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An Analysis On Patronage Politics and Its Relationship To The Issue of Cavite Provincial Capitol S Employment Rate (2001 2010)
An Analysis On Patronage Politics and Its Relationship To The Issue of Cavite Provincial Capitol S Employment Rate (2001 2010)
An Analysis On Patronage Politics and Its Relationship To The Issue of Cavite Provincial Capitol S Employment Rate (2001 2010)
In Partial Fulfillment
March 2011
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ABSTRACT
issue regarding the record set forth by the provincial government with respect
to its employment rate. In lieu with this issue, this study was able to set its
subject that this study had was the legal bases by which the issue set forth
by the provincial government’s employment rate roots out on the records that
important point that this study had was the manner by which patronage
into their respective posts wherein indeed, based on the provisions of the
Civil Service Law, positions requiring civil service qualifications were in fact
considered. Lastly, this study set its way on the effects that patronage politics
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had in relation to the efficiency of the Cavite Provincial Capitol as a
governmental institution.
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APPROVAL SHEET
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the
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CERTIFICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty
God for giving them the knowledge, guidance, love, care, strength, and
Oman Paul, on his side, would like to thank his parents, Mr. and Mrs.
Rolando and Fidela Antiojo, for the moral and financial support as he
conducted the study. Also, he would like to thank his sibling, Carrie May, for
the enduring support and upliftment in times the researcher feels so down
and exhausted.
Rose Khristine, for her part, would like to thank her parents Mr.and
Mrs. Miguel and Ester Salamatin, for the unconditional moral support in the
entire study. She would like to thank her siblings, Janet, Gigi, Hubert Ian,
Nenette, Maricel, Jonjon and April, for the financial assistance and words of
encouragement.
The researchers would also like to thank their friends who have
supported them and cheered them up in times of failures and mishaps not to
mention the whole Political Science 2011 most especially to Mr. Axel Adaya,
Mr. Jaymart Baltazar, Ms. Regine Carino, Ms. Jowan Gonzales, Mr. Joel
Makalintal, Ms. Nina Inting, Ms. Pamela Cuenca, Ms. Andrea Rosales and,
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Deepest gratitude is also extended to the following individuals inside
the University, Mr. Loreto Camiloza, for serving as the adviser of this study;
Mr. Jose Aims Rocina for the good commentaries which yielded better
outcome of this study; to Mr. Gerry Espiritu, for the commentaries and
suggestions; Ms. Adelina of the College of Liberal Arts Dean’s Office for the
assistance in having the venue of the final defense of the study; and most
specially, to the one who has been the “nanay” of the researcher for four
years who never failed to give pieces of advice and suggestions, Ms.
Josephine Cruz.
This study would not also be possible without the help of certain
To all of those who were not mentioned here and yet has been one of
the keys for the success of this study, words are not enough to express how
thankful the researchers are for all the things you have done for the success
of this study.
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Table of Contents
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………1
Abstract………………………………………………………………..………….…2
Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………..... 4
Certification………………………………………………………...…………….....5
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………....……..……..6
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………10
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..10
Introduction…………………………………………………………….….12
Assumptions………………………………………………………………17
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………..20
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………..23
Local Literature…………………………………………………………....27
Foreign Literature…………………………………………………………32
Local Studies……………………………………………………………...39
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Foreign Studies………………………………………………………….41
Methods of Research…………………………………………………...50
Research Instruments…………………………………………………..51
DATA……………………………………………………………52
RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings……………………………………………………………………74
Conclusions………………………………………………………………76
Recommendations……………………………………………………….77
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...80
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………83
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………..84
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1………………………………………………………………………….55
Table 4.2………………………………………………………………………….56
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.5………………………………………………………………………...59
Figure 4.11………………………………………………………………………..62
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Figure 4.17. …………………………………………………………………….65
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
“I don’t know how the people will respond to a call to action and we shouldn’t
care. What they will do is none of our concern. Our role is to fight for the
people. Whether they will show gratitude or not – immediately, later, or never
– should not enter into our calculations. That is our fate; to fight for what is
right.”
incorporated with so many things aside from the fundamental idea of electing
an individual for a certain post through an election. Such things with which it
electoral process itself, and even the processes and events before and after
the election. Of all the aforementioned things, the last one could have the
long lasting effect and the greatest challenge in governance of the state. The
patronage politics.
