LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

Pengampu :
Dr. dr. Hardian
Dr. Yosef Purwoko, M.Kes, Sp.PD(K)

Disusun Oleh :
Nama : M Ridwan
NIM : 20109011041

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS WAHID HASYIM SEMARANG
Tahun 2020/2021
Exercise 4

Endocrine System Physiology

Pre-Lab Quiz

1. Define metabolism: Metabolisme merupakan sejumlah reaksi kimia yang terjadi di dalam
setiap sel suatu organisme hidup mengubah makanan dan minuman menjadi energi karena
energi di butuhkan oleh tubuh agar sel dan jaringan tubuh tetap sehat sehingga dapat
menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik
2. Circle the correct underlined term: Hormones are chemicals secreted from endocrine /
exocrine glands
3. The most important hormone for meaintaining metabolism and body heat is:
a. Steroid hormone
b. Thyroxine
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormon
d. Adrenaline
4. Circle the correct underlined term: Nagative feedback mechanisms / positive feedback
mechanisms ensure that if the body needs a hormone it will be produced until there is too
much of it
5. After menopause, the ovaries will stop producing and secreting:
a. Progesterone
b. Folicle-stimulating hormone
c. Estrogen
d. Androgen
6. ................. is the hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that allows our cells
to absorb glucose from the bloodstream.
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Cortisol
d. Mellitol
7. Circle True or False: Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
8. Circle the correct underlied term: Diabetes mellitus type 1 / type 2 resluts when the body
is able to produce enough insulin but fails to respond to it.
Activity 1

Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false?
d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds
of ATP
2. Thyroxine is?
c. the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body
temperature.
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is?
b. produced in the pituitary gland.
4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the
following?
d. yoter development
5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is?
a secreted by the hypothalamus
6. Which of the following statements is true?
b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the
secretion pf ocher hormones

Experiment

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the remaining
rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you just measured.

C. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the normal rat’s BMR

Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine into the three
rats?

A. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic and develop a goiter.

Predict Question 3: What do you think will happen after you inject TSH into the three rats?

A. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic and develop a goiter.

Predict Question 4: Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine
by blocking the attachment of iodine to tyrosine residues in the follicle cells of the thyroid
gland (iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form thyroxine). What do you think will
happen after you inject PTU into the three rats?

A. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic and develop a goiter.

Stop & Think Questions:

1. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800). The normal rat is
B. euthyroid
2. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800). The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is?
A. hypothyroid
3. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800). The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is?
A. hypothyroid
4. Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with thyroxine (select all that
apply)?
D. None of the rats developed a goiter with this injection
5. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine injection. The normal rat is?
C. hyperthyroid
6. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine injection. The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is?
C. hyperthyroid
7. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine injection. The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat
is ?
C. hyperthyroid
8. Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with TSH (select all that apply)?
C. the hypophysectomized rat
9. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection. The normal rat is
 A. hypothyroid

10. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection. The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is?
A.hypothyroid
11. Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function), categorize
the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600), euthyroid ("good," or
normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels;
BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection. The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is
A. hypothyroid
12. Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with PTU (select all that apply)?
A. the normal rat
Experiment Data:

Post-lab Quiz Results

1. How would you treat a thyroidectomized animal so that it functions like a "normal"
animal?

c. Provide the animal T4 supplements.

2. As a result of the missing hormone(s) in the hypophysectimized rat, what would be

some expected symptoms?

d. decreased basal metabolic rate

3. An injection of thyroxine to an otherwise normal rat will cause which of the

following?

b. hyperthyroidism

4. Why didn't any of the rats develop a goiter after thyroxine injection?

a. In all cases, TSH levels were not elevated by the thyroxine injection.

5. Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the TSH injection?

c. The TSH receptors on the thyroid gland were excessively stimulated.

6. An injection of propylthiouracil to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of

the following?

b. goiter development

7. Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the propylthiouracil
injection?

d. The injection decreased the negative feedback mechanism on TSH

Review Sheet Results

1. Determining the Basal Metabolic Rates Which rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate
(BMR)?
2. Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the surgically altered
rats? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
3. If an animal has been thyroidectomized, what hormone(s) would be missing in its
blood?
4. If an animal has been hypophysectomized, what effect would you expect to see in the
hormone levels in its body?
5. Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate What was the effect of
thyroxine injections on the normal rat's BMR?
6. What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the thyroidectomized rat's BMR? How
does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Was the dose of
thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just right?
7. What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the hypophysectomized rat's BMR?
How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Was the dose of
thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just right?

8. Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate What was the effect of thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH) injections on the normal rat's BMR?
9. What was the effect of TSH injections on the thyroidectomized rat's BMR? How does
the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Why was this effect
observed?
10. What was the effect of TSH injections on the hypophysectomized rat's BMR? How
does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Was the dose of TSH
in the syringe too large, too small, or just right?
Answer
1. Prediksi saya tikus yang normal karena kelenjar pituitari yang diambil akan menyebabkan
kelenjar tiroid tidak ada yang mengatur akibatnya laju metabolismenya menjadi cepat
2. Prediksi saya karena organ yang berperan dalam bmr seperti kelenjar tiroid dan pituari
sudah hilang
3. Hormon yang hilang adalah hormon tiroksin
4. Tingkat hormon yang ada di tubuhnya yang rendah sebab kelenjar hipofisis
5. Hormon tiroksin (t4) akan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan karena memiliki efek pada
metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, dan meningkatkan laju metabolisme basal dan bila
terlalu banyak akan menyebabkan hipertiroidisme
6. Injeksi hormone tiroksin akan menstimulus kelenjar tiroid yang mengakibatkan terjadi
pembekakan pada tikus normal karena hipertiroid sedangkan pada tikus tiroidektomi tidak
terjadi pembekakan karena kelenjar tiroid tikus tersebut telah diambil.

7. Injeksi hormon thyroxine akan mempercepat metabolisme sehingga oksigen yang

diperlukan juga akan meningkatkan bmr yang tinggi sehingga tikus tersebut dapat mengalami
hipertiroid

8. Injeksi hormone tsh akan menstimulus kelenjar tiroid.akibatnya terjadi pembekakan pada
tikus normal karena hipertiroid

9. Tidak terjadi pembekakan karena kelenjar tiroid tikus tersebut telah diambil

10. Akan mengakibatkan bmr dibawah normal yang menyebabkan hipertiroid karena dosis
yang diberikan terlalu besar
Activity 2
Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus
Pre-lab Quiz Results
1. Which of the following statements is false?
d. Insulin is a hormone secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion.
2. Which of the following statements is true?
d. All of these statements are true.
3. A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies that
b. the pancreas is not producing sufficient insulin.
4. A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that
c. the cells of the body are unresponsive to circulating insulin.
5. Glucagon is a hormone
b. that opposes the action of insulin.

Experiment
Results Predict
Predict Question: To measure the amount of plasma glucose in a patient sample
a. the glucose concentration of the sample will be measured and the optical density will
be extrapolated from the glucose standard curve.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why does the color in the tubes vary?
c. The tubes contain different amounts of glucose

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results
1. A male patient has had successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 115, 110,
and 122 mg/dl. The healthcare provider will inform him that
c. he appears to have impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-
mediated glucose uptake by his cells.
2. To obtain an accurate spectrophotometric measurement of the glucose
concentration in the sample
d. heparin is added to prevent blood clots.
3. In the spectrophotometric assay used in this experiment, the as the
glucose concentration in the sample increases.
b. optical density increases
4. A female patient has had successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 130,
140, and 128 mg/dl. The healthcare provider will inform her that
a.she has developed diabetes.
5. To maintain plasma glucose homeostasis
d. insulin-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback
when plasma glucose levels rise.
6. A laboratory technician withdraws a blood sample from a vein in your upper
arm knowing that
b. the plasma glucose concentration will be the same in both the arm vein
and the index finger.
Review Sheet Results
1. What is a glucose standard curve, and why did you need to obtain one for this
experiment? Did you correctly predict how you would measure the amount of plasma
glucose in a patient sample using the glucose standard curve
2. Which patient(s) had glucose reading(s) in the diabetic range? Can you say with
certainty whether each of these patients has type 1 or type 2 diabetes? Why or why not?
3. Describe the diagnosis for patient 3, who was also pregnant at the time of this assay
4. Which patient(S) had normal glucose reading(s)
5. What are some lifestyle choices these patients with normal plasma glucose readings
might recommend to the borderline impaired patients?
Answer

1. Prediksi saya kurva standar dapat menentukan Intensitas warna yang dapat diukur
dengan kurva selain itu untuk melihat Konsentrasi glukosa darah dan mengidetifikasi puncak
kadar glukosa

2. Pasien yang pembacaan glukosa dalam kisaran diabetes adalah pasien 3 dan 5 tapi saya
belum mengetahui apakah pasien tersebut menderita diabetes tipe 1 atau 2 hanya dari glukosa

3. Pasien 3 rupanya mengalami diabetes dikarenakan Ibu hamil lebih berisiko untuk
mengalami diabetes selama hamil(diabetes gestasional) bila mengalami kelebihan berat
badan atau obesitas

4. Pasien yang pertama memiliki glukosa yang normal

5. Pola gaya hidup seperti olahraga karna dapat mengendalikan diabetes dengan menurunkan
gula darah
 Activity 3
Hormone Replacement Therapy Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

d. stimulates ovarian follicle development.
2. Estrogen
d. is produced by developing ovarian follicles.
3. Calcitonin
a.works against the development of osteoporosis.
4. Which of the following statements is true?
c. The ovaries stop secreting estrogen after menopause.

Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: What effect will the saline injections have on the control rat's vertebral
bone density?

a. The saline injections will increase the rat's vertebral bone density (indicated by a less-
negative T score).

