GRADE 12

•AND WEEK 2•
 2|Page GENERALCHEMISTRY1
INTRODUCTION
Both you and the speck of dust consist of atoms of matter. So does the ground beneath your feet. In fact, everything
you can see and touch is made of matter. The only things that aren’t matter are forms of energy, such as light and
. forms of energy are not matter, the air and other substances they travel through are. So, what is
sound. Although
matter? Matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume.

Objectives
MELC Code

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 use properties of matter to identify substances • STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5
and to separate them • STEM_GC11MPIa-
 recognize the formulas of common chemical b-9
substances • STEM_GC11MPIa-
 describe various simple separation techniques b-11
such as distillation, chromatography • STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12

Topics
This module divided into two lesson
Lesson 1: The properties of matter and its various form
Lesson 2: Pure substances and mixtures

Pre-Assessment
Instruction: Choose the correct answer. Write your answer before number.

1. Molecules in this phase of matter are tightly packed together.

a. Solids b. Liquids c. Gases d. All of the Above
2. is the measure of how much matter an object has?
a. Weight b. Gravity c. Mass d. Speed
3. Matter in this phase cannot be held in hand.
a. Solid b. Liquid c. Gas d. Both B and C
4. Density is .
a. matter/solids b. volume/mass c. gas/liquid d. mass/volume
5. Ductility is the ability for a metal to be .
a. rolled into sheets b. pulled into wires c. pressed into angles d. melted into molds
6. The point at which a liquid becomes a solid is called the point.
a. freezing b. melting c. boiling d. condensation
7. Hardness, temperature, color, size, and smoothness are all
a. states of matter c. physical properties of matter
b. chemical properties of matter d. used to describe elements but not compounds
8. A has a definite shape.
a. solid b. liquid c. water d. mass
9. The amount of space that something occupies or the amount of space
that something contains is the . .
a. matter b. density c. stated d. volume
10. A measure of the amount of matter in an object is its . .
a. mass b. density c. volume d. weight
 LESSON 1 Properties of Matter
Matter is “anything that has mass and occupies space”, we were taught in school. True
enough, but not very satisfying. A really complete answer is unfortunately beyond the scope
of this course, but we will offer a hint of it in a later chapter on atomic structure.

Let’s Recall

Sorting Properties of Matter

Direction: Some properties of matter are observable and some are measurable. Sort the
properties inside the Word Bank into two categories and answer the different questions.

Observable Properties Measurable Properties

Questions:
1. What is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by
chemical or physical means?
2. Two properties of matter are volume and ?
3. Properties are?
4. What are the four states of matter?
5. What is a solid?

Let’s Explore

Activity 1: Properties of Matter

Direction: Read about the two different types of properties in the boxes below. Then write
each property in the appropriate box.
Color
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Smell Reactivity with

Water

Boiling Point Acidity

Magnetic Attraction or
Repulsion

Rusting

Heat of Combustion
(Breaking Down)
 4|Page GENERALCHEMISTRY1

Let’s Discuss

The science of chemistry developed from observations made about the nature and
behavior of different kinds of matter, which we refer to collectively as the properties of matter.

Extensive Property
Any characteristic of matter that depends on the amount of matter being measured.

Examples:
1. The volume of beer in a mug (depends on size of the mug)
2. The number of calories of energy you derive from eating a banana (depends on the and
sugar content of the banana)

Intensive Property
Any characteristic of matter that does not depend on the amount of the substance present .

Examples:
1.The percentage of alcohol in the beer (The percentage of alcohol in the beer)
2. The number of calories of energy made available to your body when you consume
10.1 g of sugar (same for any 10-g portion of sugar)

Physical Properties
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature
of the substance.

Examples:
1. Color (intensive)
2. Density (intensive)
3. Volume (extensive)
4. Mas (extensive)
5. Boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boil
6. Melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melt

Chemical Property
is that measuring that property must lead to a change in the substance’s chemical structure.

Here are the several examples of chemical properties:

 Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes
complete combustion (burning) with oxygen.
 Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air (chemically
stable substances will not react. Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such reactions and
are both chemical changes.
 Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame. Again,
burning is a chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature reaction in the presence
of oxygen.
Physical Change
• Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further types of physical changes
because they change the form but not the composition of a material. For example, mixing
salt and pepper creates a new substance without changing the chemical makeup of either
component.
• Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are melted, frozen, boiled,
condensed, sublimated, or deposited. They are also physical changes because they do not
change the nature of the substance.