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benefits, establishment of stronger allegiance, assurance of winning an
patronage politics do exist in the Philippine Political System though some are
not that visible to the members of the society. The kinds exist in such a way
that in reality, they happen but not visible to the naked eye to many of the
people.
from the fact that political dynasty might as well delimit the assurance of
it may also result into an abuse of power not only for those who were
appointed out of patronage politics but also those who appointed them. In
government agencies, like for example the municipal governments, there is,
government, also a change on the set of employees. The clear reason for
this, based on studies made, could have been patronage politics as the
winning candidates for municipal posts try to put into position their supporters
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and their relatives so as to grant “utang na loob” , a very nice cultural idea of
the Filipinos yet has been abused and given a bad name as time goes by.
Victor “Johnvic” Remulla and incumbent Trece Martirez City Mayor Jun
Sagun. The former raised the issue at hand when they were asked to give
mention of patronage politics as the reason behind the fact of the Cavite
regarding the said issue, there is not yet any given statement from them. This
point raised by Remulla is also the root cause of the existence of this study.
are at least thirty three offices mentioned each of which has its respective
government. Along side with these offices are the heads of each office and
the employees thereof. Approximately, there are at least three hundred thirty
Provincial Capitol, the most noticeable factor in the existence of the issue at
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hand is the dramatic increase of cooperatives funded for by the provincial
provincial capitol thus can be accounted for the status of provincial capitol as
of the whole province not to name those in line with the health, and economic
aspects. The basis of the issue at hand could have been the comparison of
obviously, there could have been a lot of employees today because the
thus need to be acted upon based on its needs. The issue at this point would
have been the validity of the employed personnel in these offices considering
ambiance as the province has been a hub to foreign investors due to the
have been approximately 120, 000 jobs provided for the Cavitenos on the
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aspect of production and labor force alone excluding the related posts of
professionals.
silent on the issue sets this study to aim to clarify the issue raised by Remulla
on the issue of patronage politics. This material would also set grounds for
both parties – the present provincial administration and root of the issue to
cite concrete explanations regarding the matter at hand. This one would also
politics?;
d.) the pros and cons of patronage politics in the present political
Rate (2001-2010)” aims to give justice on whether the issue on the Cavite
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Provincial Capitol as the second largest work provider in the province roots
2. What could have been the legal bases on the declaration that the
province?
Assumptions
The proponents of this study predict that yes, in as much as the issue
on the Cavite Provincial Capitol as the second largest work provider in the
province is concerned, patronage politics is one, yet not the absolute root
cause of the issue at hand because there are still many more of reasons and
factors to consider in taking the said matter the proponents have in focus.
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1. Patronage Politics is a mere act of doing a favor for a person or group
have been the legal bases on the declaration that the Provincial
in return for their support for specific politicians and through the act of
Provincial Capitol;
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Figure 1.1. Flow of the Study.
Politics has over the current employment rate of the Cavite Provincial
Capitol.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.1 shows the flow of the study – on how it would be conducted
and the possible outcomes in the process. First parts of the process focused
on gathering possible literatures that dealt with patronage politics (that would
also came from both local and foreign sources) and the employment rate,
researchers meant not only the present employment but also the set trend of
patronage politics really existed on the said institution. In doing so, things to
period of time and its relevance on the issue of compliance with the local
patronage politics, that was the time the study focused on its effect on the
patronage politics, focus of the study led to identifying the root cause of the
issue were provided for in the long run of the study so as to give possible
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Significance of the Study
Cavite would be benefited in such a way that this study would provide
Capitol. It would also give them some light on the issue at hand raised
by former Vice Governor Remulla and thus, could provide both sides
of the issue.
knowing it, this would possibly lead them on the prescribed rules of
findings in which there are employees who are not qualified on the
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actions may be made by proper authorities from the commission as
similar to this study or even its continuation. This could give them
useful literatures that might help them in exploring their studies that
clearer ground for vigilance and awareness and strict monitoring of the
relevant issue.
