Section 4

Transformers

Transformers
4
Section Outline Page

4.1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS......................................................................... 4-2

Full-load currents—single-phase transformers.......................................................... 4-2
Single-phase transformer connections...................................................................... 4-3
Single-phase buck ratings......................................................................................... 4-4
Single-phase buck and boost connection diagrams.................................................. 4-8

4.2 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS.......................................................................... 4-9

Full-load currents—three-phase transformers........................................................... 4-9
Three-phase transformer connections..................................................................... 4-10
Three-phase buck and boost ratings........................................................................4-11
Three-phase buck and boost connection diagrams................................................. 4-12
Suggestions for the proper use of buck and boost transformers............................. 4-13

4.3 TESTING................................................................................................................. 4-14

Dielectric fluid tests.................................................................................................. 4-14

4.4 REFERENCED STANDARDS................................................................................. 4-16

See also EASA AR200 Guide for the Repair of Power and Distribution Transformers.
EASA members may download this document at no cost from www.easa.com.

Disclaimer: The information in this document was carefully prepared and is believed to be correct, but EASA makes no warranties respecting it
and disclaims any responsibility or liability of any kind for any loss or damage as a consequence of anyone’s use of or reliance upon such information.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-1
Transformers Section 4

4.1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

FULL-LOAD CURRENTS—SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

FULL-LOAD CURRENT IN AMPERES

RATED VOLTAGE
KVA
RATING 120V  208V 240V 480V 600V 2400V
1 8.3 4.8 4.2 2.1 1.7 .42
1.5 12.5 7.2 6.2 3.1 2.5 .62
2 16.7 9.6 8.3 4.2 3.3 .83
3 25 14.4 12.5 6.2 5.0 1.25
5 41.7 24 20.8 10.4 8.3 2.1
7.5 62.5 36.1 31.2 15.6 12.5 3.1
10 83.4 48 41.6 20.8 16.7 4.16
15 125 72 62.5 31.2 25 6.25
25 208 120 104 52 41.7 10.4
37.5 312 180 156 78 62.5 15.6
50 417 240 208 104 83.5 20.8
75 625 361 312 156 125 31.2
100 834 480 416 208 167 41.6
125 1042 600 520 260 208 52.0
167.5 1396 805 698 349 279 70.0
200 1666 960 833 416 333 83.3
250 2080 1200 1040 520 417 104
333 2776 1600 1388 694 555 139
500 4170 2400 2080 1040 835 208

For other kVA ratings or voltages:

4-2 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4 Transformers

SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TYPICAL DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
PRIMARY: 240/480 VOLTS
SECONDARY: 120/240 VOLTS

H1 H4
H3 H2

X2 X3
X4 X1

CONNECT PRIMARY CONNECT SECONDARY

VOLTS LINES TO INTERCONNECT LINES TO
PRIMARY

480 H1-H4 H2 to H3 —

240 H1-H3 & H2-H4 — —

240 — X2 to X3 X1-X4
SECONDARY

120/240 — X2 to X3 X1-X2X3-X4

X1 to X3
120 — X1X3-X2X4
X2 to X4
Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-3
Transformers Section 4

SINGLE-PHASE BUCK RATINGS

NOMINAL INPUT 120 X 240 VOLTS: OUTPUT 12 X 24 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.27 .54 1.08 1.62 2.75 5.4 8.15 10.8 16.2 21.6 32.5 54.0 81.0 108.0
130 117 10 F
2.3 4.6 9.2 13.8 23.4 46.8 69.5 92.0 138.0 185.0 278.0 468.0 690.0 920.0
.26 .52 1.04 1.56 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.4 15.0 20.8 31.2 52.0 78.0 104.0
125 112.5 10 F
2.3 4.6 9.2 13.8 23.4 46.8 69.4 92.0 138.0 185.0 278.0 468.0 690.0 920.0
.27 .54 1.08 1.62 2.7 5.4 8.1 10.8 16.2 21.6 32.4 54.0 81.0 108.0
260 236 9.1 I
1.14 2.28 4.56 6.84 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 91.2 136.8 228.0 342.0 456.0
.264 .53 1.06 1.59 2.64 5.3 7.9 10.6 15.9 21.2 31.8 53.0 79.4 106.0
255 232 9.1 I
1.14 2.28 4.56 6.84 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 91.2 136.8 228.0 342.0 456.0
.26 .52 1.04 1.56 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.4 15.6 20.3 31.2 52.0 78.0 104.0
250 227 9.1 I
1.14 2.28 4.56 6.84 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 91.2 136.8 228.0 342.0 456.0
.25 .50 1.0 1.5 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 50.0 75.0 100.0
245 222.5 9.1 I
1.14 2.28 4.56 6.84 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 91.2 136.8 228.0 342.0 456.0
.237 .474 .95 1.42 2.37 4.74 7.1 9.5 14.24 19.0 28.5 47.4 71.0 95.0
229 208 9.1 I
1.14 2.28 4.56 6.84 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 91.2 136.8 228.0 342.0 456.0
.52 1.04 2.08 3.1 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.0 104.0 156.0 208.0
250 238 4.75 E
2.18 4.37 8.75 13.0 21.8 43.5 65.5 87.5 132.0 175.0 260.0 435.0 655.0 875.0
.51 1.02 2.04 3.0 5.1 10.2 15.3 20.4 30.6 40.8 61.0 102.0 153.0 204.0
245 233 4.75 E
2.18 4.37 8.75 13.0 21.8 43.5 65.5 87.5 132.0 175.0 260.0 435.0 655.0 875.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

