected
(H2  0), the interediate layer is considered to be an isotropic (d  1, N  L  m2 and P1 /2N  0 ) and
the half-space is homogeneous (a  0). Then, the dispersion equation (39) becomes
c2
m3 1 -
⎛ c2 ⎞ b 32
tan ⎜⎜kH1 - 1 ⎟⎟ = (43)
⎝ b 22 ⎠ c2
m2 -1
b 22
Equation (43) is known as the classical relation of Love wave which coincides the results obtained by Qian et al
[36].

7. Numerical computational and discussions

Numerical computational describes the characteristics of velocity profile of SH-wave propagation in a

corrugated poroelastic medium bounded between lower inhomogeneous half-space and upper fiber-reinforced

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 2. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of reinforcement parameters (a12, a32).

layer. Also, this investigation shows the effect of all assumed parameters such as reinforcement (a12, a32 ),
porosity (d ), initial stress (P1 /2N ), inhomogeneity (a /k ), thickness ratio (H2 /H1), undulation (bH1) and
position (x /H1) parameters on the phase velocity in three different cases (I, II, III) with the help of graphical
representation using Wolfram Mathematica 9.0 software. For computational purposes, we take the following
material properties from Gubbins [37]:
For the uppermost fiber-reinforced material M1
mT = 0.35 ´ 1010 N m-2,
mL = 0.707 ´ 1010 N m-2,
r1 = 1600 kg m-3.

For the intermediate anisotropic porous material M2

N = 0.2774 ´ 1010 N m-2,
L = 0.1387 ´ 1010 N m-2,
r11 = 1.926137 ´ 103 kg m-3,
r12 = - 0.002137 ´ 103 kg m-3,
r 22 = 0.215337 ´ 103 kg m-3,
f = 0.26.

For the isotropic inhomogeneous half-space M3

m3 = 7.84 ´ 1010 N m-2,
r3 = 3535 kg m-3.

Using the aforementioned numerical data, the comparative study of the considered model with three
different cases I, II and III has been demonstrated, where case I represents the poroelastic medium bounded
between upper flat boundary and lower corrugated boundary, case II elucidates the poroelastic medium
bounded by upper corrugated boundary surface and lower flat boundary surface and case III indicates the
poroelastic medium bounded by both upper and lower corrugated boundary surfaces.

7.1. Influence of reinforcement parameters on phase velocity

Figures 2–4 interpret the influence of reinforcement parameters (a12, a32) on the phase velocity with respect to
wave number of SH-wave propagation for cases I, II and III. It can be noted that with enhancing value of wave
number, the phase velocity decreases for all cases. For cases 1 and III, with an increment in the reinforcement
parameters the phase velocity intensifies while it diminishes for case II, as shown in figures 2–4. From these
figures, we observe that the pattern of phase velocity curves is almost same for cases I and III, which reflects that

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 3. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of reinforcement parameters
(a12, a32).

Figure 4. Case III: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of reinforcement parameters
(a12, a32).

in lower frequency zone there is no impact of reinforcement on the phase velocity whereas adverse effect is
noticed for case II. Hence, the reinforcement parameter (acting on the uppermost layer) strongly affects the
phase velocity at lower range of frequency for case II. It can be also seen that the nature of all the curves are
converging for higher values of phase velocity in figures 2 and 4 but in figure 3, the nature of all curves are
converging for lower values of phase velocity.

7.2. Influence of porosity parameter on phase velocity

The variational impact of porosity parameter d (included in bounded layer) on the phase velocity with respect to
wave number of the SH-wave propagation for cases I, II and III is perceived in figures 5–7. The intermediate
medium is porous for curves 1 and 2 but curve 3 corresponds to the case when the intermediate medium is non-
porous (i.e., d = 1). From these figures, a decrement in the phase velocity of SH-wave with increase in porosity

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 5. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of porosity d.

Figure 6. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of porosity d.

(d = 0.94, 0.97, 1) for all three cases has been observed . Also, we have noticed that the shear wave propagates
with higher velocity in porous structure as compared to non-porous structure. Moreover, the nature of the
curves for all cases is same, but the impact of porosity parameter on dispersion characteristics of SH-wave is
profound for cases I and II as compared to case III. Hence, we conclude that if the intermediate porous layer is
bounded by both top and bottom corrugated surfaces, then the porosity parameter slightly affects the phase
velocity as compared to the other two cases (i.e., cases I and II).