This study set its limits on the area of the Provincial Government of
Cavite and did not tackle further on the National Government. No other
issues concerning the provincial government were set into record aside from
this study, it considered both local and foreign ones that are on the same or
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the school library were be the best primary resources of this study and yet,
still, when necessary, considered those which were not available in the
university library.
Definition of Terms
Several terminologies were used in this study that are most likely
technical in nature and thus are listed below for proper definition based on
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Civil Service Qualifications. These are standards set forth by
individuals.
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Local Government Code. It is part of Philippine laws which primarily
government.
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protecting the general welfare of the people as to whatever their
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CHAPTER II
research study were enumerated together with their relevance to the conduct
of the said study. In this chapter, the study focused on different literatures
available which supported the ideologies and principles of the study. Sources
would then focused on both foreign and local readings that presented
LOCAL LITERATURE
the power is only given to the Illustrados or the Principalias. These elite
people were provided the power to monopolize not only economic and
and Rolda, 1988). In effect, elites then were the Padrinos of the commoners,
thus, giving incentives to their allies. Moreover, this political culture had
concept of good human relations and implies giving in or yielding to the wish
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behavior, this gives rise to the institutionalization of the lakad system in many
government and private officers (Jacano, 1966). It is through this that when
approaches someone he knows who is influential for the fast and positive
results.
person has utang na loob to the latter. Speaking with the officials, employees
may not be all related by blood, but allies of the administration. This system
serves an invisible string that connects each and everyone in the institution.
Indeed, power and influence are the key points in this patronage
Philippines has lost its prestige. Many politicians are not respected, they are
looked upon merely as good connections. He also stated that the pervasive
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influence of politics in all phases of national life is the result of the power of
government over many sectors. This situation helps the politician because
becomes a part of the politician’s job. Some private enterprises are only too
his administration. One of the concessions and perhaps rewards that voters
campaign managers and those who have contributed not only financial
support but also moral support, a key position in the government is the
politicians to provide jobs for their men is so great that merit and seniority in
the civil service are set aside. These employees, instead of improving their
skills in providing good public service, just rely on “padrinos”. Thus, the
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stated that with the destruction of the merit system, the worst type of
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not usually attributed to our colonial masters -particularly the United
States.(http://www,tribo.org/history/corrupt.html)
In this object, Quezon pointed out the influence of colonizers with what
Philippine bureaucracy turned out. The culture of lakad system and its
gave emphasis to the importance of country’s civil service “...we must make
gifts by the officials and employees, as a return for their favors done, is
things done. Kinship and friendship play a crucial role in the reciprocal
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Bonifacio(1975,p.4) points out that personalism is rooted in the basic and
spite of the gradual rise of impersonalism in the urban areas. It has affected
Philippine politics. The bases of political support and fellowship are often
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by powerful, in authority and influential persons to manipulate the system,
the potential force that others perceive a person to possess that gives the
influence others. And power can be acquired from “votes, wealth, prestige
and physical coercion among others” (Hawley and Wirt, 1974, p.230). A
compliance, because many people believe that obedience is the proper way
but also acceptance by others (Panopio and Rolda, 1988). J. Massie (1964)
Max Weber pointed out different types of authority such as, 1.) Charismatic
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authority, exists when one’s control of others is based on the individual’s
of most of the nation states. Because this kind of a power is based on the
offices they control therefore specific rules and procedures serve as the
thus, power is lost when one loses his status. Rational- legal authority
therefore has set the limit on the power of most government officials in
modern nation- states (Cassirer, 1951). In fact, this kind of authority also
the actions of others through persuasion, suggestion and other methods and
also, it is the effect of one person on the behavior of others (J. Massie,
There are also terms that are closely related to the political culture of
idea to patronage, giving public service jobs to those who may have helped
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elect the person who has the power of appointment. Favoritism has been a
associates. Cronyism occurs within a network of insiders- the “good ‘ol boys”,
favoritism, because it covers favoritism within the family. Both nepotism and
cronyism are often at work, and political parties recruit candidates for public
offices. To connect the three in ethics, it all interferes with fairness because
they give undue advantages to someone who does not necessarily merit this
treatment. In public behavior, it also weakens the common good. When one
government, because it must hide that officials are great and effective
integrity of government.