NOMINAL INPUT 120 X 240 VOLTS: OUTPUT 16 X 32 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.117 .234 .468 .70 1.17 2.34 3.51 4.68 7.02 9.4 14.0 23.6 35.1 46.8
150 118 21 J
.99 1.98 3.96 5.95 9.93 19.8 29.8 39.7 59.5 79.4 119.0 198.0 298.0 397.0
.21 .42 .84 1.26 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 12.6 16.8 25.2 42.0 63.0 84.0
135 119 11.8 F
1.76 3.52 7.0 10.6 17.6 35.2 53.0 70.5 106.0 141.0 212.0 352.0 528.0 705.0
.20 .40 .80 1.21 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 12.1 16.1 24.2 40.2 60.3 80.5
130 114 11.8 F
1.76 3.52 7.0 10.6 17.6 35.2 53.0 70.5 106.0 141.0 212.0 352.0 528.0 705.0
.21 .42 .84 1.27 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 12.7 16.8 25.2 42.0 63.0 84.0
270 238 11.8 I
.88 1.75 3.52 5.27 8.86 17.5 26.4 35.2 52.7 70.5 106.0 175.0 264.0 352.0
.40 .80 1.6 2.4 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 24.0 32.0 48.0 80.0 120.0 160.0
255 239 6.25 E
1.67 3.34 6.68 10.0 16.7 33.4 50.1 66.8 100.0 134.0 200.0 334.0 500.0 668.0
.39 .78 1.56 2.34 3.9 7.8 11.7 15.6 23.4 31.2 46.8 78.0 117.0 156.0
250 234 6.25 E
1.67 3.34 6.68 10.0 16.7 33.4 50.1 66.8 100.0 134.0 200.0 334.0 500.0 668.0
.38 .76 1.52 2.28 3.8 7.6 11.4 15.2 22.8 30.4 45.6 76.0 114.0 152.0
245 229.5 6.25 E
1.67 3.34 6.68 10.0 16.7 33.4 50.1 66.8 100.0 134.0 200.0 334.0 500.0 668.0
.37 .75 1.5 2.25 3.75 7.5 11.25 15.0 22.5 30.0 45.0 75.0 112.5 150.0
240 225 6.25 E
1.67 3.34 6.68 10.0 16.7 33.4 50.1 66.8 100.0 134.0 200.0 334.0 500.0 668.0
.18 .35 .73 1.1 1.84 3.64 5.5 7.3 11.0 14.7 22.0 36.4 55.0 73.0
236 208 11.8 I
.88 1.75 3.52 5.27 8.86 17.5 26.4 35.2 52.7 70.5 106.0 175.0 264.0 352.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

4-4 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4 Transformers

SINGLE-PHASE BUCK RATINGS—CONTINUED

NOMINAL INPUT 240 X 480 VOLTS: OUTPUT 24 X 48 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.14 .28 .57 .86 1.4 2.8 4.3 5.7 8.6 11.5 17.2 28.8 43.0 57.0
277 231 16.66 J
.6 1.2 2.4 3.6 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 36.0 48.0 72.0 120.0 180.0 240.0
.27 .55 1.10 1.65 2.7 5.5 8.25 11.0 16.5 22.0 33.0 55.0 82.5 110.0
528 480 9.1 I
.56 1.14 2.28 3.42 5.6 11.4 17.0 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 114.0 170.0 228.0
.525 1.05 2.10 3.15 5.25 10.5 15.75 21.0 31.5 42.0 63.0 105.0 157.5 210.0
504 480 5 E
1.1 2.2 4.4 6.6 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 66.0 88.0 132.0 220.0 330.0 440.0
.52 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.5 62.4 104.0 156.0 208.0
500 475 5 E
1.1 2.2 4.4 6.6 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 66.0 88.0 132.0 220.0 330.0 440.0
.51 1.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 60.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
480 456 5 E
1.1 2.2 4.4 6.6 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 66.0 88.0 132.0 220.0 330.0 440.0
.24 .5 .99 1.49 2.4 5.0 7.4 9.9 14.9 19.9 29.8 50.0 74.0 99.0
480 436 9.1 I
.56 1.14 2.28 3.42 5.6 11.4 17.0 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 114.0 170.0 228.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