Predict Question 2: What effect will the estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rat's
vertebral bone density?

a. The estrogen injections will increase the rat's vertebral bone density (indicated by a
less-negative T score).

Predict Question 3: What effect will the calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated
rat's vertebral bone density?

a. The calcitonin injections will increase the rat's vertebral bone density (indicated by a
less-negative T score).

Experiment Data
Rat Elapsed Days Saline injections Estrogen Calcitonin T score
injections injections
Control 7 7 0 0 -2.82
Estroge 7 0 7 0 -1.73
n
Calcito 7 0 0 7 -2.28
nin
Post-lab Quiz Results

1. Saline injections were used in this experiment to measure the effect of

a. a placebo on bone density.
2. In the ovariectomized rats used in this experiment
b. osteoporosis was evident prior to the injections of estrogen.
3. Injection of calcitonin into an ovariectomized rat will
b. inhibit osteoclast activity and stimulate calcium uptake and deposition in long
bones.
4. As the rat's bone density increases
a. the X-ray scanning assay reports a less-negative T-score.
Review Sheet Results

1.Why were ovariectomized rats used in this experiment? How does the fact that the rats are
ovariectomized explain their baseline T scores?
2.What effect did the administration of saline injections have on the control rat? How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
3.What effect did the administration of estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rat?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?
4.What effect did the administration of calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated
rat? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
5.What are some health risks that postmenopausal women must consider when contemplating
estrogen hormone-replacement therapy?
Answer

1. Pada kondisi kekurangan hormon estrogen akibat ovarektomi menyebabkan terjadinya

osteoporosis pada tulang tikus. Kejadian osteoporosis pada tulang semakin berat akibat
adanya defisiensi estrogen tikus ini digunakan karena tikus putih ovarektomi merupakan
hewan model yang paling baik pada penelitian osteoporosis
2. Suntikan garam dapat digunakan sebagai placebo
3. Estrogen dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tulang selain itu estrogen juga dapat
mempengaruhi proses penghancuran tulang dengan menghambat produksi sitokin oleh
osteoblas
4. Suntikan kalsitonin berisikan hormon untuk memperkuat kepadatan tulang yang bekerja
dengan cara menghambat kerja sel-sel yang meluruhkan tulang
5. Terapi estrogen pasca menopause ini dapat berisiko memicu timbulnya penyakit
seperti kanker payudara dan kanker ovarium
Activity 4

Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Cortisol
c. is a hormone important in the body's response to stress.
2. ACTH
d. is a tropic hormone that stimulates cortisol release.
3. CRH
b. has a tropic effect on the anterior pituitary gland.
4. Cushing's syndrome refers to
c. a hypercortisolism, which could be iatrogenic.
5. A condition of hypocortisolism
d. refers to low levels of cortisol in the blood.

Experiment Results

Stop & Think Questions: Normally high levels of cortisol would inhibit release of

c. both ACTH and CRH Which hormone(s) stimulate(s)

the pituitary gland to release ACTH?

a. CRH

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results

1. Under normal conditions, if the amount of secreted CRH increases, then

c. the amount of secreted ACTH will increase.

2. Under normal conditions, if the amount of secreted ACTH increases, then

d. the amount of secreted CRH will likely decrease.

3. Under normal conditions, if the amount of secreted cortisol increases, then

b. the amount of secreted ACTH will likely decrease.

4. If a hypersecreting adrenal cortex tumor develops, then an expected outcome is

b. abnormally low levels of CRH due to negative feedback.

5.A patient's chart lists the diagnosis of Addison's disease. Therefore, you expect

b. abnormally high levels of ACTH.

Review Sheet Results
1. Which patient would most likely be diagnosed with Cushing's disease (view Table 4.1
in Experiment Results)? Why?

2. Which two patients have hormone levels characteristic of Cushing's syndrome (view
Table 4.1 in Experiment Results)?

3. Patient 2 is being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with prednisone. How does this
information change the diagnosis (view Table 4.1 in Experiment Results)?
4. Which patient would most likely be diagnosed with Addison's disease (view Table 4.1
in Experiment Results)? Why?
Answer

1. Pasien 3 menunjukan tingkat kortisol dan ACTH yang tinggi dalam aliran tubuh sehingga
kemungkinan besar akan di diagnose mengalami penyakit cushing

2. Pasien 2 dan 5 menunjukan gejala yang mengarah ke sindrom cushing

3. Prednison menurunkan kadar kortisol dalam darah dengan menekan fungsi kelenjar
adrenal. Oleh karena itu, ini akan terjadi menurunkan kemampuan kortisol untuk dilepaskan
saat dirangsang oleh ACTH. Ini sesuai dengan hasil percobaan

4. Pada pasien 4, tingkat kortisol rendah dan ACTH tinggi Ini adalah tanda ketidakcukupan
adrenal primer Rendahnya tingkat kortisol yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan pada hipofisis
anterior, dan peningkatan ACTH untuk mengimbanginya