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appointed officials to make partisan appointments to office or to confer
it. Altenburger (n.d.) affirmed that politics of patronage subverts any merit
system that might form the basis of a civil service. And such culture in politics
spoils the system of government. She further explains that, Civil Service
Commissions, for the most part, are political appointments. In principle, once
to: 1.) Provide supervision for all employees, patronage can cast this
individuals who did not have to prove themselves for their appointments.
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reform. Civil Service Commissions must be empowered and be detached
the political patronage. From the well-known Max Weber, who first wrote the
The presence of hierarchy of authority; 3.) Activities are based on definite set
of rules and procedures; 4.) Activities are well documented and recorded; 5.)
Statues in the organization particularly those of the managers are full- time
employees tend to do first the requests of their relatives, friends and patrons
rather than accomplishing things that must be done first. As of James Scott ‘s
“loyalty to the nation- state is still tenuous, the individual feels little
compunction to avoid acts that promote his personal or small- group interests
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rare to find, for example, a civil servant who is at the same time an official of
his tribe association. As a civil servant he may take unwarranted liberties with
state funds and place his incompetent friends in office”. Ergo, Weber’s
emphasizes the pure type, and since real life is “seldom as pure as the
Rolda, 1988).
to political- executive offices. A more popular but restricted use of the term
sometimes also called the merit system and is widely employed on federal,
due to the prevailing appointments of the officials outside its parameter, ergo,
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LOCAL STUDIES
to the patronage politics in its relation on the issue of employment, this part
Rocamora et. Al. (2005) on their study entitled: “Strong Demands and
tackled various styles of political leadership from the end of Marcos regime
each administration and how each dealt with the different Philippine culture,
most importantly political parties, which remain weak, ill defined, and poorly
concluded that there is a need for political reforms that would strengthen
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in the country. Examining what democratic consolidation entails, the study
highlighted two points: 1.) instilling respect for political institution, discusses
the need for these institution to command respect and trust, and not merely
facilitate regulatory framework that would best seek the interest of the polity;
2.) ensuring that the institutions are credible, discusses the importance of
participation, observance of the rule of law, equity and inclusiveness, and last
but not the least, effectiveness and efficiency. Ergo, the study concluded
and its government. In which, the government shall ensure the welfare of its
people, offering good governmental services while the people shall render
the study also suggested the need for the elimination of patron- client
Civil Service Study (2004) tackled the relevant efforts of civil service in
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Because of the crucial role that bureaucracy plays in the day to day running
patronage affects the system. Rocamora et al (2005) focused on the need for
Antnony (2004) gave emphasis on the need for the government to well
establishing credible institutions for the people that can render good civil
services. Finally, Civil Service Study (2004) reported on how they were being
system.
FOREIGN STUDIES
It is also important to view foreign studies that are relative to this study
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other individuals or groups in exchange for their collective political allegiance.
At this time, the role or the patron in the relationship is performed by the
public resources. The study also suggested the following definitions which
and individuals in which the former releases a benefit that the latter desires in
order to secure their political support. 2.) Pork barrel politics implies tactical
necessitates a benefit for particular individuals while pork barrel implies that
public life. The main feature of this definition is that it limits patronage to its
that the classic literature on patronage often assumes that parties use
larger extent, motivated by the need of parties to control the policy- making
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al (2007) believes that there may be elements of both reward and control at
one and at the same time, and that political systems will differ in terms of a
embodied in the formal rules of the state. This also allows everyone to view
easy to reckon. 3.) The semi- public sector is likely to be more politicized
study defines party patronage, it expands the area where the patronage
appointments are carried out to include not only the core of civil service- as
commonly done, but also institutions that are not part of the civil service, but
are under some form of state control. Therefore, if parties are to retain their
grip on policy- making, even implicitly, then it is likely that they will need to
induce influence on the form and composition of these bodies through their
party in the public office. Rather than being a means by which networks of
process by which the party acquires a voice in the various policy- making
institution of the modern multi- level governance systems. On the other hand,
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found out that speaking of patronage in other states is only bounded in
country specialists, first hand insights are provided, ergo, rather than positing
patronage politics and how did it play a great role in employment especially
actually provide specific services to their districts and how could they get
credit from voters for having done so. First, the pork barrel legislation, in
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strong committee system to elaborate district- specific allocative legislation.