Chemical Change

• Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction
are called the reactants, and the end results are called the products. The change from
reactants to products is signified by an arrow:
Reactants → Products

• The formation of gas bubbles is often the result of a chemical change (except in the case of
boiling, which is a physical change). A chemical change might also result in the formation of
a precipitate, such as the appearance of a cloudy material when dissolved substances are
mixed.

• Rotting, burning, cooking, and rusting are all further types of chemical changes because
they produce substances that are entirely new chemical compounds. For example, burned
wood becomes ash, carbon dioxide, and water. When exposed to water, iron becomes a
mixture of several hydrated iron oxides and hydroxides. Yeast carries out fermentation to
produce alcohol from sugar.

Let’s Try More

Activity 2: Know the Difference

Direction: Part A. Classify the given properties if it is extensive or intensive property. Put your
answers on the respective boxes.

The mass of iron present in of your blood the

mass of iron present in 5 mL of your blood

The electrical resistance of a piece of 22-gauge copper wire.

The electrical resistance of a 1-km length of 22-gauge copper wire

This water sample has a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius.

The weight of the same body on the Moon

The boiling temperature of the water is 100 degrees C

The pressure today in this town is 1013 hectopascals

the amount of matter in a body

The amount of heat that allows a body temperature to vary by one degree
 Extensive Property Intensive Property

Part B. Classify the following as a physical or chemical change. Write P or C on the line.

1. Hydrochloric acid reacts with 6. Milk sours.

potassium hydroxide to produce a salt,
7. Ice melting.
water and
Heat. 8. Wood rotting.
2.A pellet of sodium is sliced in
9. When placed in H2O, a sodium
two.
3. Water is heated and changed to pellet catches on fire as H2 gas is liberated
steam.
4. Iron rusts. and sodium hydroxide forms.
5. Evaporation 10. Grass growing in a lawn.

LESSON 2 Pure Substances and Mixtures

The air around us, most of the liquids and solids we encounter, and all too much of the
water we drink consists not of pure substances, but of mixtures. You probably have a general
idea of what a mixture is, and how it differs from a pure substance; what is the scientific
criterion for making this distinction?

Let’s Recall

Direction: Give at least 3 examples of each of the following:

Pure substance Mixtures

Let’s Expl
 7|Page GENERALCHEMISTRY1

Activity 3: Mix up!

Let’s Explore

Directions: Find and circle the hidden words in the box

Let’s Discuss

Homogeneous matter (from the Greek

homo = same) can be thought of as
being uniform and continuous, whereas
heterogeneous s matter (hetero =
different) implies non-uniformity and
discontinuity.
 Pure Substance

Usually refers to a sample of matter that has a distinct set of properties that are common to all
other samples of that substance. A good example would be ordinary salt, sodium chloride.

Mixture
In contrast, is composed of two or more substances, and it can exhibit a wide range of properties
depending on the relative amounts of the components present in the mixture.

Heterogeneous matter may be separated into homogeneous matter by mechanical means.

Separating homogeneous mixtures

Distillation

A mixture of two volatile liquids is partly boiled away; the

first portions of the condensed vapor will be enriched in the
component having the lower boiling point.
Fractional Crystallization

A hot saturated solution containing two or more dissolved solids

is allowed to cool slowly; the least-soluble material crystallizes out first,
and can be separated by filtration. This process is widely employed both
in the laboratory and, on a much larger scale, in industry.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Two mutually-insoluble liquids, one containing two or
more solutes (dissolved substances), are shaken together in a
separator funnel. Each solute will concentrate in the liquid in
which it is more soluble. The two solutions are then separated
by opening the stopcock at the bottom, allowing the denser
solution to drain out

Solid-Liquid Extraction
The idea is to continuously percolate an appropriate
hot solvent through the material, which is contained in a
porous paper "thimble". Hot vapor from the boiling flask
bypasses the extraction chamber through the arm at the
left (labeled "vapor" in the illustration →) and into the
condenser, from which it drips down into the extraction
chamber, where a portion of the soluble material mixes
with the solvent. When the condensate reaches the top of
the chamber, it flows out through the siphon arm, emptying
its contents into the boiling flask, which becomes
increasingly concentrated in the extracted material.
 Chromatography
As a liquid or gaseous mixture flows along a column
containing an adsorbent material, the more strongly-
adsorbed components tend to move more slowly and
emerge later than the less-strongly adsorbed components.

Let’s Try More

Activity 4: Pure Substance vs Mixtures

Direction. Part A: Classify each of the materials below. In the center column, state whether
the material is a pure substance or a mixture. If the material is a pure substance, further
classify it as either an element or compound in the right column. Similarly, if the material is a
mixture, further classify it as a solution (homogeneous mixture) or a heterogeneous
mixture in the right column.