7.3. Influence of initial stress on phase velocity

Figures 8–10 show the propagation characteristics of SH-wave under the influence of initial stress P1 /2N . The
graphs have been plotted for cases I, II and III. Particularly, curve 1 represents the poroelastic layer under the
tensile stress (i.e., negative value of initial stress), curve 2 shows that the poroelastic layer is stress free (i.e.,
P1 /2N = 0 ) and curve 3 represents the poroelastic layer under the compressive stress (i.e., positive value of

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 7. Case III: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of porosity d.

Figure 8. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of initial stress P1 /2N .

initial stress). In figures 8–10, the phase velocity decreases rapidly with increase in the magnitude (positive or
negative) of initial stress for all values of wave number. From these figures, we conclude that, if the intermediate
layer is under the effect of tensile stress then the phase velocity is highest whereas if the intermediate layer is
compressively stressed then phase velocity is lowest which reflects the fact that the compressively stressed
structure dominates over the phase velocity as compared to tensile stressed structure. Also, we have seen that all
the curves are accumulated at the initial stage of wave number which reveals that initially stressed structure
significantly affects the dispersion characteristics in the higher frequency range as compared to the lower
frequency range.

7.4. Influence of inhomogeneity parameter on phase velocity

In figures 11–13, we have analyzed the propagation characteristics of SH-wave in an inhomogeneous half-space
by plotting the phase velocity curves in relation to the wave number for separate values of inhomogeneity

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 9. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of initial stress P1 /2N .

Figure 10. Case III: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of initial stress P1 /2N .

parameter a /k for cases I, II and III. Curve 1 shows that the half-space is homogeneous (i.e., a /k = 0), while
curves 2 and 3 show that the half-space is inhomogeneous. From these figures, it can be seen that as the
magnitude of inhomogeneity parameter included in the half-space increases, the phase velocity also increases,
but the impact of inhomogeneity parameter is not too much pronounced for cases I and III as compared to case
II. Consequently, we observe that the presence of inhomogeneity in the half-space has almost negligible effects
on the propagation characteristic of the shear wave in the present model for the cases I and III. In addition, the
inhomogeneity parameter of the dispersion equation has a significant effect on the propagation of SH-wave
when the intermediate porous layer is confined to the lower flat surface and the upper corrugate surface. Hence,
we conclude that if the considered half-space is homogeneous then the phase velocity is lower while the wave
propagating in heterogeneous half-space moves with higher velocity.

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 11. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of inhomogeneity parameter a /k.

Figure 12. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of inhomogeneity parameter a /k.

7.5. Influence of thickness ratio on phase velocity

The curves plotted in figures 14–16 demonstrate the influence of thickness ratio (H2 /H1) on the phase velocity of
SH-wave for cases I, II and III. From these figures. it has been noted that the phase velocity always decreases for
all values of wave number with the enhancement of thickness ratio i.e., if we rise the width of fiber-reinforced
layer (or reduce the width of poroelastic layer), the phase velocity decreases. The nature of curves is same for all
cases, but the influence of thickness ratio on dispersion relation of SH-wave is more considerable in that case
when the SH-wave propagates in proposed model bounded by the bottom planar boundary surface and the top
corrugate boundary surface (shown in figure 15). But in figures 14 and 16, we have seen that the impact of
thickness ratio on phase velocity of SH-wave is almost negligible in the higher frequency range as compared to
lower frequency range.

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 13. Case III: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of inhomogeneity parameter a /k.

Figure 14. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of thickness ratio H2 /H1.

7.6. Influence of position and undulation parameters on phase velocity

Figures 17 and 18 elucidate the effect of undulation (bH1) and position (x /H1) parameters on the phase velocity
against corrugation parameters (a1 b, a2 b ) of SH-wave propagation. The figure 17 suggests that, as the
undulation and position parameters of SH-wave increase, the phase velocity also increases for case I, while
figure 18 describes that as the undulation and position parameters of SH-wave increase, the phase velocity
decreases for case II. One can observe that the phase velocity gets diminished with increase in the corrugation
parameter a2 b of bottom corrugated boundary surface of intermediate porous layer, as well as phase velocity
gets enhanced for increasing the corrugation parameter a1 b of upper corrugated boundary surface of
intermediate porous layer as depicted in figures 17 and 18. Figure 19 demonstrates the comparative study of the
dispersion curve for both cases when SH-wave propagates in corrugated medium and in the non-corrugated
isotropic medium. Curve 1 of figure 19 represents that the SH-wave propagation in the corrugated medium
while the curve 2 shows the SH-wave propagation in the non-corrugated isotropic medium. It has observed

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 15. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of thickness ratio H2 /H1.