used by the politicians. Thus, patronage politics was developed over the post
was a direct service to their constituents and their (extended) family. Then,
Golden also tackled civil service regulations guide the appointment process
service laws were routinely violated in Italy: 1.) limiting the scope of merit, by
use of a spoil system, civil service were not required and appointments were
merits. By then, Golden also stated that patronage politics and political
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business, which pays the bribes and kickbacks and that exchange receive
the contracts for public works. Ergo, Golden concluded that Italian political
argued that there were typically Italian characteristics that promoted the
history of government that had prevented the appearance of the Catholic and
Cambodia, under the administration of Hun Sen and CPP as popular party in
attract the masses into “elite dominated trajectories” that inhibit grassroots
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Further, Hun Sen was said to be power hungry, but then, his defense is that
contribute to the party assets for election campaign, which is allegedly known
as “black box”. It was suspected that the need for the officials to contribute in
the said black box has increased corruption, ergo, the officials have to divide
his earnings into three: for themselves, for their superiors and for the black
After a traumatic past, the country has to jump up from that experience,
giving the way to hybrid democracy, as the springboard. However, it was not
noted that such hybrid democratization has its flaws in the government
and Hun Sen use their domination to the state machinery to nurture
of competing for votes through a policy agenda, the CPP as a party and Hun
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not only links the government to the voters, as well as government officials to
business tycoons, a web that breeds corruption and breeches the rule of law.
to their supporters, and the best form of it is job employment; also the
studies, in order for the official to attract voters they have to lay down their
intertwined with corruption. Government offices and hiring are the best
of the thesis and in bringing substantial information to the readers and ably to
well analyzing and comparing the articles taken from local and foreign
literature.
The studies and the articles pointed out that patronage politics is
included in country’s political culture. It was traced that this culture already
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pakikisama, reciprocity, kinship, nepotism, power, authority and influence,
bureaucracy, which they believed also played a role in the existence of such
especially those studies which conferred patronage politics and its relation to
this culture also exists in other countries and how they cope up to the culture.
American Political Science Association studied the topic and gave pertinent
definitions of patronage politics and how politicians deal with it. Moreover, it
is also essential to view the study of civil service and to find out how these
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
the study and research tools or instruments that were relevant to the study.
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Methods of Research.
the study. This would basically apply strict gathering, analysis, interpretation,
considering both the theoretical and relative resources (Campbell, Ballou and
this study through gathering and analysis of theoretical and relative facts that
deals with patronage politics and the employment rate of the Cavite
The main respondent of this study was the Provincial Capitol’s Human
status of the employees from the specific span of time set by this study.
Aside from the mentioned respondent, the study also well considered the
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in order to gather relevant sources from their personal capacity and
knowledge.
Research Instruments
were utilized:
the employment records and the civil service records of the employees of the
was conducted for the verification and documentation of resources that might
as well be gathered.
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CHAPTER IV
presented, analyzed and interpreted the data gathered to answer the specific
their political supporters. It may also mean or talk about the direct or indirect
governance system as it does not only confer favoritism but also abuse of
governance, the idea of patronage politics exist due to the prevalent Filipino
(Panopio and Rolda, 1988). Such existence of patronage politics can also
account for local autonomy of these provincial governments as they are not
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being monitored directly by the national government or agencies of the
of such idea in politics thus allowing the act of the authorities in the higher
positions in the provincial level to pay back the favors done by their allies to
Constantino in his work The Filipino Politician, said that the authority that are
higher posts of the provincial government loses its prestige and purpose as
towards the higher individuals as they seem to see these individuals as mere
level of government would be the insufficient means on how the civil service
employees out of the idea of recommendation and not merely on the basis
that the provincial government must operate and accept its employees.
government implicitly violates the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
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Focusing on the specific area of what patronage politics is in terms of
which are both political in nature into certain individuals in terms of the offices
created which are termed as “junior offices with their junior officers”. The
salary of these offices is obtained from the funds of the legal offices in the
Provincial Capitol which are not subject to the auditing of authorities. The
Government.