Material Pure Substance or Element, Compound, Homogenous

Mixture Mixture or Heterogeneous Mixture
iron filings (Fe)
soil
salt + pure water
(NaCl + H2O)
chromium (Cr)
muddy water
magnesium (Mg)
concrete
sugar + pure water
(C12H22O11+ H2O)
fruit salad
water

Part B. Complete the following sentences by filling in the appropriate word(s) from the list
below. Each word can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
filtration crystallization chromatography distillation
1.Heterogeneous mixtures are often separated by .
2.Separating sand from water can be done by .
3.The sugar in sugar water can be removed by .
4.The separation technique that takes advantage of different boiling points is called
.
5.Removing chlorophyll pigment from leaves might be done by .
6.Crude oil is broken down by heat, vaporized, and allowed to condense into various liquids
such as gasoline. This process is called
Let’s Remember

Direction: Complete the following sentences by filling in the appropriate word(s) from the
list below. Each word can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Distillation

Fractional crystallization

Liquid-liquid extraction

Solid-Liquid Extraction

Mixture-

Pure Substance-

Chromatography-

Criteria Exceed Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement Inadequate

(3) (2) (1) (0)

Structure Paper is logically -Paper has a clear -There is some level of -There is no apparent
• Organization organized organizational structure organization though organization to the
• Flow of thought -Easily followed with some digressions, digressions, ambiguities, paper.
• Transitions -Effective, smooth, and ambiguities or irrelevances irrelevances are too many -Difficult to follow
logical transitions -Easily followed -Difficult to follow - - No or poor transitions
-Basic transitions Ineffective transitions
Grammar -Manipulates complex -Uses complex sentences -Uses compound -Uses simple sentences
• sentence structure sentences for -Few punctuation or sentences
•punctuation effect/impact mechanical errors -Too many punctuation
-punctuation or and/or mechanical errors
mechanical errors
Content -Central idea is well Central idea and clarity The central idea is -Central idea and clarity
 Clarity developed and clarity of purpose are generally expressed though it may of purpose are absent or
 Critical and purpose is exhibited evident throughout the be vague or too broad; incompletely expressed
Original throughout the paper essay Evidence of critical, Some sense of purpose is and maintained.
thought -Abundance of evidence careful thought and maintained throughout the
of critical, careful analysis and/or insight essay
thought and analysis
and/or insight.
 Application

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER: Explain in your own words the definition of matter, pure
substance, mixture, pure substance, homogenous and heterogeneous mixture on the box
provided.

ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write before the number.

1. The point at which a liquid becomes a solid is called the point.

a. freezing b. melting c. boiling d. condensation
2. Hardness, temperature, color, size, and smoothness are all
a. states of matter c. physical properties of matter
b. chemical properties of matter d. used to describe elements but not compounds
3. A has a definite shape.
a. solid b. liquid c. water d. mass
4. The amount of space that something occupies or the amount of
space that something contains is the . .
a. matter b. density c. stated d. volume
5. A measure of the amount of matter in an object is its . .
a. mass b. density c. volume d. weight
6. Molecules in this phase of matter are tightly packed together.
a. Solids b. Liquids c. Gases d. All of the Above
7. is the measure of how much matter an object has?
a. Weight b. Gravity c. Mass d. Speed
8. Matter in this phase cannot be held in hand.
a. Solid b. Liquid c. Gas d. Both B and C
9. Density is .
a. matter/solids b. volume/mass c. gas/liquid d. mass/volume
10.Ductility is the ability for a metal to be .
a. rolled into sheets b. pulled into wires c. pressed into angles d. melted into molds
Summary
Matter is “anything that has mass and occupies space”, we were taught in school. True
enough, but not very satisfying. A really complete answer is unfortunately beyond the
scope of this course, but we will offer a hint of it in a later chapter on atomic structure.
Heterogeneous matter may be separated into homogeneous matter by mechanical means.
By observing a sample of matter and measuring its various properties, we gradually
acquire enough information to characterize it; to distinguish it from other kinds of
matter. This is the first step in the development of chemical science, in which interest is
focused on specific kinds of matter and the transformations between them.

References

 http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pre/pre- 1.html?
fbclid=IwAR3IxlnFFgz3TooGH9AW0JSvue1TGkHT5uH8Bncij5PHg5FruJErhnjv
R6c#S2B
 https://www.helpteaching.com/questions/Properties_of_Matter?pageNum=2

Name: ________________________________ Date: _____________________________

Grade & Section__________________________ Teacher: ____________________________