For 2021 CSEC Examinations

Exam Toolbox
Section A: Mechanics
Forces
1. Weight ( ¿Tension )=mass × gravity
2. Principle of Moments f 1 d 1=f 2 d 2
3. Newto n' s Second Law Force=mass × acceleration

Speed and Velocity

distance
4. Speed=
time
Speed
5. Acceleration=
Time

Graph Side Note: The gradient for a speed/time or velocity/time

graph is acceleration. The line is a downwards slope that is
deceleration. The total area under the graph is the distance covered.
6. Momentum=mass× velocity
7. Law of conservation of momentum m1 v 1=m2 v 2

Energy and Power

8. Potential Energy ( E P ) =mass × gravity ×height
1
9. Kinetic Energy ( E K )= ×mass × ( velocity )2
2
Energy
10. Power=
Time
Power Used
11. Efficiency= × 100
Total Power
For 2021 CSEC Examinations

Section B: Thermal Physics

Gas Laws
12. Boyl e ' s law Pressure ×Volume=constant ( k )
Volume
13. Charles' law =constant (k )
Temperature
Pressure
14. Pressurelaw =constant (k )
Temperature
Pressure ×Volume
15. General Gas Law
Temperature
¿
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

Gas Law Side Note: You DO NOT need all three to use the General
gas law above. Once any TWO of the variables are present, you can
omit the THIRD variable and use the variation of the formula.
Examples:
P 1 P2 V 1 V 2
= = P V =P2 V 2
T1 T 2 T 1 T2 1 1

Thermodynamics
16. E H =mc ∆T
17. E H =m l f
18. E H =m l v
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Section C: Waves and Optics

Waves
19. Frequency( f )=speed of wave( v)× wavelength( λ)
1
20. Frequency=
Period ( T )
21. Energy=mass × speed of light (c )
22. Distance covered by a wave=Speed of the wave ( v ) × Time taken

Optics
sin i^ sin r^
23. Snell ' s Law n= ∨n=
sin r^ sin i^

Graph Side Note: Gradient is the refractive index of the material.

When the question specifically asks for the critical angle of a
material use the following formula
sin r
Critical Angle=sin−1 ( Refractive Index )
1 1 1
24. Lens Law focal length of lens = object distance + image distance
¿ Image
25. ( Just∈case ) Magnification=
¿ Object

Section D: Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity
26. Charge ( Q ) =Current ( I ) ×Time( t)
27. Power ( P )=Current ( I ) ×Voltage (V )
28.Ohm' s law Voltage (V )=Current ( I ) × Resistance (R)
 For 2021 CSEC Examinations

29. Energy ( E )=Charge ( Q ) × Voltage(V )

Energy ∨Work Done
30. Voltage ( V )=
Charge
31. ∑ of Resistance ∈Series=R1 + R2 + R3 … … .
1 1 1
32. ∑ of Resistance ∈¿= R + + ………
R2 R3
1

R1 , R 2∧R3 are theresistors ∈thecircuit . If all the resistors are connected ∈the same line ( loop ) ,
they are∈series ; you would use 31. If the resistors are connected on different lines (loops ) , they are
¿∥; you would use 32. There are situations where they would be a combination of both ¿
¿

Magnetism
Number of turns∈Primary Coil Voltage∈ primary coil Current ∈ secondary
33. = =
Number of turns∈secondary coil volatge∈secondary coil Current ∈primary

Transformers side note: You can variations of the formula above with
only TWO parts. Refer for some examples in General Gas Law note.

Section E: The Physics of the Atom

(Radioactivity)
34. 1 atomic unit ( u ) =1.66× 10−27 kg
35. Energy=mass × speed of light (c )
36. Half Life: Can be found from the Half life Graph. Use a line
where half of the amount of material is left to connect to the
For 2021 CSEC Examinations

curve. Wherever it touches extend to the x-axis to get your

value. This is your FIRST half-life. Any half-life after that you
would find the half of the first half-life and repeat the same
process.