2. What could have been the legal bases on the declaration that the
province?
The legality of the declaration that the Cavite Provincial Capitol is the
second largest employer in the province could have been based on the data
Office, the following are the top ten companies in the province of Cavite in
terms of the average employment size from the year 2008 up to the year
2010. The data provided herein are only based on the list of companies who
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It can be drawn from Table 4.1. that indeed, the Cavite Provincial
province of Cavite. With a total of 4, 716 employees, it has far gone the
employee size of 2, 969. This data allows a room for a conclusion that the
Cavite Provincial Capitol has been the largest employer and not the second
5000 4716
4500
4000
3500
3000
2969
2500
2000
1604
1556
1500
1405
1313
1129
1059
1026
988
1000
778
500
0
ROHM Electronics Phils . Inc. Scad Services (s ) Pte. Ltd.
Farem o Int'l Inc. NT Phils . Inc.
Cypress Mfg. Ltd. Dae Young Apparel
Euro-Med Lab Phil. Inc. Hous e Tech. Indus tries Pte. Ltd.
HRD(s) Pte. Ltd. Yum ex Philippines Corporation
Cavite Provincial Capitol
*The figure above shows the top ten employers in the province of Cavite in terms of
average employee size for the year 2008 up to 2010 including the inventory of the
employees of the Cavite Provincial Capitol as of March 31, 2010.
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Employer Employment Rate
Office provided data that helped the researchers in interpreting the reason
would nevertheless, be ranked second to the last. As the data show in Table
4.2 and Figure 4.1., the provincial capitol even over ranked the Daichi
individuals employed. This could have been one of the basis to conclude that
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nevertheless, the Provincial Capitol has issues on its employment rate.
Considering the fact that this data in this part speaks off the collective
employment rate of the economic zones in Cavite, it can still be drawn that
68954, 58%
1004, 1%
4716, 4%
6249, 5%
15553, 13% 5343, 5%
1757, 1%
14982, 13%
23, 0%
85, 2%
945, 20%
30, 1%
1539, 33%
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Figure 4.2. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
clearly drawn from the illustration that the combined numbers of the
As mentioned earlier, such posts mentioned need not consider their civil
law may not be so strict with these posts and thus, has the least possibility of
employees in each office in the Provincial Capitol with respect to the status of
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Figure 4.3. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
the employees are classified as permanent while 39% are under the casual
category.
permanent
11, 50% 11, 50%
casual
of the employees are deemed as permanent while the remaining 50% is set
as casual employees.
20, 20%
permanent
casual
80, 80%
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Figure 4.5. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
of 100 of its employees are under the permanent category while the
3, 17%
15, 8 3% permanent
casual
office with respect to their status of appointment which shows that 83% of the
total employees are under the permanent posts while 17% are under the
casual positions.
1, 1%
permanent
temporary
casual
29, 26%
81, 73%
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Figure 4.7. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial general
services office with respect to their status of appointment wherein 73% of all
the employees are under the permanent positions, 26% are under the casual
3, 21%
per manent
co-ter mi nus
1, 7%
casual
10, 72%
office with respect to their status of appointment in which 72% belong to the
permanent level, 21% to the casual level and 7% to the co – terminus level.
9, 41%
permanent
1, 5%
temporary
co-terminus
1, 5% casual
11, 49%
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Figure 4.9. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
of the total employees belong to the permanent posts, 41% to the casual
36, 11%
permanent
casual
305, 89%
engineer’s office with respect to their status of appointment where 89% of all
379, 66%
142, 24%
permanent
temporary
co-terminus
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Figure 4.11. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
the total employees belong to the casual positions, 24% belongs to the
permanent
14, 100%
permanent post.
permanent
18, 67% 2, 7%
1, 4% temporary
co-terminus
6, 22%
casual
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Figure 4.13. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
the total employees are under the permanent category, 22% under the
casual posts, 7% under the temporary level and 4% under the co – terminus
positions.
permanent
20, 100%
population office with respect to their status of appointment in which all of its
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Figure 4.15. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial social
wherein 57% of its employees are under the casual posts while 43% are
11, 32%
permanent
casual
23, 68%
all the employees belong to the permanent classification while 32% is under
1, 14% 1, 14%
temporary
co-terminus
elected
5, 72%
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Figure 4.17. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial vice
its employees are under the co – terminus post, and 14% for both the
11, 14%
28, 35% permanent
co-terminus
elected
40, 51%
belongs to the co – terminus posts, 35% to the permanent posts and 14% to
4, 12%
permanent
casual
29, 88%
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Figure 4.19. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
wherein 88% belong to the permanent positions and 12% to the casual
position.