SINGLE-PHASE BOOST RATINGS

NOMINAL INPUT 120 X 240 VOLTS: OUTPUT 12 X 24 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.119 .238 .47 .715 1.19 2.38 3.56 4.75 7.15 9.5 14.2 23.8 35.7 47.6
95 114 20 D
1.0 2.0 4.0 6.2 10.4 20.9 31.2 41.7 62.8 83.4 125.0 208.0 313.0 417.0
.23 .46 .92 1.38 2.3 4.6 6.85 9.15 13.75 18.35 27.5 45.7 68.6 91.4
100 110 10 C
2.1 4.2 8.3 12.5 20.9 41.8 62.3 83.0 125.0 168.0 250.0 415.0 612.0 830.0
.125 .25 .50 .75 1.25 2.5 3.75 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 25.0 37.5 50.0
100 120 20 D
1.0 2.0 4.1 6.4 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6 64.5 83.0 125.0 208.0 312.0 416.0
.242 .482 .965 1.45 2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 14.3 19.2 28.8 47.7 71.6 95.4
105 115.5 10 C
2.0 4.2 8.4 12.8 20.8 40.8 62.5 83.0 128.0 168.0 250.0 415.0 625.0 830.0
.131 .262 .525 .785 1.31 2.62 3.92 5.25 7.85 10.5 15.75 26.2 39.3 52.4
105 126 20 D
1.0 2.0 4.2 6.2 10.4 20.8 31.0 41.5 62.0 83.2 125.0 208.0 312.0 415.0
.252 .50 1.01 1.52 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 50.0 75.0 100.0
110 121 10 C
2.1 4.1 8.3 12.5 20.6 41.3 62.0 82.5 124.0 165.0 248.0 415.0 620.0 825.0
.264 .528 1.06 1.58 2.62 5.2 7.8 10.4 15.6 20.9 31.2 51.2 78.3 104.4
115 126.5 10 C
2.1 4.1 8.3 12.5 20.7 41.0 61.5 82.0 123.0 165.0 246.0 415.0 615.0 820.0
.218 .435 .87 1.3 2.18 4.35 6.5 8.7 13.0 17.2 26.0 43.4 64.7 83.0
189 208 10 H
1.0 2.1 4.2 6.2 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.8 62.5 82.6 125.0 208.0 312.0 415.0
.239 .478 .96 1.43 2.38 4.76 7.16 9.54 14.3 18.9 28.6 47.6 71.4 95.2
208 228.8 10 H
1.0 2.0 4.2 6.2 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.4 82.5 124.0 207.0 310.0 415.0
.246 .492 .99 1.48 2.46 4.92 7.42 9.9 14.57 19.5 29.5 49.3 74.0 98.6
215 236.5 10 H
1.0 2.0 4.1 6.3 10.4 20.8 31.3 41.7 61.5 82.2 124.0 207.0 310.0 415.0
.252 .504 1.03 1.51 2.52 5.0 7.6 10.2 15.1 20.0 30.2 50.5 75.7 101.0
220 242 10 H
1.0 2.0 4.3 6.25 10.4 20.8 31.4 42.0 62.5 82.8 125.0 209.0 312.0 418.0
.258 .515 1.07 1.55 2.57 5.15 7.75 10.4 15.6 20.8 30.9 51.5 77.3 103.0
225 247.5 10 H
1.0 2.0 4.3 6.25 10.4 20.8 31.4 42.0 63.0 82.5 125.0 208.0 312.0 416.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-5
Transformers Section 4

SINGLE-PHASE BOOST RATINGS—CONTINUED

NOMINAL INPUT 120 X 240 VOLTS: OUTPUT 16 X 32 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.093 .187 .375 .56 .93 1.87 2.82 3.75 5.65 7.5 11.3 18.6 27.9 37.2
95 120 26.64 D
.78 1.56 3.12 4.7 7.7 15.6 23.4 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 156.0 235.0 310.0
.177 3.55 .71 1.06 1.77 3.55 5.35 7.1 10.6 14.2 21.3 35.5 53.3 71.0
100 113.5 13.32 C
1.56 3.12 6.24 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.4 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.099 .196 .392 .597 .99 1.96 2.98 3.92 5.97 7.9 11.9 19.6 29.6 39.0
100 126 26.64 D
.78 1.56 3.12 4.7 7.8 15.6 23.4 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 156.0 235.0 310.0
.185 .372 .745 1.12 1.85 3.72 5.6 7.45 11.15 14.9 22.1 37.2 55.8 74.4
105 119 13.32 C
1.56 3.12 6.24 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.7 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.195 .39 .78 1.17 1.95 3.9 5.9 7.82 11.75 15.6 23.2 39.0 58.6 77.6
110 125 13.32 C
1.56 3.12 6.24 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.4 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.184 .368 .74 1.11 1.84 3.68 5.55 7.4 11.15 14.75 22.15 36.8 55.3 73.5
208 236 13.32 H
.78 1.56 3.12 4.7 7.8 15.5 23.5 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 156.0 235.0 310.0
.349 .70 1.4 2.1 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.0 21.0 28.0 42.0 69.5 104.4 139.0
210 224 6.66 G
1.56 3.12 6.24 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.19 .38 .76 1.14 1.9 3.78 5.74 7.65 11.45 15.25 23.0 38.0 57.2 76.0
215 244 13.32 H
.78 1.56 3.14 4.7 7.8 15.5 23.5 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 156.0 235.0 310.0
.375 .71 1.42 2.15 3.57 7.16 10.7 14.3 21.5 28.7 43.0 71.0 107.5 142.0
215 229 6.66 G
1.56 3.12 6.25 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.367 .73 1.47 2.2 3.66 7.35 11.0 14.7 22.0 29.4 44.0 73.0 110.0 147.0
220 235 6.66 G
1.56 3.12 6.25 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.195 .39 .78 1.17 1.95 3.87 5.86 7.82 11.7 15.6 23.5 39.0 58.7 78.0
220 250 13.32 H
.78 1.56 3.12 4.7 7.8 15.5 23.5 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 156.0 235.0 310.0
.374 .75 1.5 2.25 3.74 7.5 11.3 15.0 22.5 30.0 45.0 74.5 113.0 149.0
225 240 6.66 G
1.56 3.12 6.25 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0
.383 .766 1.54 2.3 3.83 7.66 11.5 15.4 23.0 30.7 46.0 76.4 115.0 152.8
230 246 6.66 G
1.56 3.12 6.25 9.4 15.6 31.2 47.0 62.5 94.0 125.0 188.0 312.0 470.0 620.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