Figure 16. Case III: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against wave number kH1 for different values of thickness ratio H2 /H1.

from the figure that the phase velocity is higher for curve 2 as compared to curve 1 i.e., the SH-wave propagates
with higher velocity in an isotropic medium as compared to corrugated structure.

8. Conclusions

This research article explains the characteristics of traversal of SH-wave in poroelastic material under the impact
of initial stress with corrugated boundary surfaces sandwiched between an inhomogeneous half-space and a
fiber-reinforced material. The dispersion relation reduces to a classical result of Love wave, when the upper layer
is neglected; and the half-space and intermediate layer are considered to be homogeneous with plane surface
boundaries, as shown in section 65. The comparative studies have been carried out to analyze the characteristics
of phase velocity of SH-wave propagation under the presence, absence and both of the corrugated boundary

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 17. Case I: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against corrugation parameter a2 b for different values of bH1, x /H1.

Figure 18. Case II: variation of phase velocity c /b 2 against corrugation parameter a1 b for different values of bH1, x /H1.

surfaces. Furthermore, this study shows that the influence of all parameters contained in this model on the phase
velocity is significant. The noteworthy findings are listed below:

• Phase velocity of SH-wave gets reduced with intensifying the magnitude of wave number but as we increase
the corrugation parameters a2 b and a1 b, the phase velocity decreases and increases, respectively.
• It has been noted that as reinforcement parameters a12 increases and a32 decreases, the phase velocity also
increases in cases 1 and III but in case II, it decreases. It implise that the wave number has the favourable effect
on phase velocity for cases 1 and III but the inverse effect for case II.
• For all cases, phase velocity reduces with an increment of porosity parameter, which means that the porosity
parameter does not support the phase velocity of shear wave. Moreover, the absence of porosity in the
bounded layer is responsible for lowering the phase velocity, while the presence of porosity supports more to
the phase velocity.

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Figure 19. Comparison of phase velocity against wave number in corrugated and non-corrugated isotropic medium.

• Initially stressed intermediate porous layer significantly affects the propagation characteristics of shear wave.
Under the occurrence of tensile stress, the propagation speed is higher while for compressive stress, the phase
velocity is lower.
• It has been noted that the inhomogeneity parameter has a proportional effect on phase velocity of the shear
wave. This leads to the conclusion that the absence of inhomogeneity in half-space is more dependent on the
phase velocity than the presence of inhomogeneity in the half-space.
• Phase velocity of shear wave decreases with increase in the thickness of fiber-reinforced layer which is well-
known nature of seismic waves.
• The phase velocity increases with the increase in the values of undulation and position parameters in the case
when the intermediate poroelastic medium is confined by the bottom corrugated surface and the top planar
surface, while the phase velocity decreases with increasing values of undulation and position parameters in the
case when the poroelastic intermediate medium is bounded by the top corrugated surface and the bottom
planar surface.
• Comparative studies illustrate that the propagating speed of shear wave is faster in non-corrugated boundary
than the corrugated boundary.

Observation made in the aforementioned theoretical analysis may signify some noticeable contribution to
the problems of wave propagation and vibration during geophysical surveys, seismic data analysis through
complex layered media with various material properties and containing irregularities due to mountain roots,
continental margin, man-made artificial structures, turbine bores etc The presence of fiber-reinforced and fluid
saturated porous media in the Earth’s crust, in the form of some soft or hard rocks, affect the propagation of
seismic surface waves through them. Consequently, the expressive analysis of the current paper may serve as a
very useful tool in civil, structural and geophysical engineering to design earthquake resistant buildings, bridges
and to explore the raw material like natural gases, minerals, crude oils , coal etc This analysis assists us to improve
knowledge about rock development and their elastic properties and to obtain information about liquids and
minerals in the interior of the Earth.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to convey their deep sense of indebtedness to Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
School of Mines) Dhanbad, India for providing all the necessary facilities for this research work. They are also
thankful to reviewers for their useful suggestions and valuable comments in the improvement of the manuscript.