12, 22%
permanent
casual
43, 78%
the employees are classified as permanent ones while the remaining 22%
11, 19%
permanent
casual
47, 81%
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Figure 4.21. illustrates the personnel inventory of the provincial
assessor’s office with respect to their status of appointment wherein 81% are
under the permanent posts while the remaining 19% are classified under the
casual posts.
356, 38%
permanent
contractual
casual
23, 2% 547, 60%
office including the district, provincial, and mental hospital with respect to
their status of appointment in which 60% of the total employees are classified
various offices in the Cavite Provincial Capitol, it can be seen that still, the
casual and contractual including the job orders in which, by special reasons
seems to be “under a special office” aside from the mentioned offices above,
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offices exhibited high percentage of employees with permanent positions.
Thus, it is really a presumable fact that in each office, existence of non – civil
office. Unless otherwise that other offices had greater number of permanent
employees, then it can be presumed that those offices actually have lesser
support that they have rendered to a politician during the election period
(Shafrizt, 1988). Such favor may be given in terms of granting positions into
could help these individuals based on their basic needs. Patronage politics
government units.
seat. As a new administration comes in, it is expected that there would also
provincial government.
that is, the consideration of the Civil Service Law as well as they capacity
statement, it can be assumed that the Provincial Capitol has the employees
Tagaytay City authored by Ms. Ester D. Salamatin, she made mention of the
fact that in the mode of employment of these individuals, there are certain
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posts that need not to have Civil Service Eligibility like in the case of the
can say that not all employees of the Cavite Provincial Government are Civil
Service Requirement qualified as by nature, there are posts that need not to
terms not only of law requirements but as well as their skills and knowledge
as basic idea since they are to perform certain governmental functions that
would concern the welfare of the majority of the people under their respective
nine (9) years. Some says that, in a way the Provincial Government is
replaced to concrete ones. The administration also gave assistance for the
hand, drivers were still looking for some improvements on the road
infrastructures; they revealed that there were still roads that are in need to
assistance to the public schools. Through scholarship grants and the famous
services being provided, some stated that it is fairly carry out to the people
but not satisfying. It was revealed that, mostly on the month of January,
lack its efficiency and effectiveness for the last nine (9) years. Most of the
interviewees still believed that the services are not enough and worst, that
the government had been interpreting the problems for the people and
providing services that are not parallel to address the needs of the people.
provided that they did not even felt the improvement thoroughly.
Furthermore, they were also aware of the anomalies inside the government,
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goals and objectives. Like the loads of debt left by the previous
administration, the rice scam issue and the ghost employees in Capitol. From
then, the people believed that the Provincial Government for the last nine (9)
the Province of Cavite, 2008), it can be drawn that the Cavite Government as
a government institution has been effective despite the existence of the idea
of patronage politics. This just only proves that patronage politics do not have
laying out the projects that the provincial government has over the years
2001 – 2010 like for example the compensation given to the Barangay Health
stable economic status of the province, it can also be a proof that indeed, it
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CHAPTER V
This part of the study focuses on summarizing the ideas raised as well
as the conclusion of the facts and paradigms that deal with the main focus of
the study which is patronage politics and the employment rate of the Cavite
Provincial Capitol from the year 2001 – 2010. Furthermore, this point of this
study also lays down certain suggestions regarding the findings this research
study had.
