HARDWARE BASICS

COMPUTER CASE

The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the computer, including the
motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and power supply. The front of the case usually has an On/Off
button and one or more optical drives.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and the monitor usually sits
on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the monitor or on the floor. All-in-one computers come with the
internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a separate case.

MONITOR
The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and text on the screen.
Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your monitor's display settings, and some monitors
also have built-in speakers.

Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays. These can be made
very thin, and they are often called flat-panel displays. Older monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT
monitors are much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk space.

KEYBOARD

The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are many different types of
keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to accomplish the same basic tasks.

MOUSE
The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers. Commonly known as a pointing device,
it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect
movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement and requires
regular cleaning to work properly.

BUTTONS AND PORTS ON A COMPUTER

Each computer is different, so the buttons, ports, and sockets will vary from computer to computer. However, there
are certain ones you can expect to find on most desktop computers. Learning how these ports are used will help
whenever you need to connect something to your computer, like a new printer, keyboard, or mouse.

Front of a computer case Back of a computer case

OTHER TYPES OF PORTS

There are many other types of ports, such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, and HDMI.
PERIPHERALS YOU CAN USE WITH YOUR COMPUTER

The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, but you can
plug many different types of devices into the extra ports on your computer. These devices are called peripherals.
Let's take a look at some of the most common ones.

Printers: A printer is used to print documents,

photos, and anything else that appears on your screen.
There are many types of printers,
including inkjet, laser, and photo printers. There are
even all-in-one printers, which can also scan and
copy documents.

Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy a physical image or document and save it to your computer as
a digital (computer-readable) image. Many scanners are included as part of an all-in-one printer, although
you can also buy a separate flatbed or handheld scanner.

Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which means they send information
from the computer to the user—in this case, they
allow you to hear sound and music. Depending on
the model, they may connect to the audio port or
the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in
speakers.

Microphones: A microphone is a type of input

device, or a device that receives information from
a user. You can connect a microphone to record
sound or talk with someone else over the
Internet. Many laptop computers come with built-
in microphones.
 Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that can record videos and
take pictures. It can also transmit video over the Internet in real time, which allows for video chat or video
conferencing with someone else. Many webcams also include a microphone for this reason.

Game controllers and joysticks: A game controller is used to control computer games. There are many
other types of controllers you can use, including joysticks, although you can also use
your mouse and keyboard to control most games.

Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture pictures and videos in a digital format. By connecting
the camera to your computer's USB port, you can transfer the images from the camera to the computer.

Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other devices: Whenever you buy an electronic
device, such as a mobile phone or MP3 player, check to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it does, this
means you can most likely connect it to your computer.

INSIDE A COMPUTER

MOTHERBOARD

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory,
connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and
connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly
to every part of the computer.
CPU/PROCESSOR

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the
motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands.
Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about
the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink,
an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz
(GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly.
However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just
the processor.

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily
stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document,
spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is
written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the more things your
computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is
sluggish when you have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their
computers to improve performance.

HARD DRIVE
The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term
storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto
the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster
your computer can start up and load programs.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed
by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first.
Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object—or a metal
part of the computer casing—to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through
the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine.

EXPANSION CARDS

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion
cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect) cards. You may never need
to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities.
However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older
computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion
cards.

Video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU
(graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you
like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion
slots to get better performance.

Sound card

The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or
headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound
card for higher-quality sound.
Network card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It
can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi).
Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an
expansion slot.

Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in
computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built into
the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth,
you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.
WHAT IS A LAPTOP COMPUTER?

A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily moved and used in a variety of locations. Most laptops
are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop computer, which means they can generally run the
same software and open the same types of files. However, laptops also tend to be more expensive than
comparable desktop computers.

How is a laptop different from a desktop?

Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences between them and
desktop computers. A laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which
replaces the mouse), and speakers. This means it is fully functional, even when no peripherals are
connected. A laptop is also quicker to set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way.

You'll also have to the option to connect a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other peripherals. This
basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer, with one main difference: You can easily disconnect
the peripherals and take the laptop with you wherever you go.

Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.

Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by
making a drawing motion with your finger.

Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when it's not plugged in. Whenever
you plug in the laptop, the battery recharges. Another benefit of having a battery is that it can
provide backup power to the laptop if the power goes out.

AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC adapter, which is designed to be
used with that specific type of laptop.

Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports found on desktop computers (such as USB), although they
usually have fewer ports to save space. However, some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter
in order to use them.

Price: Generally speaking, laptops tend to be more expensive than a desktop computer with the same
internal components. While you may find that some basic laptops cost less than desktop computers, these
are usually much less powerful machines.
WHAT IS A MOBILE DEVICE?

A mobile device is a general term for any type of handheld computer. These devices are designed to be
extremely portable, and they can often fit in your hand. Some mobile devices—like tablets, e-readers,
and smartphones—are powerful enough to do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop
computer.

Tablet computers

Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a different computing
experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads.
Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger
as a mouse pointer.

Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do. For many people, a
traditional computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some programs. However, the
convenience of a tablet computer means it may be ideal as a second computer.
E-readers

E-book readers—also called e-readers—are similar to tablet computers, except they are mainly designed
for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books). Notable examples include the Amazon Kindle, Barnes &
Noble Nook, and Kobo. Most e-readers use an e-ink display, which is easier to read than a traditional
computer display. You can even read in bright sunlight, just like if you were reading a regular book.

You don't need an e-reader to read e-books. They can also be read
on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and desktops.

Smartphones

A smartphone is a more powerful version of a traditional cell phone. In addition to the same basic features—
phone calls, voicemail, text messaging—smartphones can connect to the Internet over Wi-Fi or a cellular
network (which requires purchasing a monthly data plan). This means you can use a smartphone for the
same things you would normally do on a computer, such as checking your email, browsing the Web, or
shopping online.

Most smartphones use a touch-sensitive screen, meaning there isn't a physical keyboard on the device.
Instead, you'll type on a virtual keyboard and use your fingers to interact with the display. Other standard
features include a high-quality digital camera and the ability to play digital music and video files. For many
people, a smartphone can actually replace electronics like an old laptop, digital music player, and digital
camera in the same device.

Hi I’m Flashee!

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