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

Appendix A

D11 = e -ikℓ1 (H1+ H2) ,

D12 = - e -ikℓ2 (H1+ H2) ,
D21 = (M - j1¢ (P + Qℓ1 )) ike ikℓ1 (j1- H1) ,
D22 = - ((M + j1¢ (P + Qℓ2 )) ike ikℓ2 (j1- H1) ,
D23 = L k m1 sin [km1 (j1 - H1)] + ij1¢ N k cos [km1 (j1 - H1)] ,
D24 = - (L km1 cos [km1 (j1 - H1)] - ij1¢ N k sin [km1 (j1 - H1)]) ,

D31 = e ikℓ1 (j1- H1) ,

D32 = e ikℓ2 (j1- H1) ,
D33 = - cos [km1 (j1 - H1)] ,
D34 = - sin [km1 (j1 - H1)] ,

D 43 = - (Lkm1 sin [km1 j2] + ij¢2 N k cos [km1 j2]) ,

D 44 = Lkm1 sin [km1 j2] - ij¢2 N k cos [km1 j2] ,
⎛⎛ a⎞ ⎞
D 45 = m3 e a j2 ⎜⎜m3 k + ⎟ + ij¢2 k⎟ e -(m3 k + 2 ) j2,
a

⎝⎝ 2⎠ ⎠

D53 = cos [km1 j2] ,

D54 = sin [km1 j2] ,

D55 = - e -(m3 k + 2 ) j2,

a

D13 = D14 = D15 = D25 = D35 = D 41 = D 42 = D51 = D52 = 0.

Appendix B

T1 = 2ik (c11 c15 + c12 (c13 - NRj¢2)) + Re aj2 c12 c14,

k
T2 = - c12 L2k 2m12 R + (c12 c13 + c11 c15)(2kNj¢2 + ic14 e aj2) ,
2
T3 = 2ik (c21 c25 + NRa2 bc22 sin (bx )) + Re aa2 cos (bx ) c22 c24,

k
T4 = - c22 L2k 2m12 R + c21 c25 ( - 2kNa2 b sin (bx ) + ic24 e aa2 cos (bx ) ) ,
2
T5 = 2ik (c31 c35 + c32 c33) + Rc32 c34,
k
T6 = - c32 L2k 2m12 R + (c32 c33 + c31 c35 ) ic34,
2
T7 = 2ik (c41 c45 + c42 (c43 + NRa2 b sin (bx ))) + Re aa2 cos (bx ) c42 c44,
k
T8 = - c42 L2k 2m12 R + (c42 c43 + c41 c45)( - 2kNa2 b sin (bx ) + ic44 e aa2 cos (bx ) .
2

Appendix C

2ikM (H2+ j1 ) 2ikM (H2+ j1 )

c11 = - 1 + e R , c12 = 1 + e R , c13 = (Q 2 + (N - P ) R) j1¢,
c14 = (a + 2k (m3 + ij¢2 )) m3, c15 = M (R - Qj1¢) ,
2ikMH2 2ikMH2
c21 = - 1 + e R , c22 = 1 + e R , c23 = 0,
c24 = (a + 2k (m3 - ia2 b sin (bx ))) m3, c25 = M R ,

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Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 125335 R Kumhar et al

2ikM (H2+ a1 cos (bx )) 2ikM (H2+ a1 cos (bx ))

c31 = - 1 + e R , c32 = 1 + e R ,
c33 = - (Q 2 + (N - P ) R) a1 b sin (bx ) , c34 = (a + 2km3 ) m3,
2ikM (H2+ a1 cos (bx ))
c35 = M (R + Qa1 b sin (bx )) , c41 = - 1 + e R ,
2ikM (H2+ a1 cos (bx ))
c42 = 1 + e R , c43 = - (Q 2 + (N - P ) R) a1 b sin (bx ) ,
c44 = (a + 2k (m3 - ia2 b sin (bx ))) m3, c45 = M (R + Qa1 b sin (bx )).

ORCID iDs

Raju Kumhar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-6911

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