Findings
Based on the data gathered, the following facts are established by the
way by which the provincial capitol in the period of 2001 – 2010 had
into certain individuals in terms of the offices created which are termed
as “junior offices with its junior officers”. The salary of these offices are
obtained from the funds of the legal offices in the Provincial Capitol
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legal office whose fund is not subject to auditing as mentioned by a
2. Based on the comparison made between the top ten employers in the
Capitol, the latter has a huge amount of employees based on its average
far gone the difference against the number one company in terms of
with the average employee size of 2, 969. This data allows a room for a
conclusion that the Cavite Provincial Capitol has been the largest employer
accommodation.
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that is, the consideration of the Civil Service Law as well as their capacity
Cavite revealed that Cavite Provincial government had been efficient in some
public services; however, it does not satisfy the people for the last nine (9)
years. For the reason of their belief that there were anomalies and flaws
Conclusions
been the cause of high employment rate from year 2001- 2009.
2. The legal bases on the declaration that the Cavite Provincial Capitol is
the second largest employer are the records of both the HRMO of Cavite
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the Civil Service law, there are still employees who are not qualified for their
in terms of the delivery of services to the people, though there are criticisms
2001- 2009.
Recommendations
recommendations:
study, the researchers would recommend for the people to be more vigilant
on the issues that deals with the local provincial government unit. An issue
such as those that deals with the efficiency of the delivery of services of the
further recommends that these people, as much as possible, refrain from the
Management Office said, the provincial capitol assures that all their
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employees are qualified to their posts as per mandated by the laws, the
continue observing such practice as this would delimit the idea of patronage
politics in the provincial government. Such practice may also assure the
employees of the provincial capitol are really qualified into their respective
have the interest to pursue this study or have a similar framework of the
study, the proponents of this study recommend that they set focus on other
possible factors for the high employment rate of the provincial capitol aside
data gathered from this study, the researchers recommend to the academe
and socio – political arms to set similar studies that might have other local
government units aside from the Cavite Provincial Capitol as the subject of
the study. It is also moved that these institutions be more vigilant of the
issues that deals with the aspect of local governance. Aside from this, it is
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further recommended that seminars, workshops and dialogues be conducted
by certain student groups in order to educate the majority of the people about
the must – knows inside the Provincial Capitol most especially issues that
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REFERENCES
Books
Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills. (1954). Character and Social Structure, the
Company.
Hawley, Willis and Wirt, Frederick. (1974). The Search for Community
Press, Inc.
Tagaytay.
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nearly all Windows platforms, simply open the document you want to convert, click “print”, select the
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Journal Articles
the Philippines.
Carino, Ledivina V. (1971). “The definition of Graft and Corruption and the
Administration.
Beacon Press.
Challenges.
Online Sources
Other documents
in Postwar Italy.
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Kopecky, Petr., Gerardo, Schelis and Spirova, Maria. (2007). “Party
of Empirical Inquiry.
Rocamora, Joel and Hutchcroft, Paul. (2005). “Strong Demands and Weak
pdfMachine
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Appendices
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Curriculum Vitae
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OMAN PAUL G. ANTIOJO
GT. 047 Nia Road St., Labac, Naic, Cavite
09054534285 (M) / (046) 4120 – 695 (T)
omanpaulantiojo@gmail.com (email)
Educational Background :
Unpublished Research:
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March 2007 Fuel Additive Out of Thirteen Common
Plants ~ Premma odorata, Musa sp.,
Cocos nucifera, Psidium guajava,
Pterocarpus indicus, Moring oleifera,
Blumea balsamifera, Terminalia
catappa, Tamarindus indica,
Andropogan citratus, Bixa orellana,
Pithecellobium dulce and Azadirachta
indica
(A Research Paper Presented to Cavite
National Science High School)
Main Proponent of the Study
_____________________________________________________________
Personal Information:
Nickname : Opee
Civil Stat. : Single
Height : 168 cm
Nationality: Filipino
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ROSE KHRISTINE D. SALAMATIN
131 Neogan, Tagaytay City, Cavite
09173889338
rk_salamatin@yahoo.com
Educational Background :
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December 2010 Pre- Law and Vox La Salle Showdown
DLSU- Dasmarinas
Best Debater
Team Debate
_____________________________________________________________
Personal Information:
Nickname : RK
Civil Stat. : Single
Height : 168 cm
Nationality: Filipino
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