JESSIECAH CHICANO DELOS SANTOS BSN-1A

A.

Open the video clip, entitled. “The Cestodes and Trematodes ” After watching the video, answer the
following questions:

1. What are the two Platyhelminthes parasites (flatworms)? (5 points)

-Platyhelminthes or flatworms are worm-like organisms living in and feeding on living hosts, receiving
nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts' nutrient absorption, causing weakness and
disease. Have no body depression other than the intestine and need an butt the same pharyngeal
opening both takes in nourishment and removes squander. Since of the need of any other body depth,
in bigger flatworms the intestine is regularly exceptionally exceedingly branched in arrange to transport
nourishment to all parts of the body. The need of a depression too compels flatworms to be level; they
must breathe by dissemination, and no cell can be as well distant from the exterior, making a smoothed
shape vital.

2. What are the examples of Cestodes (Tapeworms) and Trematodes (Flukes). Give the diseases caused
by theses parasitic helminths. (10 points)

Flukes (Trematodes)

Adult flukes are leaf-shaped flatworms. Prominent oral and ventral suckers help maintain position in
situ. Flukes are hermaphroditic except for blood flukes, which are bisexual. The life-cycle includes a snail
intermediate host.

Tapeworms (Cestodes)

Adult tapeworms are elongated, segmented, hermaphroditic flatworms that inhabit the intestinal
lumen. Larval forms, which are cystic or solid, inhabit extraintestinal tissues.

Roundworms (Nematodes)

Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, cylindrical worms. They inhabit intestinal and extraintestinal
sites.

B.

Open the power point presentation entitled “The Trematodes and Cestodes”. After reading and
understanding the power point, answer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristics of helminthic parasites? How are helminthic parasites can be transmitted
to humans? (10 points)

- All helminths are generally expansive (> 1 mm long) a few are exceptionally expansive (> 1 m long). All
have well-developed organ frame works and most are dynamic feeders. The body is either straightened
and secured with plasma layer (flatworms) or round and hollow and secured with fingernail skin
(roundworms). A few helminths are bisexuals; others have partitioned sexes.
2. What are the clinical structures/features of Trematodes and Cestodes. Give the Parasitic examples of
parasites in each kind of Platyhelminthes group. (10 points)

- A dorsoventrally straightened body, respective symmetry, and a clear front conclusion are highlights of
platyhelminths in common and of trematodes particularly. Flukes are leaf-shaped, extending in length
from millimeters to 7 to 8 cm. The tegument is morphologically and physiologically complex. Flukes have
an verbal sucker around the mouth and a ventral sucker or acetabulum that can be utilized to follow to
have tissues. As individuals of the platyhelminths, the cestodes, or tapeworms, have numerous essential
auxiliary characteristics of flukes, but too appear striking contrasts. Though flukes are smoothed and for
the most part leaf-shaped, grown-up tapeworms are smoothed, stretched, and comprise of portions
called proglottids. Tapeworms change in length from 2 to 3 mm to 10 m and may have three to a few
thousand portions. In differentiate to platyhelminths, nematodes are round and hollow instead of
smoothed, subsequently the common title roundworm. The body divider is composed of an outer
fingernail skin that includes a noncellular, chemically complex structure, a lean hypodermis, and
musculature. The fingernail skin in a few species has longitudinal edges called alae. The bursa, a flaplike
expansion of the fingernail skin on the back conclusion of a few species of male nematodes, is utilized to
get a handle on the female amid relations.

C. 30 points

For your Independent Learning or Home Study, watch the video entitled, “The General Characteristics of
Flatworms”. After watching the video, Tabulate the Characteristics of

Flatworms according to the following:

a. Feeding, Digestion, Excretion and Food Sources

- Cestodes have no stomach related tract; they assimilate supplements from the have over the body
divider. Most other flatworms, in any case, have obvious stomach related frameworks. The stomach
related framework of turbellarians ordinarily comprises of mouth, pharynx, and intestine. Numerous
spineless creatures such as flatworms utilize a nephridium as their excretory organ. At the conclusion of
each daze tubule of the nephridium could be a ciliated fire cell. As liquid passes down the tubule, solutes
are reabsorbed and returned to the body fluids

b. Respiration and Circulation- Flatworms have no circulatory framework. Creatures without a

circulatory framework have constrained capacities to convey oxygen and supplements to their body cells
since of the way that atoms behave. Flatworms don't have a respiratory framework. Instep, they have
pores that permit oxygen to enter through their body. Oxygen enters the pores by dissemination. There
are no blood vessels within the flatworms

c. Reproduction

- Asexually, flatworms multiply through fracture and budding. Fracture, more over called cloning,
happens when a flatworm parts off a portion of its body, permitting the isolated parcel to recover into a
unused worm. With budding, a flatworm develops an expansion from its body. This expansion, or bud,
gets to be a unused worm and isolates from the initial flatworm.
d. Nervous System, Movement and Support

- The flatworms occupy a position at the base of the metazoan phylogenetic tree; they have a bilateral
symmetric nervous system and an archaic brain.

e. Structure and Anatomy

- Flatworms are by and large hermaphroditic functional regenerative organs of both genders happening
in one person. Like other progressed multicellular creatures, they have three embryonic layers
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm—and have a head locale that contains concentrated sense organs
and anxious tissue in brain.

f. Adaptation and Development

- They have the taking after adjustments: Flatworms have three embryonic cell layers. They have a
mesoderm layer in expansion to ectoderm and endoderm layers. The mesoderm layer permits
flatworms to create muscle tissues so they can move effectively over strong surfaces.

D. 15 points

 Research on other diseases of humans (at least 3) caused by the helminthes parasites. Identify their
causative agents, signs and symptoms and its prevention.

 Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms)

of the family Filariodidea. There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms: Wuchereria
bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases. Brugia malayi, which causes most of the
remainder of the cases. Brugia timori, which also causes the disease. Adult worm nest in the
lymphatic vessels and disrupt the normal function of the lymphatic system. The worms can live
for approximately 6–8 years and, during their life-time, produce millions of microfilariae
(immature larvae) that circulate in the blood. Lymphatic filariasis infection involves
asymptomatic, acute, and chronic conditions. The majority of infections are asymptomatic,
showing no external signs of infection while contributing to transmission of the parasite. These
asymptomatic infections still cause damage to the lymphatic system and the kidneys, alter the
body's immune system.

 Strongyloidiasis is caused by the parasitic roundworm S. stercoralis. This worm infects mainly
humans. Most humans get the infection by coming into contact with contaminated soil.
However, exercising good personal hygiene, using sanitary facilities, and not walking barefoot
when traveling to warm or tropical climates can reduce your risk of infection.

 Soil-transmitted helminths refer to the intestinal worms infecting humans that are transmitted
through contaminated soil (“helminth” means parasitic worm): Ascaris lumbricoides (sometimes
called just “Ascaris“), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (Anclostoma duodenale
and Necator americanus). Soil-transmitted helminths live in the intestine and their eggs are
passed in the feces of infected persons. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in
a garden, or field) or if the feces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited
on soil. People with light soil-transmitted helminth infections usually have no symptoms. Heavy
infections can cause a range of health problems, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood and
protein loss, rectal prolapse, and physical and cognitive growth retardation. Soil-transmitted
helminth infections are treatable with medication prescribed by your health care provider.