4-6 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4 Transformers

SINGLE-PHASE BOOST RATINGS—CONTINUED

NOMINAL INPUT 240 X 480 VOLTS: OUTPUT 24 X 48 VOLTS, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.14 .28 .56 .84 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.57 8.4 11.2 16.7 28.0 42.0 55.7
231 277 20 D
.51 1.01 2.08 3.1 5.1 10.1 15.2 20.8 30.4 41.8 62.5 104.0 152.0 208.0
.22 .44 .88 1.32 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 13.2 17.6 26.4 44.0 66.0 88.0
385 423.5 10 H
.52 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.5 104.0 156.0 208.0
.24 .47 .95 1.42 2.38 4.75 7.1 9.5 14.3 19.0 28.5 47.5 71.2 95.0
416 457 10 H
.51 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.1 10.4 15.6 20.4 30.6 40.6 61.0 103.0 154.0 204.0
.242 .485 .97 1.45 2.42 4.85 7.25 9.7 14.5 19.4 29.0 48.5 72.5 97.0
425 467 10 H
.51 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.15 10.5 15.6 20.8 31.0 41.5 62.0 104.0 155.0 208.0
.246 .492 .985 1.47 2.46 4.92 7.38 9.85 14.7 19.7 29.8 49.2 73.8 98.5
430 473 10 H
.51 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.2 10.6 15.7 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.5 106.0 156.0 208.0
.475 .95 1.9 2.85 4.75 9.5 14.2 19.0 28.5 38.0 57.0 95.0 142.0 190.0
435 457 5 G
1.04 2.08 4.15 8.1 10.4 20.8 31.0 41.5 62.5 83.0 125.0 208.0 310.0 415.0
.48 .96 1.92 2.88 4.8 9.6 14.4 19.2 28.8 38.4 57.6 96.0 144.0 192.0
440 462 5 G
1.04 2.08 4.15 6.1 10.4 20.8 31.0 41.5 62.5 83.0 125.0 208.0 310.0 415.0
.252 .505 1.01 1.52 2.52 5.05 7.6 10.1 15.2 20.2 30.3 50.5 76.0 101.0
440 484 10 H
.52 1.04 2.08 3.1 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.5 62.5 104.0 156.0 208.0
.493 .985 1.97 2.98 4.93 9.35 14.8 19.7 29.8 39.4 59.0 98.5 148.0 197.0
450 472 5 G
1.04 2.08 4.15 6.2 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.5 62.1 83.0 125.0 208.0 312.0 415.0
.50 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 60.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
460 483 5 G
1.04 2.08 4.16 6.2 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.2 83.0 125.0 208.0 312.0 416.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-8.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-7
Transformers Section 4

SINGLE-PHASE BUCK AND BOOST CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

Figure A* Figure B*

OUTPUT A2 OUTPUT B2
INPUT A1 INPUT B1
LOW SIDE OF PRIMARY HIGH SIDE OF PRIMARY

H1 H2 X2 X1 H3 H4 X4 X3 X2 X1
H3 H4 X4 X3 H1 H2

OUTPUT OUTPUT
LOW SIDE OF SECONDARY HIGH SIDE OF SECONDARY

Figure C* Figure D*

INPUT INPUT
H4 H3 X4 X3 X2 X1 H4 H3 X4 X3 X2 X1
H2 H1 H2 H1

OUTPUT OUTPUT

Figure E* Figure F*

INPUT INPUT
X2 X1 X4 X3 X2 X1
H4 H3 H2 H1 X4 X3 H4 H3 H2 H1

OUTPUT OUTPUT

Figure G* Figure H*

INPUT INPUT
X2 X1 H4 H3 X4 X3 X2 X1
H4 H3 H2 H1 X4 X3 H2 H1

OUTPUT OUTPUT

Figure I* Figure J*

INPUT INPUT
H4 H3 X2 X1 H4 H3 X4 X3 X2 X1
H2 H1 X4 X3 H2 H1

OUTPUT OUTPUT

*Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.

4-8 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4 Transformers

4.2 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

FULL-LOAD CURRENTS—THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

FULL-LOAD CURRENT IN AMPERES

RATED VOLTAGE (LINE-TO-LINE)

KVA
RATING 208V 240V 480V 600V 2400V 4160V
3 8.3 7.2 3.6 2.9 .72 .42
6 16.6 14.4 7.2 5.8 1.44 .83
9 25 21.6 10.8 8.7 2.16 1.25
15 41.6 36.0 18.0 14.4 3.6 2.1
22.5 62 54 27 21.6 5.4 3.1
25 69 60 30 24 6 3.5
30 83 72 36 29 7.2 4.15
37.5 104 90 45 36 9 5.2
45 125 108 54 43 10.8 6.25
50 139 120 60 48 12 7
75 208 180 90 72 18 10.4
112.5 312 270 135 108 27 15.6
150 416 360 180 144 36 20.8
225 625 542 271 217 54 31.2
300 830 720 360 290 72 41.5
500 1390 1200 600 480 120 69.4
600 1665 1443 722 577 144 83
750 2080 1800 900 720 180 104
1000 2775 2400 1200 960 240 139
1500 4150 3600 1800 1440 360 208
2000 5550 4800 2400 1930 480 277
2500 6950 6000 3000 2400 600 346
5000 13900 12000 6000 4800 1200 694
7500 20800 18000 9000 7200 1800 1040
10000 27750 24000 12000 9600 2400 1386

