- logic and critical thinking REVIEWER

 starts out with a general statement, or

INTRODUCTION hypothesis and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific logical conclusion
Logic
GENERAL SPECIFIC
 referring to the science or art of reasoning
 is a tool to develop reasonable conclusions B. Inductive Reasoning
based on a given set of data
 makes broad generalizations from specific
Critical Thinking observations, basically there is data then
conclusions are drawn
 a process of questioning information and
data. SPECIFIC GENERAL
 there should be coherence
2 ESSENTIAL QUESTION IN MAKING
Critical Thinking Components DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE
REASONING:
a. temperamental component – it is an attitude
because if you are a narrow-minded person and
o does the conclusion follow necessarily from
believe you have monopoly of truth.
the premises?
b. cognitive component – you need to think, don’t o do the premises necessarily support the
accept ideas you don’t understand. conclusion?
 clarity in critical thinking is important should Argument
be open minded because exchange of ideas,
 definite propositions.
willingness to follow complex argument
entitles CRITICAL THINKING.
 you should be willing to analyze your own
MATTERS OF
argument. JUDGEMENT
Logic and Critical Thinking 2 TYPES OF JUDGEMENT
 needs proof A. TRUTH CLAIMS
 well substantiate
B. VALUE CLAIMS
Rational Thinking
Truth Claims (4 types)
 think clearly with substance
 evidence – based 1. x (is, is not) an instance of y instantiation

Important Characteristics features of Critical Thinking 2. x (is, is not) similarity to y similarization

 problem solving and clarity.
 temporary answers are given.
 thinking clearly improve the way we express
our ideas to analyze the logical structure of
texts.
 promotes creativity with a creative solution to
a problem involves not just having new
ideas.
 use of reason in experimentation and theory
confirmation, proper functioning of a liberal
democracy.
Hindrance to Logical and Critical Thinking
 close-mindedness, there would be no
exchanging of ideas
2 types of Reasoning
A. Deductive Reasoning
3. x (is, is not) the effect of y cause effect
4. x (is, is not) the consequence effect of y
consequence
 needs supporting statements
Crucial in Giving Truth Claims
1. definition
 because we are confused in the
definition of terms
2. evidence
 is the evidence clear?
 meaningful evidence
 credible source
 is the evidence verifiable
 is the evidence complete
 most recent evidence
 consistent with itself
  is the evidence consisted with other existing
evidence?
 question the evidence
VENN DIAGRAM

Value Claims E
A
1. policy
2. actions L
L
P P
3. fairness
4. evaluation Sub: dist
Sub: dist
Pre: un Pre: dist
STANDARD FORM
CATEGORIAL
PROPOSITIONS P L P L
L L L

4 Component parts
Quantifier – quantity
Sub: und
universal or particular I
Sub: und
Pre: dist O
Pre: und

2. Subject term
3. Copula – determines the logical terms (quality of a
proposition) affirmative or negative
4. Predicate term SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
EXAMPLE
A CONTRARIETY E
Quantity Quality
All Politicians
Universal Affirmative A
are Liars
No Politicians
Universal Negative E
are Liars
Some SUBALTERATION SUBALTERATION
Particular Affirmative Politicians are I CONTRADICTION
Liars
Some
Particular Negative Politicians are O
not Liars

Distributed – all
Undistributed – some

I SUBCONTRARY
O

“A” CONTRARY “E” “I” CONTRARY “O”

“A” SUBALTERNATION “I” “I” SUBALTERATION “A”

“A” CONTRADICTION “O” “I” CONTRADICTION “E”

“E” CONTRARY “A” “O” CONTRARY “I”

“E” SUBALTERATION “O” “O” SUBALTERATION “E”

“E” CONTRADICTION “I” “O” CONTRADICTION “A”