Nature of Loads in a Distribution

System

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Nature of Loads
• Type of consumers
– Domestic or residential
– Industrial
– Commercial
– Agricultural
– Municipality
• Load on system is always changing.
• Variation is more at the consumer end as compared to substation transformer.
• There is no such term as ‘steady state load’.
• For analysis purpose: peak load, average load, off peak load, different load levels,
time-series simulations etc.

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Daily Load Curve
Average Demand Peak
14
Demand in kW 12
10
8
6 Maximum
4 Demand
2
0
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00
Time of the day

Typical daily load curve on sub-station

Various Load Curves
Peak
1.2
Residential
1 Commercial
Industrial
Demand in P.U.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Time of the day

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Various Load Curves

Source: Brown, R., Willis, H. . Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Second Edition.
5
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008.
 Daily Load Curve
8
kW Demand 6
Single 4
Consumer 2
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

Time Interval of the Day

Distribution
Transformer
DT

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

6
Press, New York, 2002.
Load Duration Curve of DT (10 kVA with upf)

Load curve

Overloading of DT
Load duration
curve

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

Press, New York, 2002.
Some Commonly Used Terms
• Connected load: Connected load is the sum of continuous rating of entire
load consuming apparatus connected to the system.
• Maximum demand (MD): Maximum demand of system is the greatest of all
demands that have occurred during the specified period of time (Daily,
monthly, yearly).
– It may be always less than connected load.
• Demand Factor: Let consumer connected load is 35 kW and MD is 19.2 kW.

Maximum demand 19.2

=
Demand Factor = = 0.55
Total Connected load 35
– Generally lies between 0.5 to 0.8.
– It is always less than 1.0
Some Commonly Used Terms
• Load Factor (LF):

Average demand Average demand ×ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Load Factor = =
Maximum demandMaximum demand×ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Energy generated in a given period of time
=
Maximum demand× Hours of operation in a given period of time
For utility point of view, Load factor should be as close to unity.
Daily Load Curve
8
Peak=6.2 kW
kW Demand 6

0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96
Time Interval of the Day

Maximum Demand (kW) 6.20 2.45

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = = 0.4
Average Demand (kW) 2.45 6.2
Energy Usage (kWh) 58.89
Load Factor ?

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

10
Press, New York, 2002.
 Importance of Load Factor

LF = 4.16/20=0.21

AD = (5×20)/24 = 4.16
kW
AD = (20×5)/24 = 4.16

LF = 4.16/5=0.83

Hours
For consumer-2, utility has to arrange power as its demand is four times consumer-1.
Consumer having flat load curve is better for utility point of view.
 Diversified Demand (190 kW)
Time Demand Demand Demand Demand Total
Cat 1 kW Cat 2 kW Cat 3 kW Cat 4 kW kW
12 AM-4 AM 3 15 18 40 76
4 AM-7 AM 5 7 18 40 70
7 AM-9 AM 7 10 20 35 72
9 AM-11 AM 5 20 25 60 110
11 AM-2 PM 8 25 40* 70 143
2 PM-6 PM 10 40 35 90* 175
6 PM-9 PM 30* 75* 25 60 190*
9 PM-12 AM 12 50 20 60 142
0.34 0.42 0.64 0.65 0.66

30 + 75 + 40 + 90 =235
 Diversified Demand (190 kW)
Time Demand Demand Demand Demand Total
Cat 1 kW Cat 2 kW Cat 3 kW Cat 4 kW kW
12 AM-4 AM 3 15 18 40 76
4 AM-7 AM 5 7 18 40 70
7 AM-9 AM 7 10 20 35 72
9 AM-11 AM 5 20 25 60 110
11 AM-2 PM 8 25 40* 70 143
2 PM-6 PM 10 40 35 90* 175
6 PM-9 PM 30* 75* 25 60 190*
9 PM-12 AM 12 50 20 60 142
0.34 0.42 0.64 0.65 0.66

4×3+3×5+2×7+2×5+3×8+4×10+3×30+3×12
LF = = 0.34
24×30
 Diversity Factor
Time Demand Demand Demand Demand Total
Cat 1 kW Cat 2 kW Cat 3 kW Cat 4 kW kW
12 AM-4 AM 3 15 18 40 76
4 AM-7 AM 5 7 18 40 70
7 AM-9 AM 7 10 20 35 72
9 AM-11 AM 5 20 25 60 110
11 AM-2 PM 8 25 40* 70 143
2 PM-6 PM 10 40 35 90* 175
Maximum noncoincident demand
6 PM-9 PM 30* 75* 25 60 190* Diversity Factor (DF) =
Maximum diversified demand
9 PM-12 AM 12 50 20 60 142 30 + 75 + 40 + 90 235
= =
190 190
0.34 0.42 0.64 0.65 0.66 = 1.236

Higher the diversity factor, lower is the peak demand.

Hence, load curve becomes more flat.
Diversified Demand

#1 #2

#3 #4
Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC
15
Press, New York, 2002.
Total Diversified Demand
Consumer 1 Consumer 2 Consumer 3 Consumer 4 Overall
Maximum Demand (kW) 6.20 6.89 4.85 7.04 ≠ 15.54
Average Demand (kW) 2.45 1.56 4.03 1.81 9.85
Energy Usage (kWh) 58.89 37.56 96.65 43.41 236.51
Load Factor 0.40 0.23 0.83 0.26 0.63
Time of Max. demand 13:55 11:30 6:45 20:00 21:30

Consumers 1-4 Maximum Diversified demand occurs at 21:30 and has a value of 15.54 kW.

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

16
Press, New York, 2002.
Consumer Load Curves

Consumer patterns are entirely different.

Peak demand occurs at different time instant.
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 Diversity Factor

As number of consumer increases, DF also increases.

However, it becomes constant after some time.

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

18
Press, New York, 2002.
Utilization Factor
• Utilization factor gives an indication of how well the capacity of an
electrical device is being utilized.
• Let 15 kVA transformer serving following load
– 16.16 kW at 0.9 p.f. lagging
– Therefore kVA demand on transformer = 16.16/0.9 = 17.96

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Load duration curve at Feeder (almost flat)

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

20
Press, New York, 2002.
Summary of the Lecture
• Nature of loads
– Load curves: Daily, yearly, Seasonal, weekdays and weekends, 15
minute kW demand
– Load duration curves
– Connected load
– Demand Factor
– Load factor
– Diversity factor
– Utilization factor

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