For other kVA ratings or voltages:

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-9
Transformers Section 4

THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TYPICAL DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS

PRIMARY: 480 VOLTS DELTA PRIMARY: 480 VOLTS DELTA

SECONDARY: 208 VOLTS WYE/120 VOLTS SECONDARY: 240 VOLTS DELTA/120 VOLTS

H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3

X0 X1 X2 X3 X1 X4 X2 X3

CONNECT PRIMARY CONNECT SECONDARY CONNECT PRIMARY CONNECT SECONDARY

VOLTS
LINES TO LINES TO VOLTS LINES TO LINES TO
PRIMARY

480 Delta H1, H2, H3 — 480 Delta H1, H2, H3 —

208 Wye — X1, X2, X3 240 Delta — X1, X2, X3

SECONDARY

X1, X0 or
120 120 X1, X4 or
— X2, X0 or —
1 Phase 1 Phase X2, X4
X3, X0
C
A
A POINT A,
Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.
1 C B OR C TO
INPUT 5 4 3
480V, NEUTRAL NEUTRAL
YIELDS
THREE- 6
PHASE, 277V,
3 WIRE SINGLE-
PHASE, 4
2 WIRE
ZIG-ZAG CONNECTION B B

Normally a 480/240 volt transformer is used to make this

A B C
connection for 277 volt lighting loads.
X X X

C
A
A POINT A,
1 C
INPUT 5 3
B OR C TO 1 2 3
4 NEUTRAL NEUTRAL
480V,
YIELDS
THREE- 6
PHASE, 277V,
3 WIRE SINGLE- X X X
PHASE, 4
2 WIRE
B B
H H H

A B C
The secondary
X of one phase
X is connected in aXseries with 4 5 6
the primary of another phase, thus changing the phase
angle.
H H H
1 2 3 NEUTRAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3
X X X
Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.
H H H

4 5 6
4-10 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.

H H H
NEUTRAL
Section 4 Transformers

THREE-PHASE BUCK AND BOOST RATINGS

THREE-PHASE USING THREE TRANSFORMERS CONNECTED WYE, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
.825 1.65 3.3 4.95 8.25 16.5 24.75 33.0 49.5 66.0 99.0 165.0 247.5 330.0
208 228.8 10 AA
2.08 4.16 8.3 12.5 20.8 41.6 62.5 83.2 125.0 166.0 250.0 416.0 624.0 832.0
.64 1.28 2.56 3.84 6.4 12.8 19.2 25.6 38.4 51.2 76.9 128.2 192.3 256.0
208 235.7 13.32 AA
1.56 3.13 6.25 9.38 15.6 31.3 46.9 62.5 93.8 125.0 187.5 312.5 468.8 625.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-12.

THREE-PHASE USING TWO TRANSFORMERS CONNECTED OPEN DELTA, 60 HERTZ

KVA OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (TOP FIGURES) CURRENT OUTPUT AS AUTO-TRANSFORMER (BOTTOM FIGURES)

LINE
SUPPLY OUTPUT % CONN.
VOLT VOLT BUCK DIA* (25 VA) (50 VA) (100 VA) (150 VA) (.25 KVA) (.5 KVA) (.75 KVA) (1 KVA) (1.5 KVA) (2 KVA) (3 KVA) (5 KVA) (7.5 KVA) (10 KVA)
10 .415 .83 1.66 2.5 4.15 8.3 12.5 16.6 25.0 33.2 49.8 83.0 124.5 166.0
208 228.8 BB
Boost 1.02 2.1 4.2 6.3 10.2 21.0 31.4 41.8 63.0 84.5 127.0 210.0 315.0 420.0
13.32 .32 .64 1.28 1.92 3.2 6.4 9.6 12.8 19.2 25.6 38.4 64.0 96.0 128.0
208 235.7 BB
Boost .78 1.58 3.1 4.7 7.8 15.8 23.6 31.3 47.0 62.5 94.0 157.0 235.5 314.0
10 .38 .76 1.52 2.28 3.8 7.6 11.4 15.2 22.8 30.4 45.6 76.0 114.0 152.0
385 423.5 BB
Boost .52 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.4 104.0 156.0 208.0
10 .39 .78 1.56 2.34 3.9 7.8 11.7 15.6 23.4 31.2 46.8 78.0 117.0 156.0
480 432 DD
Buck .52 1.04 2.08 3.12 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 31.2 41.6 62.4 104.0 156.0 208.0
5 .87 1.73 3.48 5.2 8.7 17.4 26.0 34.7 52.0 69.5 104.0 174.0 260.0 348.0
480 456 CC
Buck 1.1 2.2 4.4 6.6 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 66.0 88.0 132.0 220.0 330.0 440.0
5 .91 1.82 3.64 5.46 9.1 18.2 27.3 36.4 54.6 72.8 109.0 182.0 273.0 364.0
504 480 CC
Buck 1.1 2.2 4.4 6.6 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 66.0 88.0 132.0 220.0 330.0 440.0
9.1 .475 .95 1.9 2.85 4.75 9.5 14.25 19.0 28.5 38.0 56.8 95.0 143.0 190.0
528 480 EE
Buck .57 1.14 2.28 3.42 5.7 11.4 17.1 22.8 34.2 45.6 68.4 114.0 171.0 228.0

