NAMA : MUHAMMAD NORNIZAM BIN MANSOR

NO MATRIK: 11DKM19F1043

BAB 2 : MATERIAL STRUCTURE & BONDING

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Definition:
1. Atom
 Basic structural unit of all engineering materials.
2. Element
 Consists of 2 or more atoms of same type. It is in pure condition
such as gold, platinum, graphite.
3. Mixture
 Consists of 2 or more different types of atoms but not chemically
bond.
4. Compound
 Compound: consists of 2 or more different types of atoms that
chemically bond

 THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

• Atoms is the smallest particle that form material whether in

solid, liquid or gas form.
• An atom consists of a central nucleus composed of protons and
neutrons, which are encircled by one or more electrons.
 • The nucleus accounts for almost all the mass of the atom and
contains the protons and neutrons.

Electrons

 To keep an atom electrically stable, it has the same number of

negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus as there
are positively charged protons in the nucleus. In situations where
there are either more or less electrons in orbit than there are
protons in the nucleus, the atom is called an ion. This happens in
static electricity and in some chemical solutions.

 Electron configuration
 Electron shells
 Electrons are arranged in shells or orbits around the nucleus.
 Maximum number
 There is a definite arrangement of the electrons in these
shells and a maximum number of electrons possible in each
shell.
 The most electrons possible in the first shell are 2. After the
first shell is filled, the second shell starts filling up, according
to the number of positive charges in the nucleus. The most
allowed in the second shell is 8 electrons. Then the third
shell starts to fill.
  The relative atomic mass of an element is the mass in grams
of 6.023 X 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number NA) of that
element.
 Each element has its own characteristic atomic number, and
thus the atomic number identifies the element.
 The electrons, particularly the outer ones (electrovalence),
determine most of the electrical, mechanical, chemical and
thermal properties of the atoms.

ELEMENT PERIODIC TABLE (EPT)

 THE
THE ATOMIC
ATOMIC
NUMBER
NUMBER OF
OF WEIGHT
WEIGHT
ATOM
ATOM
7 14

THE
THE SYMBOL
SYMBOL
N THE
THE NAME
NAME OF
ELEMENT
ELEMENT
OF

Nitrogen
2:5

ELECTRON
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
CONFIGURATION

Atomic Number:
 The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic
number of that element.

Element Symbol:
 The element symbol is one or two letters chosen to represent an
element such as:-

ELEMENT SYMBOL
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
 These symbols are used internationally.

Atomic Weight:

 The standard atomic weight is the average mass of an element in

atomic mass units ("amu").
 Though individual atoms always have an integer number of
atomic mass units, the atomic mass on the periodic table is
stated as a decimal number because it is an average of the
various isotopes of an element.
 The average number of neutrons for an element can be found by
subtracting the number of protons (atomic number) from the
atomic mass.

How elements are arranged in EPT:

• The vertical column is called group.
• There 8 main group in EPT, with transition elements group in the
middle of it.
• The horizontal row is called period.
• Atoms with same amount of orbit are arranged in the same
period.

Used Of EPT:

• To simplifies the classification of an element.

• To give the information about an element such as its properties.
• Easy to predict properties of a new found element and its
applications.
• Easy to understand and analyze the reaction of the element.

ATOMIC BONDING
Primary Bonding:
1) Ionic
2) Covalent
3) Metallic

1)Ionic
 also called electrovalent bond.
  a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic
attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
 formed between a cation, which is usually a metal, and an
anion, which is usually a nonmetal.
 the two types of ion are held together by electrostatic forces

 Properties of ionic compounds

 High melting and boiling points - Ionic bonds are very strong
- a lot of energy is needed to break them. So ionic
compounds have high melting and boiling points.

 Conductive when liquid - Ions are charged particles, but ionic

compounds can only conduct electricity if their ions are free
to move. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when
they are solid - only when dissolved in water or melted.

2)Covalent
 form when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons .
 usually happens between nonmetals.
 can classified into single, double, and triple covalent
bond with respect to mutual sharing of one, two, and
three bonds respectively.

3)Metallic
 formed between two or more metal cations .
  metal atoms release their valence electrons into a sea of
valence electrons shared by all of the metal atoms.
 the attraction of these free electrons to the metal cations is
called a metallic bond.

Metallic Bonding explains some physical properties of Metals:

 Metals are good electrical conductors because the valence
electrons are free to travel.

Atomic View of Metallic Bonding:

 Bonding in metals is not rigid.
 The same ability to reorganize explains why metals can be
pulled into long, thin wires.

Secondary Bonds:
 The bond between atoms is formed by weak forces. These
weak forces are weaker than the primary bonds and are known
as Vander Waals forces.
 Types of secondary bonds:
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Dipole bonds
A) Hydrogen Bonds
  Hydrogen bonding, a special type of secondary bonding, is
found to exist between some molecules that have hydrogen as
one of the constituents.
B) Dipole Bonds
 Secondary bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular
dipoles. In essence, an electric dipole exists whenever there is
some separation of positive and negative portions of an atom
or molecule.

CRYSTAL SRUCTURE
Crystal Structure
 Crystalline
• is a particles are arranged in order and formed as a result of the
slow cooling.
 Amorphous
• is a particles are randomly arranged and formed as a result of
rapid cooling.

Atomic Arrangement
  Unit cell is the smallest structural unit or building block that can
describe the crystal structure. Repetition of the unit cell generates
the entire crystal.
 The most common types of unit cells are the simple cubic (SC), the
faced-centered cubic (FCC), the body-centered cubic (BCC) and the
hexagonal close-packed (HCP).

Metallic Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal Close-Packed, (HCP)

Zinc Titanium

Cobalt