Caution: Do not use on voltages higher than the voltages shown on this chart.
*See Page 4-12.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-11
Transformers Section 4

Three-phase buck and boost connection diagrams

Three-phase, wye-connected auto-transformer connections accommodate unbalanced currents flowing in the neutral, it
should be used only on a four-wire source of supply. Since should not be used on a three-wire, three-phase system for the
this connection does not provide adequate current capacity to purpose of developing a fourth wire or neutral line.

Figure AA* Figure BB*

1 INPUT ONLY 1 INPUT

2 2
NEUTRAL
3 3
X1 X1
X2 X2 H4 H4

X3 X3

X4 H1 H1 X4 H3 H3
H2 H2
H2 H2
H3 H3
H1 H1
H4 H4
X4 X4
H3
X3 X3
H2
H1 X2 X2
X4
X1 X1
X3
X2
1
1 X1 2
2 3
3
OUTPUT ONLY OUTPUT
FIG. AA*
FIG. BB*
Figure CC* Figure DD*
1 INPUT 1 INPUT
2 2
3 3
X1 X1
X4 X4
X2 X2

X3 X3
X3 X3
X2 X2
X4 X4
X1 X1
H1 H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 H3
H3 H3

H4 H4
1
1 H4 H4
2
3 2
3
OUTPUT OUTPUT
FIG. CC*
FIG. DD*
*Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.

4-12 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4 Transformers

Three-phase buck and boost connection diagrams—continued

Figure EE*
1 INPUT
2
3

X1 X1

X2 X2
X3 X3
X4 X4

H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3

1 H4 H4
2
3
OUTPUT

FIG. EE*
* Caution: It is recommended that all transformers be connected
as shown on the manufacturer’s nameplate.

Suggestions for the proper use of buck and boost transformers

Buck and boost transformers are for correcting a line
voltage that remains fairly constant at all times. If voltage
varies from one value to another as a result of loads applied
to the system, the use of an electric variable voltage adjustor
may be more suitable. If voltage fluctuates continuously due
to line disturbances or other causes, an AC line regulator or a
constant voltage stabilizer may be required.
Buck and boost transformers should be installed as close to
the load as convenient. This practice will avoid normal voltage
drop attendant to long lengths of line circuit. Use wire size of
sufficient capacity to carry the current required by the load.
In selecting a transformer, make sure that the proportion
of buck or boost is commensurate with the nameplate rating
of the load. Applying an excessive voltage is a poor way to
correct a previous undervoltage condition. Do not exceed the
line supply voltages in the “Buck and Boost Ratings” in this
section of the EASA Technical Manual.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-13
Transformers
4.3 TESTING
Dielectric fluid tests
By Richard Huber
BC Hydro
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Transformer dielectric fluid serves two functions. Besides
being a vital part of the electrical insulation system, it also
helps cool the transformer. In service, heat and contamination
by moisture, carbon and other materials gradually decrease its
electrical insulation capabilities and ability to cool the trans-
former. By testing the dielectric fluid, it often is possible to
identify and correct problems before transformer performance
is seriously impaired.
The most common tests for assessing the condition of
mineral oil dielectric fluid are described below. Some of
these tests can also be used for other fluids, although results
may differ slightly for the same condition. Where applicable,
the ASTM test number is shown in parentheses. Acceptable
values for each test are also cited where available. For ad-
ditional information about acceptable limits for many of the
test results, see IEEE 637 and IEEE C57.106.
Color (ASTM D1500). The color of dielectric fluid is
defined by 16 numbers in a range of 0.5 to 8 in graduations
of 0.5. A value of 8 is the darkest color and indicates the most
severe contamination or deterioration. The color of new oil
may be 0.5.
Corrosive sulphur (ASTM D1275). This test detects
the presence of elemental sulphur or thermally unstable
sulphur-bearing compounds in the insulating fluid. Sulphur
or sulphur compounds can corrode copper or silver, causing
surface instability or electrically resistive compounds to form
on their surfaces. The test result should be “non-corrosive”.
Dielectric breakdown (ASTM D877, D1816). These
tests determine the breakdown voltage of insulating fluids.
There are some differences between the two test that users
should know. First, the electrodes used in the D877 test are
discs, whereas those used in the D1816 test are contoured
VDE electrodes. Second, the D1816 test is very sensitive to
the amount of moisture dissolved in the oil. Third, the D1816
test is suitable for petroleum fluids only, whereas the D 877
test can also be used for silicone fluids. With either test, the
breakdown voltage for new oil typically should range from 45
to 50 kV. For reconditioned oil, the value should exceed 30 kV.
Dissolved gas (ASTM D3612). During operation, the
electrical and thermal stresses developed in oil-filled equip-
ment cause the oil and solid materials to decompose, creating
gaseous by-products. Dissolved gas test methods extract key
gases from the insulating oil and use their relative concentra-
tions to identify abnormal conditions within the equipment.
The key gases are: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene.
To explain the significance of the results is beyond the
scope of this document. Refer to other standards, guides and
4-14 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4
technical papers for information about how to interpret the
results. Alternatively, seek the help of experienced dissolved
gas analysts. Accurate analysis of dissolved gas test results
can be a powerful tool for determining the condition of oil-
filled equipment.
Furanic compounds (ASTM D5837). Furanic compounds
and their derivatives are the by-products of degradation of
cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton.
The results are commonly reported in parts per billion (ppb).
There should be no furanic compounds in new oil.
The most common furan derivatives found in oil are
2-furaldehyde, furfuryl alcohol, 2-acetylfuran, 5-methyl-
2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde. The
concentration is determined using high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Typical test values for 2-furaldehyde
and furfuryl alcohol are fewer than 200 ppb for transformers
with thermally upgraded paper. Higher concentrations may
warrant further investigation to assess transformer condition.
Interfacial tension (ASTM D971). This test can detect
small amounts of contaminants and products of oxidation.
It is often used to determine the degree of deterioration of
service-aged oil. The test measures the force required to break
the oil film and an oil-water interface. Results are reported in
millinewtons per meter. A high value (35 to 40) is associated
with new oil; a minimum limit for in-service oil is 24.
Neutralization number (ASTM D974). Basic and acidic
compounds can be present in oil as additives or as a result
of oxidation. The results are reported as milligrams (mg) of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) per gram. The maximum value
for in-service oil is 0.2; for new oil it is 0.015.
Oxidation inhibitor content (ASTM D2668). For oils
that contain oxidation inhibitors, the concentration is typically
0.08% to 0.4% by weight. This number is important when
assessing reclaimed or reconditioned oil, because additional
oxidation inhibitor may be required to attain the appropriate
level.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (ASTM D4059). Improper
handling of insulating fluids in years past contaminated many
pieces of oil-filled equipment with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). Even today, equipment that normally would be as-
sumed to be free of PCBs may contain them. It is best to
test all new and used equipment for PCB-contamination if it
contains insulating fluids.
Typically, concentrations of 50 parts per million (ppm) or
less are considered nonhazardous. The level for new equip-
ment is normally below 2 ppm. Regulations vary, however, so
always confirm allowable levels with local regulatory agencies.
Section 4 Transformers

OTHER TEST METHODS

Although the methods listed above are the more common
ways of testing the insulating fluids in electrical equipment,
there are few others.
Pour point (ASTM D97). This test is important for oils
used in very cold climates. The pour point is the lowest tempera-
ture at which the oil will flow. Results are reported in degrees
Celsius. A typical value for naphthenic oil is -40°C (-40°F).
Power factor (ASTM D924). Power factor or dissipation
factor is a measure of the dielectric losses in an insulating
liquid in an alternating electric field. A high value indicates the
presence of contaminants or products of oxidation. The results
are shown as percent at a specified temperature, usually 25°C
(77°F). For new oil, the value should be about 0.05% to 0.15%;
the maximum value for equipment in service should be 1.0%.
Specific gravity (ASTM D1298). This value is important
for oils used in cold climates and for mixtures of oils from
different sources. In cold climates where ice may form inside
the electric apparatus, it is desirable that the ice remain sus-
pended in the liquid rather than float to the surface. Oils with
different specific gravities may separate in service. Special
precautions may be required to ensure miscibility of the
constituents. Results are reported as a number relative to the
same volume of water.
Water content (ASTM D1533). This test (commonly
known as the Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration test) deter-
mines the water content in an insulating fluid. The concentration
is measured in ppm. Note that new fluids are not always dry
and often have to be conditioned before use. Values considered
acceptable vary with the voltage level of the transformer.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-15
Transformers
4.4 REFERENCED STANDARDS
The following standards are referenced in this section
of the EASA Technical Manual or are may be referred to for
additional information.
ANSI/IEEE Std. 799-1987: IEEE Guide for Handling and
Disposal of Transformer Grade Insulating Liquids Contain-
ing PCBs. New York, NY; September 1987 (withdrawn).
ANSI/IEEE Std. 637-1985: IEEE Guide for the Reclamation
of Insulating Oil and Criteria for Its Use. New York, NY;
November 1985.
ANSI/IEEE Std. C57.104-1991: Guide for the Detection
and Determination of Generated Gases in Oil-Immersed
Transformers and Their Relation to the Serviceability of
the Equipment. New York, NY; 1991.
ASTM D97: Std. Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum
Products. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM Std. D877-02e1: Standard Test Method for Dielectric
Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk
Electrodes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
PA; 2002.
ASTM Std. D924-04: Standard Test Method for Dissipation
Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Di-
electric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids. ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2004.
ASTM D971: Standard Test Method for Interfacial Tension of
Oil Against Water by the Ring Method. ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM Std. D974-06: Standard Test Method for Acid and Base
Number by Color-Indicator Titration. ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA; 2006.
ASTM Std. D1275-06: Standard Test Method for Corrosive
Sulfur in Electrical Insulating Oils. ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA; 2006.
ASTM Std. D1298-99(2005): Standard Test Method for Den-
sity, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity
of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method. ASTM International, West Con-
shohocken, PA; 2005.
ASTM Std. D1500-04a: Standard Test Method for ASTM
Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale). ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2004.
ASTM Std. D1533-00(2005): Standard Test Method for Water
in Insulating Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titra-
tion. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2005.
ASTM Std. D1816-04: Standard Test Method for Dielectric
Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Using VDE Electrodes. ASTM International, West Con-
shohocken, PA; 2004.
ASTM Std. D2668-02e1: Standard Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-
Butyl-p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical
Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption. ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA; 2002.
ASTM Std. D3612-02: Standard Test Method for Analysis of
Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chro-
4-16 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.
Section 4
matograph. ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
PA; 2002.
ASTM Std. D4059-00(2005)e1: Standard Test Method for
Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Insulating Liq-
uids by Gas Chromatography. ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA; 2005.
ASTM Std. D5387-93(2007): Standard Guide for Elements of
a Complete Data Set for Non-Cohesive Sediments. ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2007.
IEC Std. 60156 Ed. 2.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Determination of
the Breakdown Voltage at Power Frequency–Test Method.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; July 1995.
IEC Std. 60247 Ed. 2.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Measurement
of Relative Permittivity, Dielectric Dissipation Factor
(tan d) and DC Resistivity. International Electrotechnical
Commission. Geneva, Switzerland; February 2004.
IEC Std. 60296 Ed. 3.0: Fluids for Electrotechnical Applica-
tions–Unused Mineral Insulating Oils for Transformers and
Switchgear. International Electrotechnical Commission.
Geneva, Switzerland; November 2003.
IEC Std. 60422 Ed. 3.0 b: Mineral Insulating Oils in Electri-
cal Equipment–Supervision and Maintenance Guidance.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; October 2005.
IEC Std. 60567 Ed. 3.0 b: Oil-filled Electrical Equipment–
Sampling of Gases and of Oil for Analysis of Free and
Dissolved Gases–Guidance. International Electrotechnical
Commission. Geneva, Switzerland; June 2005.
IEC Std. 60590 Ed. 1.0 b: Determination of the Aromatic
Hydrocarbon Content of New Mineral Insulating Oils.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; January 1977.
IEC Std. 60599 Ed. 2.0 b: Mineral Oil-impregnated Electri-
cal Equipment in Service–Guide to the Interpretation of
Dissolved and Free Gases Analysis. International Electro-
technical Commission. Geneva, Switzerland; March 1999.
IEC Std. 60666 Ed. 1.0 b: Detection and Determination of
Specified Anti-oxidant Additives in Insulating Oils. Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva, Switzerland;
January 1979.
IEC Std. 60814 Ed. 2.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Oil-impregnated
Paper and Pressboard–Determination of Water by Auto-
matic Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration. International
Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva, Switzerland; Au-
gust 1997.
IEC Std. 60836 Ed. 2.0 b: Specifications for Unused Silicone
Insulating Liquids for Electrotechnical Purposes. Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva, Switzerland;
May 2005.
IEC Std. 60867 Ed. 2.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Specifications
for Unused Liquids Based on Synthetic Aromatic Hy-
drocarbons. International Electrotechnical Commission.
Geneva, Switzerland; September 1993.
Section 4 Transformers

IEC Std. 61125 Ed. 1.0 b: Unused Hydrocarbon Based Insu-

lating Liquids–Test Methods for Evaluating the Oxidation
Stability. International Electrotechnical Commission.
Geneva, Switzerland; August 1992.
IEC Std. 61198 Ed. 1.0 b: Mineral Insulating Oils–Methods for
the Determination of 2-Furfural and Related Compounds.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; September 1993.
IEC Std. 61619 Ed. 1.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Contamination
by Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)–Method of Deter-
mination by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; April 1997.
IEC Std. 61620 Ed. 1.0 b: Insulating Liquids–Determination
of the Dielectric Dissipation Factor by Measurement of
the Conductance and Capacitance–Test Method. Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva, Switzerland;
November 1998.
IEC Std. 61868 Ed. 1.0 b: Mineral Insulating Oils–Determi-
nation of Kinematic Viscosity at Very Low Temperatures.
International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva,
Switzerland; November 1998.
IEEE C57.93-1995: IEEE Guide for Installation of Liquid-
immersed Power Transformers. New York, NY; 1996,
reaffirmed 2001. Note: Supercedes IEEE C57.12.11-1980:
IEEE Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed Transformers
(10 mVA and Larger, 69-287 kV Rating).
IEEE C57.106-1991: Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance
of Insulating Oil in Equipment. New York, NY; May 1992.
IEEE C57.111-1989: IEEE Guide for Acceptance of Silicone
Insulating Fluid and Its Maintenance in Transformers.
New York, NY; 1989; reaffirmed 1995, 2003.
IEEE C57.121-1998: Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance
of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers.
New York, NY; December 1998.
IEEE C57.129-1999: IEEE Trial Use General Requirements
and Test Code for Oil Immersed HVDC Converter Trans-
formers. New York, NY; September 1999.
IEEE Std. C57.146-2005: IEEE Guide for the Interpretation
of Gases Generated in Silicone-immersed Transformers.
New York, NY; 2006.

EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 4-17
Transformers Section 4

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4-18 EASA Technical Manual © 1996-2012, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc.